British raj Imperialism Impact History Facts Britannica

British raj

We are trying to follow the quoted style rules, but there may be some deviations. If you have any questions, please refer to the appropriate style manual.

Select a quote style copy share share Share on social media Feedback External site feedback Thank you for feedback.

The editorial department will consider the content you have posted and decide whether to correct the article.

External site

Humanities LibreText s-England Large
Asian Research Associatio n-Education for Asia: Online Archiv e-Influence on India, 1700-1900
Georger Town Universit y-Berkeley Cente r-British rule and now
GlobalSecurity. or g-1858-1947 --Kyli Large

Imprint printing Please select the section to print: Report Confirmed

We are trying to follow the quoted style rules, but there may be some deviations. If you have any questions, please refer to the appropriate style manual.

Select a quote style copy share share Share on social media feedback External site feedback Thank you for feedback.

The editorial department will consider the content you have posted and decide whether to correct the article.

External site

Humanities LibreText s-England Large
Asian Research Associatio n-Education for Asia: Online Archiv e-Influence on India, 1700-1900
Georger Town Universit y-Berkeley Cente r-British rule and now
GlobalSecurity. or g-1858-1947 --Kyli Large

From the following Stanley A. Wal Part

Professor of the University of California, Los Angeles. Author of New Indian history.

Stanley A. Wal Part Control, control, control Editor of Britanica Encyclopedia

The editor of the Britanica Encyclopedia supervises the experience of the content that has been involved in the content for many years and through learning to acquire advanced degree. They write new content, verify and edit the content received from the contributor.

Editor of Britanica Encyclopedia Last update: September 3, 202 4-Article history. table of contents 20. 20. 19. 20 The history of the United States is based on the history of India. Age: 1857-1947 (further displayed) place Participant British Empire Indian Pakistan (further displayed) Containing East India Company Indian Government Indian Government Agency Indian Munini (SHOW MORE)

Ask the chatbot

Recent News

August 30, 2024 22:36 (Eastern Standard Time) (BBC) August 30, 2024 7:37 am (Eastern standard time)

BRITISH RAJ, the direct rule of Britain in the Indian Ascules from 1858 to Indian Pakistan independence in 1947. Large took over the governance of East Indian Indian companies, and distrust and dissatisfaction with East India's leadership caused Sepoi's rebellion in 1857, and the United Kingdom revived the Indian rule. The British government has seized company assets and directly governed. The general rule was intended to increase the participation of Indians, but the Indians could not decide their future without the British consent, so the national independent movement became harder. I went.

Background

Trading with India has been highly evaluated by Europeans since ancient times, but the long route that connects the two faces many potential disorders and intermediaries, and is unreliable, unreliable, costly. It was something. Like the Mongolian Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the ancient Silk Road was excluded. When the European, represented by Portugal, began to pioneer maritime routes to bypassing a middleman, the merchants had to build a fortress because they were remote areas.

From Britanica In 1858-85, the peak of India

The United Kingdom entrusted this mission to the East India Company. Initially, the East Indian company expanded to India, with the permission of the local authorities, holding land, strengthening territory, and conducting tax exemption transactions in a mutual relationship. The territory control of the East India Company began after stealing a hostile European rival company, eventually defeating Bengal Nawab in 1757 and putting a puppet. In the 1770s, Warren Hothings put Nawab's administrative office in Corkata (now Calcatter) under his supervision, effectively strengthened the control of Bengal. At the same time, the British Congress began to regulate East India companies under the series of Indian laws, and Bengal began to be under the indirect rule of the British government. Over the next eight0 years, wars, treaties, and annexation have been repeated, and East Indian companies have expanded throughout su b-continent, and most of India has been under the control of British governor and merchants. BRITISH RAJ, the direct rule of Britain in the Indian su b-continent from 1858 to Indian Pakistan independence. Large took over the governance of East Indian Indian companies, and distrust and dissatisfaction with East India's leadership caused Sepoi's rebellion in 1857, and the United Kingdom revived the Indian rule. The British government has seized company assets and directly governed. The general rule was intended to increase the participation of Indians, but the Indians could not decide their future without the British consent, so the national independent movement became harder. I went.

The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857

Aftermath of the mutiny

From Britanica

In 1858-85, the peak of India

The United Kingdom entrusted this mission to the East India Company. Initially, the East Indian company expanded to India, with the permission of the local authorities, holding land, strengthening territory, and conducting tax exemption transactions in a mutual relationship. The territory control of the East India Company began after stealing a hostile European rival company, eventually defeating Bengal Nawab in 1757 and putting a puppet. In the 1770s, Warren Hothings put Nawab's administrative office in Corkata (now Calcatter) under his supervision, effectively strengthened the control of Bengal. At the same time, the British Congress began to regulate East India companies under the Indian law, and Bengal began to be under the indirect control of the British government. Over the next eight0 years, wars, treaties, and annexation have been repeated, and East Indian companies have expanded throughout su b-continent, and most of India has been under the control of British governor and merchants. BRITISH RAJ, the direct rule of Britain in the Indian Ascules from 1858 to Indian Pakistan independence in 1947. Large took over the governance of East Indian Indian companies, and distrust and dissatisfaction with East India's leadership caused Sepoi's rebellion in 1857, and the United Kingdom revived the Indian rule. The British government has seized company assets and directly governed. The general rule was intended to increase the participation of Indians, but the Indians could not decide their future without the British consent, so the national independent movement became harder. I went. Trading with India has been highly evaluated by Europeans since ancient times, but the long route that connects the two faces many potential disorders and intermediaries, and is unreliable, unreliable, costly. It was something. Like the Mongolian Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the ancient Silk Road was excluded. When the European, represented by Portugal, began to pioneer marine routes to bypassing a middleman, the merchants had to build a fortress because they were remote areas.

From Britanica

In 1858-85, the peak of India

British rule

Establishment of direct British governance

Government of India Act of 1858

Social policy

In late March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy employed by the East India Company, attacked a British officer at the garrison in Barrackpore. He was arrested and later executed by the British in early April. Later in April, Meerut sepoys heard rumors that they would have to chew cartridges made from melted pork and beef lard (forbidden to Muslims and Hindus, respectively) for use in their new Enfield rifles, and refused the cartridges. As punishment, they were given long prison terms, subjugated, and thrown into prison. Emboldened by this punishment, their comrades rose up on May 10, shot dead a British officer, and crossed into Delhi, where there were no European troops. There, the local sepoy garrison joined the Meerut soldiers, and by evening, the aged and retired Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II was nominally restored to power by a rogue army. The seizure of Delhi became the focal point and the pattern for the entire rebellion that then spread throughout North India. None of the important Indian princes joined the rebels, except for the Mughal Emperor and his sons, and Nana Sahib, the adopted son of the confused Maratha Peshwa. The rebellion was officially ended on the 8th.

The immediate result of the rebellion was a general reform of the Indian administration. The East India Company was abolished and direct rule of India was established by the British government. In concrete terms, this was not very meaningful, but it introduced a more personal touch to the government and removed the unimpressive commercial character that had remained in the royal court. The economic crisis caused by the rebellion prompted a modern reorganization of the Indian administration's finances. The Indian Army was also extensively reorganized.

Another important result of the rebellion is that political talks with Indians began. The legislative council in 1853 had only Europeans and was arrogant as if it were a complete parliament. It was widely believed that the lack of communication with Indian opinion helped to solve the crisis. As a result, the 1861 new council was added to the element called India. Planning of education and public works (roads, railways, telegraph, irrigation) was continued almost without interruption. In fact, some people inspired that it was worth transporting the army in the event of a crisis. However, the insensitive social measures by Britain's impact, which influenced the Hindu society, suddenly ended.

Unlimited access

Government organization

Please try Britanica Premium for free.

Finally, the rebellion has the effect of the Indian people. Traditional society protested for a foreign impact, but failed. The royal and other leaders have proved that they were far from the rebellion or they were incompetent. Around this time, the serious hope of past resurrection and blocking the West disappeared. The traditional structure of Indian society began to collapse, and eventually the westernized class system was replaced, and a powerful middle class that raised Indian nationalism was born.

(See here for the rebellion of Sepoi in 1857, also refer to the rebellion in India and the rebellion in India)

Economic policy and development

Many of the rebellion responsibilities were the incompetence of the East India Company. On August 2, 1858, the parliament passed the Indian Government Law and transferred British power in India from the company to the royal family. The authority left in the trading company is given to the Secretary of State in India, the minister of the British Cabinet, and the Secretary of State leads the Indian office in London, especially in financial issues, and 15 British (7 of them were old. Selected by the company's management court, eight were supported and advised by the Indian Council, which was appointed by the royal family. In the latter half of the 19th century, the leading British political leaders became the Secretar y-General of India, but the real power of India was British regent, which travels between Calcatta (Corkata) and Simura (Simura), and throughout the British territory. It was held in the "steel frame" of about 1, 500 Indian civil servants (ICS). Most of the rebellion responsibilities were in the incompetence of the East India Company. On August 2, 1858, the parliament passed the Indian Government Law and transferred British power in India from the company to the royal family. The authority left in the trading company is given to the Secretary of State in India, the minister of the British Cabinet, and the Secretary of State leads the Indian office in London, especially in financial issues, and 15 British (7 of them were old. Selected by the company's management court, eight were supported and advised by the Indian Council, which was appointed by the royal family. In the latter half of the 19th century, the leading British political leaders became the Secretar y-General of India, but the real power of India was British regent, which travels between Calcatta (Corkata) and Simura (Simura), and throughout the British territory. It was held in the "steel frame" of about 1, 500 Indian civil servants (ICS). Many of the rebellion responsibilities were the incompetence of the East India Company. On August 2, 1858, the parliament passed the Indian Government Law and transferred British power in India from the company to the royal family. The authority left in the trading company is given to the Secretary of State in India, the minister of the British Cabinet, and the Secretary of State leads the Indian office in London, especially in financial issues, and 15 British (7 of them were old. Selected by the company's management court, eight were supported and advised by the Indian Council, which was appointed by the royal family. In the latter half of the 19th century, the leading British political leaders became the Secretar y-General of India, but the real power of India is British regency, which travels between Calcutta (Corkata) and Simura (Simura), and throughout the British territory. It was held in the "steel frame" of about 1, 500 Indian civil servants (ICS).

On November 1, 1858, Duke of Kaning (governance from 1856 to 1962) announced a decree on "Indian princesses, chiefs, and ethnic groups" by Queen Victoria, and continuous support for the "indigenous princess". , A new British policy of religious religion and worship issues in British India. This announcement has been a political unity due to the annexation of the prewar policy of Lord Dalahage's policy, and the lords are free to the desired successors on the condition that they swear invisible loyalty to the British royal family. You can now be adopted. In 1876, Prime Minister Benjamin Disleairi added the title of Empress India. In the United Kingdom, more than 560 princesses have been ruled by the Queen for 90 years, in preparation for the rebellion, in preparation for the high waves of the future rebellion, and to strengthen Indian countries as "natural outfites". It was scattered throughout the British India and survived. The new policy of religious intolerance was born with a fear of a repeated rebellion, and many British people have a virtual invasion of utilitarian demonstration and the mission of the Christianity of Christianity. I thought it was caused by the rebound. As a result, the British liberal community was not only a liberal community, but also a liberal community. On November 1, 1858, Duke of Cancing (rule from 1856 to 1962) announced a declaration of Queen Victoria to the "Indian princesses, chiefs, and ethnic groups" and continuing the "indigenous princess." He has launched a new British policy of support and no n-interference on religious religion and worship in British India. This announcement has been a political unity due to the annexation of the prewar policy of Lord Dalahage's policy, and the lords are free to the desired successors on the condition that they swear invisible loyalty to the British royal family. You can now be adopted. In 1876, Prime Minister Benjamin Disleairi added the title of Empress India. In the United Kingdom, more than 560 princesses have been ruled by the Queen for 90 years, in preparation for the rebellion, in preparation for the high waves of the future rebellion, and to strengthen Indian countries as "natural outfites". It was scattered throughout the British India and survived. The new policy of religious intolerance was born with a fear of a repeated rebellion, and many British people have a virtual invasion of utilitarian demonstration and the mission of the Christianity of Christianity. I thought it was caused by the rebound. As a result, the British liberal community was not only a liberal community, but also a liberal community. On November 1, 1858, Duke of Kaning (governance from 1856 to 1962) announced a decree on "Indian princesses, chiefs, and ethnic groups" by Queen Victoria, and continuous support for the "indigenous princess". , A new British policy of religious religion and worship issues in British India. This announcement has been a political unity due to the annexation of the prewar policy of Lord Dalahage's policy, and the lords are free to the desired successors on the condition that they swear invisible loyalty to the British royal family. You can now be adopted. In 1876, Prime Minister Benjamin Disleairi added the title of Empress India. In the United Kingdom, more than 560 princesses have been ruled by the Queen for 90 years, in preparation for the rebellion, in preparation for the high waves of the future rebellion, and to strengthen Indian countries as "natural outfites". It was scattered throughout the British India and survived. The new policy of religious intolerance was born with a fear of a repeated rebellion, and many British people have a virtual invasion of utilitarian demonstration and the mission of the Christianity of Christianity. I thought it was caused by the rebound. As a result, the British liberal community was not only a liberal community, but also a liberal community.

The typical attitude of the British officials who went to India at this time was to "take on white burden," as the British writer Radoyard Kip ring said. In most cases, the British lived as a super manufacturer "Puckka Sahib" through the work of India in the royal family, across the walls of private clubs and old, crowded "indigenous" cities. It was a constructed and strictly guarded military garrison (called camp ()), and was as far away from "indigenous contamination". The UK's new military capital was originally constructed as a safe base for the reorganized British regiment, and a wide straight road was designed so that cavalry could be covered at any time. Bengal, Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai) were 43. 000 British troops in 1857 in 1857, 43. 000 British troops, but by 1867, 65. 000 British troops vs 65. 000 people. It was reorganized into a safer mixed army of 140. 000 forces. The selective recruitment of British recruitment was to select Indian caste and ethnic groups from all soldiers and mix soldiers of each regiment. 。 Indian soldiers restrictions

Since 1869, the completion of the Suez Canal and the steady expansion of steam transport have reduced the time required for the sea between the United Kingdom and India from about three months to just three weeks, so the UK will come to the east with a longer chain. In this way, these British officials thought it would be more attractive to return with a British married woman during blisters than to visit India like the seniors. The intellectual level of British people used in ICS at that time was probably higher than the servants adopted under the previous protection system, but the contact between British and Indian society was reduced in everything. (For example, the number of British men who openly aware of Indians has decreased, and the sympathy and understanding of British life and culture of Indian people is almost alternative, indifferent, and feared. A typical attitude of British officials to India was that, as the British writer Radoyard Kip Ring said, in most cases, the British worked in the royal family. Through the super manufacturer "Puckka Sahibu", a strictly guarded military garrison built beyond the private clubs and the old, crowded "indigenous" walls of the crowded "indigenous" city. (Called a camp), it was originally constructed as a safe base for the reorganized British regiment as much as possible. A wide range of straight roads was designed to cover the cavalry, Bengal, Bombay (Mumbai), and the former three troops in Madras (Chennai) in 1857 in 1857. The army was 228. 000, but by 1867, 65. 000 people and 140. 000 Indian troops were reorganized by the UK's selective mixture recruitment policy. (It means that it was inappropriate before) It was a restriction of the soldiers of each regiment from the military's caste and ethnic groups.

Since 1869, the completion of the Suez Canal and the steady expansion of steam transport have reduced the time required for the sea between the United Kingdom and India from about three months to just three weeks, so the UK will come to the east with a longer chain. In this way, these British officials thought it would be more attractive to return with a British married woman during blisters than to visit India like the seniors. The intellectual level of British people used in ICS at that time was probably higher than the servants adopted under the previous protection system, but the contact between British and Indian society was reduced in everything. (For example, the number of British men who publicly aware of Indians has decreased, and the empathy and understanding of British life and culture has almost been alternately alternative, indifferent, and fearful. At this time in India. The typical attitude of the British officials was that, as the British writer Radoyard Kip ring said, in general, the British worked in India. Living as a manufacturer "Puckka Sahibu", a strictly guarded military station (camp (camp (camp), which was built beyond private clubs and old, crowded "indigenous" walls in the times. (), Which was originally built as a safe base of the reorganized British regiment as much as possible, as much as possible. A wide straight road was designed to be able to do so in Bengal, Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chennai) in 1857, in 1857, the British army 43. 000 and Indian army 228. 000 people in 1857. However, by 1867, the reorganization of the UK's selectable recruitment of 65. 000 people and 140. 000 Indian troops was not martyred. It was an inappropriate) of the Indian caste and ethnic groups from military service, and the soldiers of each regiment were mixed.

Since 1869, the completion of the Suez Canal and steady expansion of steam transport have reduced the time required for the sea between the United Kingdom and India from about three months to just three weeks, so the UK will come to the east in a long chain. In this way, these British officials thought it would be more attractive to return with a British married woman during blisters than to visit India like the seniors. The intellectual level of British people used in ICS at the time was probably higher than the servants adopted under the previous protection system, but the contact between the British and Indian society decreased in everything. (For example, the number of British men who publicly aware of Indians, and the empathy and understanding of British life and culture of Indians has been replaced by almost allegations, indifferences, and fear.

In 1858, the ICS was theoretically opened to a qualified Indian, with Queen Victoria promised racial opportunity equality in the election of public servants in the Indian government, but the civil servant exam was conducted only in the UK. Of the male applicants, 17 to 22 years old (the maximum age was reduced to 19 years old in 1878), only those who could survive the harsh hurdles and change the saddle. Therefore, there was only one surprisingly surprising Indian applicant who could survive the hurdle by 1869 and enter ICS. The equal promise of the British royal family was hindered the actual performance by bureaucrats who were jealous of being placed on the spot.

1st Count Litton Robert Bulwar = Litton (details)

Foreign policy

The northwest frontier

From 1858 to 1909, the Indian government became more and more centralized fathe r-tailed politics and became the world's largest bureaucracy. The Indian Council Law, enacted in 1861, transformed the regent administrative council into a portfolio miniature Cabinet, each of which is the Calcatta government, revenue, military, finance, and laws, respectively. I will be in charge. The military commander also participated in the council as an auxiliary member. Since 1874, a sixth regular member has been appointed as a regent administrative council, and initially appointed as the Chair of the Public Affairs Bureau (called the Trade and Industry after 1904). The Indian government was "Governor of the Upper House" (the governor was the alternative of regent), but had the authority to dismiss advisors if the regent was determined to be necessary. Regent himself led the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was in charge of the relationship with the lords and other countries that borders. Relice rarely needed to push the ful l-fledged power to the entire surface. However, in 1879, Litton Regulation (1876-80) believed that it was forced to shake off the Zeninin Council to meet the demands of the monarchy. In 1858, the ICS was theoretically opened to a qualified Indian, with Queen Victoria promised racial opportunities in the screening of the Indian government, but the civil servant exam is only in the UK. Only those who were 17 to 22 years old (the oldest age was reduced to 19 years old in 1878), only those who could survive the harsh hurdles and change the saddle. Therefore, there was only one surprisingly surprising Indian applicant who could survive the hurdle by 1869 and enter ICS. The equal promise of the British royal family was hindered the actual performance by bureaucrats who were jealous of being placed on the spot.

1st Count Litton Robert Bulwar = Litton (details)

The Second Anglo-Afghan War

From 1858 to 1909, the Indian government became more and more centralized fathe r-tailed politics and became the world's largest bureaucracy. The Indian Council Law, enacted in 1861, transformed the regent administrative council into a portfolio miniature Cabinet, each of which is the Calcatta government, revenue, military, finance, and laws, respectively. I will be in charge. The military commander also participated in the council as an auxiliary member. Since 1874, a sixth regular member has been appointed as a regent administrative council, and initially appointed as the Chair of the Public Affairs Bureau (called the Trade and Industry after 1904). The Indian government was "Governor of the Upper House" (the governor was the alternative of regent), but had the authority to dismiss advisors if the regent was determined to be necessary. Regent himself led the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was in charge of the relationship with the lords and other countries that borders. Relice rarely needed to push the ful l-fledged power to the entire surface. However, in 1879, Litton Regulation (1876-80) believed that it was forced to shake off the Zeninin Council to meet the demands of the monarchy. In 1858, the ICS was theoretically opened to a qualified Indian, with Queen Victoria promised racial opportunity equality in the election of public servants in the Indian government, but the civil servant exam was conducted only in the UK. Of the male applicants, 17 to 22 years old (the maximum age was reduced to 19 years old in 1878), only those who could survive the harsh hurdles and change the saddle. Therefore, there was only one surprisingly surprising Indian applicant who could survive the hurdle by 1869 and enter ICS. The equal promise of the British royal family was hindered the actual performance by bureaucrats who were jealous of being placed on the spot.

1st Count Litton Robert Bulwar = Litton (details)

Since 1854, additional members have attended the Governor's Administrative Council for legislative purposes, and the number of approved people has increased from 6 to 12 by the law in 1861, at least half of them. there were. The governor has appointed all of these legislative lawmakers and has rejected any bills passed by this institution, but the deliberations have been published to a limited audience, and many of the unofficial members are Indian nobles. He was a faithful landowner. Thus, for the Indian government, the legislative council functioned as a barometer for crude public power, and was the beginning of an advisory "safety valve" that warns the government early while minimizing the opposition of the parliamentary type. According to the law enacted in 1892, the number of additional members of the council was further increased to 16, of which 10 were able to become a no n-chief member, and the authority was expanded, but it is held every year in Calcutta. At the end of the legislative meeting, it was only possible to ask the government questions and officially criticize the official budget during the day. However, the Supreme Council was still far from Congress.

The incorporation of Burma

British merchant ships approaching the port of British merchant ships, Mumbai (Bombay) and Indian Mumbai (Bombay). J. C. hardware, canvas and oil painting, around 1850.

Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885–1920

Origins of the nationalist movement

Economically, commercial agricultural production has grown, trade has grown rapidly, industries have developed early, and serious famine has occurred. The total cost of rebellion from 1857 to 1959 was comparable to the annual revenue, but was charged by India and paid off in four years due to an increase in sales. At this time, the main source of national income was land income, and the proportion of the agricultural harvest of Indian soil was like "betting monsoon rain every year." Typically, however, it provided about half of the UK India's total annual income, that is, the funds needed to support the army. At that time, the second advantageous source of income was that the government continued to monopolize rapidly growing opium trade. The third was tax on salt, which was also the royal monopoly. The personal income tax was introduced for five years to repay the war deficit, but it was 1886 that citizens' personal income was added as an Indian regular source of income. Since 1854, additional members have attended the Governor's Administrative Council for legislative purposes, and the number of approved people has increased from six to 12 by the law in 1861, at least half of them. He was in charge. The governor has appointed all of these legislative lawmakers and has rejected any bills passed by this institution, but the deliberations have been published to a limited audience, and many of the unofficial members are Indian nobles. He was a faithful landowner. Thus, for the Indian government, the legislative council functioned as a barometer for crude public power, and was the beginning of an advisory "safety valve" that warns the government early while minimizing the opposition of the parliamentary type. According to the law enacted in 1892, the number of additional members of the council was further increased to 16, of which 10 were able to become a no n-chief member, and the authority was expanded, but it is held every year in Calcutta. At the end of the legislative meeting, it was only possible to ask the government questions and officially criticize the official budget during the day. However, the Supreme Council was still far from Congress.

British merchant ships approaching the port of British merchant ships, Mumbai (Bombay) and Indian Mumbai (Bombay). J. C. hardware, canvas and oil painting, around 1850.

Economically, commercial agricultural production has grown, trade has grown rapidly, industries have developed early, and serious famine has occurred. The total cost of rebellion from 1857 to 1959 was comparable to the annual revenue, but was charged by India and paid off in four years due to an increase in sales. At this time, the main source of national income was land income, and the proportion of the agricultural harvest of Indian soil was like "betting monsoon rain every year." Typically, however, it provided about half of the UK India's total annual income, that is, the funds needed to support the army. At that time, the second advantageous source of income was that the government continued to monopolize rapidly growing opium trade. The third was tax on salt, which was also the royal monopoly. The personal income tax was introduced for five years to repay the war deficit, but it was 1886 that citizens' personal income was added as an Indian regular source of income. Since 1854, additional members have attended the Governor's Administrative Council for legislative purposes, and the number of approved people has increased from 6 to 12 by the law in 1861, at least half of them. there were. The governor has appointed all of these legislative lawmakers and has rejected any bills passed by this institution, but the deliberations have been published to a limited audience, and many of the unofficial members are Indian nobles. He was a faithful landowner. Thus, for the Indian government, the legislative council functioned as a barometer for crude public power, and was the beginning of an advisory "safety valve" that warns the government early while minimizing the opposition of the parliamentary type. According to the law enacted in 1892, the number of additional members of the council was further increased to 16, of which 10 were able to become a no n-chief member, and the authority was expanded, but it is held every year in Calcutta. At the end of the legislative meeting, it was only possible to ask the government questions and officially criticize the official budget during the day. However, the Supreme Council was still far from Congress.

British merchant ships approaching the port of British merchant ships, Mumbai (Bombay) and Indian Mumbai (Bombay). J. C. hardware, canvas and oil painting, around 1850.

At this time, 10 % of tariffs were collected in 1860 in 1860 to repay the war debt, despite the fact that Britain had solidified freedom, but 5 % in 1864 and 5 in 1875. It was reduced to %. Cotton import tariffs abolished by Litton Governor in 1879 were not r e-introduced to British imports or threads until 1894. With the significant value of silver in the global market, the Indian government had to take measures to add enough rupees to revenue, contrary to its own economic interests (that is, fabrics in Lankashaer). At that time, the Bombay textile industry developed more than 80 power plants, and the huge empress factory owned by Indian businessman Jamcetoji (Jamshedoji) and N. Tata (1839-1904) is full in Nagpool, and vast vast. He was directly competing with the Lankasher's factory in the Indian market. The British factory owners in Calcutta, in which the Indian National Council is financially supported by approaching the Indian government to impose a 5 % "equalization" tax on all the textile products produced in India. He r e-showed his power by convincing many Indian factory owners and capitalists trying to contribute to profits.

Since 1858, a railway network, which had only 200 miles (320 km) throughout India, has spread rapidly. By 1869, a British railway company completed more than 5, 000 miles (8, 000 km), and by 1900, a railway of about 25, 000 miles (40, 000 km) was launched. By the beginning of World War I (1914-18), the total extension reached 35, 000 miles (56, 000 km), and the British Indian railway network was almost completely well maintained. Initially, the railway connects the rural areas of the British Empire, such as Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, increasing the speed of raw materials from India and accelerating the transition from sel f-sufficiency to commercial agricultural production. Because it played a role. An intermediary adopted from the port city guided the mayor to run the trains inland and turn the vast land to issue grains into commercial crops. At this time, 10 % of tariffs were collected in 1860 to repay the war debt, despite the fact that Britain had been conspiring free relation, but in 1864, 7 % and 1875. Was reduced to 5 %. Cotton import tariffs abolished by Litton Governor in 1879 were not r e-introduced to British imports or threads until 1894. With the significant value of silver in the global market, the Indian government had to take measures to add enough rupees to revenue, contrary to its own economic interests (that is, fabrics in Lankashaer). At that time, the Bombay textile industry developed more than 80 power plants, and the huge empress factory owned by Indian businessman Jamcetoji (Jamshedoji) and N. Tata (1839-1904) is full in Nagpool, and vast vast. He was directly competing with the Lankasher's factory in the Indian market. The British factory owners in Calcutta, in which the Indian National Council is financially supported by approaching the Indian government to impose a 5 % "equalization" tax on all the textile products produced in India. He r e-showed his power by convincing many Indian factory owners and capitalists trying to contribute to profits.

Since 1858, a railway network, which had only 200 miles (320 km) throughout India, has spread rapidly. By 1869, a British railway company completed more than 5, 000 miles (8, 000 km), and by 1900, a railway of about 25, 000 miles (40, 000 km) was launched. By the beginning of World War I (1914-18), the total extension reached 35, 000 miles (56, 000 km), and the British Indian railway network was almost completely well maintained. Initially, the railway connects the rural areas of the British Empire, such as Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, increasing the speed of raw materials from India and accelerating the transition from sel f-sufficiency to commercial agricultural production. Because it played a role. An intermediary adopted from the port city guided the mayor to run the trains inland and turn the vast land to issue grains into commercial crops. At this time, 10 % of tariffs were collected in 1860 in 1860 to repay the war debt, despite the fact that Britain had solidified freedom, but 5 % in 1864 and 5 in 1875. It was reduced to %. Cotton import tariffs abolished by Litton Governor in 1879 were not r e-introduced to British imports or threads until 1894. With the significant value of silver in the global market, the Indian government had to take measures to add enough rupees to revenue, contrary to its own economic interests (that is, fabrics in Lankashaer). At that time, the Bombay textile industry developed more than 80 power plants, and the huge empress factory owned by Indian businessman Jamcetoji (Jamshedoji) and N. Tata (1839-1904) is full in Nagpool, and vast vast. He was directly competing with the Lankasher's factory in the Indian market. The British factory owners in Calcutta, in which the Indian National Council is financially supported by approaching the Indian government to impose a 5 % "equalization" tax on all the textile products produced in India. He r e-showed his power by convincing many Indian factory owners and capitalists trying to contribute to profits.

The early Congress movement

When demand in Britain was high, as it was throughout the American Civil War (1861-65), large amounts of silver were offered in exchange for raw materials, but after the Civil War ended and raw cotton returned from the Lancashire mills in the American South, the Indian market collapsed. Millions of peasants, cut off from grain production, found themselves at the mercy of the global market economy. Between 1865 and 1900, India suffered a long famine, and in 1896, an epidemic of plague broke out in Bombay, caused by infected rats brought from China. As a result, the population of the subcontinent exploded from about 200 million in 1872 (almost the year of the first world census) to more than 319 million in 1921, although there may have been a slight decline in population between 1895 and 1905.

The spread of railways also accelerated the destruction of India's indigenous craft industries. Indian artisans' raw products were devalued as trains loaded with cheaper competing goods shipped from Britain raced to inland towns and distributed to villages. Entire villages of artisans lost their traditional markets to nearby farming villages, forcing them to abandon their looms and wheels and return to the land to earn a living. By the end of the 19th century, a large part of India's population (probably more than three-quarters) was directly dependent on agriculture. The railways also provided the military with quick and relatively safe access to all parts of the country in case of emergency, and were eventually used to transport grain for famine relief.

The rich coal mine in Bihar is mining at this time to help supply the imported British steam engine, and coal production is about 6 million tons in about 500, 000 tons in 1868 to 1900. It increased rapidly, and 20. In India, 20, 000, 000 tons of 20, 000, 000 tonnes were used in 1875, but the Tata Steel Steel Company (part of the current Tata Group), which did not receive government assistance, was produced until 1911. Started and launched the Indian modern steel industry in Biard. Tata grew rapidly after World War I and became the largest steel complex in the UK by World War II. After the Crimea War (1853-56), the Bengal region's jute fiber industry has developed comparable to the Bombay cotton fabric industry. The Crimean War cut off raw material hemp from Russia to Scotland's Jute Plant, stimulating the export of raw material hemp from Calcatta to Daddy. At the time of 1863, Bengal had only two Jute factories, but in 1882 it increased to 20 and more than 20, 000 workers worked.

The first partition of Bengal

The most important plantation industry at the time was black tea, indigo and coffee. The British tea garden began on the 1850s on the Assam Hills in northern India, and about 20 years later on the Nirgiri Hills in southern India. By 1871, more than 300 tea gardens were formed, and the cultivated area exceeded 30, 000 acres (12, 000 hectares), and about 3, 000 tons of tea were produced. By 1900, the Indian brown cultivation area could be exported to 68. The Indian black tea industry can produce 68, 500 tons in the UK and take Chinese tea in London. The industrial industry, which was flourished in Bengal and Bihar, was exposed to extinction in the "Blue Rebellion" (a riot of the 1859-60 planter), but India exported to the European market until the late 19th century. This natural product became outdated when synthetic dye began to be manufactured. Coffee farms flourished in Southern India from 1860 to 1879, but the disease has been devastating crops, and Indian coffee has declined for 10 years.

John Laird Mare Lawrence, Baron 1st Lolence (details) The rich coal mine in Biard has begun mining at this time to help the imported British steam institutions. Production rose to about 6 million tons in 1868 to about 6 million tons in 1900, and in India, 20, 000, 000 tons of 20, 000 tons in 1875 was used for oi l-making, with government assistance. The no n-Tata steel company (part of the current Tata Group) began production until 1911 and launched the Indian modern steel industry in Biard. Tata grew rapidly after World War I and became the largest steel complex in the UK by World War II. After the Crimea War (1853-56), the Bengal region's jute fiber industry has developed comparable to the Bombay cotton fabric industry. The Crimean War cut off raw material hemp from Russia to Scotland's Jute Plant, stimulating the export of raw material hemp from Calcatta to Daddy. At the time of 1863, Bengal had only two Jute factories, but in 1882 it increased to 20 and more than 20, 000 workers worked.

John Laird Mare Lawrence, Baron 1 Baron Lolence (Details) The rich coal mine in Biard has begun mining to help import to imported British steam institutions, and coal production is started. It rose to about 6 million tons in 1868 to about 6 million tons in 1900, and 20. In India, 19, which was used for oiling oil in 1875 as early as 1875, Tata that did not receive government assistance. A steel company (part of the current Tata Group) began production until 1911 and launched the Indian modern steel industry in Biard. Tata grew rapidly after World War I and became the largest steel complex in the UK by World War II. After the Crimea War (1853-56), the Bengal region's jute fiber industry has developed comparable to the Bombay cotton fabric industry. The Crimean War cut off raw material hemp from Russia to Scotland's Jute Plant, stimulating the export of raw material hemp from Calcatta to Daddy. At the time of 1863, Bengal had only two Jute factories, but in 1882 it increased to 20 and more than 20, 000 workers worked.

Nationalism in the Muslim community

John Laird Mare Lawrence, Baron 1st Lolence (details)

The British territory India has expanded to the northwestern part and northeast over the border of the company in the early stages of royal domination. The turbulent tribal frontier in the northwest continues to be a harassment of established British ruling, and the looters of Patan (Pashtoon) are the Imperial Government Office in the Calcutta and Silla colonial office and the White Hall in London. At the point, it was a constant temptation and excuse of the imperialist's "leading" defenders. In the 1860s, Russia into Central Asia, like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the London, crossed the Indian Empire's Frontier across the Hindhcsian Mountains and spread to the Northern border of Afghanistan along the Amdariya River. It was a bigger concern and motivation to try. However, Kaaning is as far as he can regain peace in India, and is the simplest and inexpensive method of "peaceful" to "peace" (commonly known as "slaughter and 閂"). It was unlikely that an ambitious operation would start. Lawrence, which ruled from 1864 to 1969, continued the same frontier peace policy as a Viseroy, and refused to be pushed or invited to a large daigama called Afghan politics. 1863, The UK India has expanded to the northwest and northeastern part beyond the border of the company, in the early stages of royal rule. The turbulent tribal frontier in the northwest continues to be a harassment of established British ruling, and the looters of Patan (Pashtoon) are the Imperial Government Office in the Calcutta and Silla colonial office and the White Hall in London. At the point, it was a constant temptation and excuse of the imperialist's "leading" defenders. In the 1860s, Russia into Central Asia, like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the London, crossed the Indian Empire's Frontier across the Hindhcsian Mountains and spread to the Northern border of Afghanistan along the Amdariya River. It was a bigger concern and motivation to try. However, Kaaning is as far as he can regain peace in India, and is the simplest and inexpensive method of "peaceful" to "peace" (commonly known as "slaughter and 閂"). It was unlikely that an ambitious operation would start. Lawrence, which ruled from 1864 to 1969, continued the same frontier peace policy as a Viseroy, and refused to be pushed or invited to a large daigama called Afghan politics. 1863, British territory India has expanded to the northwestern part and northeast over the border of the company in the early stages of royal domination. The turbulent tribal frontier in the northwest continues to be a harassment of established British ruling, and the looters of Patan (Pashtoon) are the Imperial Government Office in the Calcutta and Silla colonial office and the White Hall in London. At the point, it was a constant temptation and excuse of the imperialist's "leading" defenders. In the 1860s, Russia into Central Asia, like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the London, crossed the Indian Empire's Frontier across the Hindhcsian Mountains and spread to the Northern border of Afghanistan along the Amdariya River. It was a bigger concern and motivation to try. However, Kaaning is as far as he can regain peace in India, and is the simplest and inexpensive method of "peaceful" to "peace" (commonly known as "slaughter and 閂"). It was unlikely that an ambitious operation would start. Lawrence, which ruled from 1864 to 1969, continued the same frontier peace policy as a Viseroy, and refused to be pushed or invited to a large daigama called Afghan politics. 1863,

Russia's slow progress in Turkestan worried Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli and his Foreign Secretary to India, Robert Salisbury, and in 1874, when they came to power in London, they urged the Indian government to step up its intervention in the Afghanistan conflict. The Governor-General, Lord Northbrook (1872-76), resisted all urgings from his cabinet to reverse Lawrence's policy of non-intervention and return to the bellicose attitude of the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42), and resigned as governor-general, refusing to accept orders from ministers who he believed were disastrously distorting their foreign policy judgment with Russophobia. But his successor as regent, Lord Lytton, was willing to do as his chancellor would have wished, and immediately after his arrival in Calcutta he notified Shir Ali of an "expedition" against Kabul. When the emir refused to allow Lytton into Afghanistan, the Regent belligerently declared that Afghanistan was nothing more than "a hood of earth between two metal containers." But he took no action against the kingdom until 1878, when the Russian general Strietov visited Kabul and Lytton's emissary, Sir Neville Chamberlain, was returned to the border by Afghan troops. The Governor-General was determined to crush his neighbour, Pipkin. Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, detail of a portrait by P. A. de Laszlo, 1920, National Portrait Gallery, London. (more)

George Nathaniel Curzon, Marquess of Curzon (more)

Reforms of the British Liberals

The governor's Lord Landdown (1888-94) tried to confirm a more positive policy in Afghanistan, based on the advice of Loverzwar, a military commander. In 1893, Landdown dispatched Lord Mortimer Durand, the Indian government, to Kabul and began negotiating border painting between India and Afghanistan. The boundary painting, known as the Durand Line, was completed in 1896, adding Afridi, Muff Sudo, Wadillly, Swalty tribal territories, and Gilgit's chiefs to Britain India. The ninth Count, 1894-99, the successor to the Lands Down, spent most of his terms dispatching the British Indian army to a new frontier. However, Governor Carson (enrolled 1899-1905) recognized the unreality of trying to manage the turbulent border zone as part of a vast panjab state. So in 1901, he newly established the Northwestern State (Kaivar Pactukwa), and jurisdiction over 40, 000 square miles (approximately 100, 000 square kilometers) and tribal cros s-border areas under the UK General of the UK. I did. The new state has reduced the border conflict, but for the next decade, the British army continued to fight the muffsud, and the

The British Indian (Myanmar) conquest of British Burma was completed at this time. The 2nd British Clean War (1852) caused the Ava Kingdom (see the Upper Burma and Araunpaya dynasty) independent of the British India, and under the rules of King Mindon (1853-78), which built the capital in Mandalay. (Yangon) A Kisen with British residents and individual merchants dating back to the Irawage River was welcomed. Mindon, known for the convenience of the 5th French Council in Mandalay in Mandalay (such a meeting for the first time in about 1. 900 years), celebrated the hegemony of the throne inheritance in February 1879 and killed 80 brothers. It was taken over by my brother Tivo. Tibau refused to renew the treaty with the British, and instead sought a trade relationship with France, which has been governed by Southeast Asia. Tibau sent a messenger to Paris, and in January 1885, France concluded the Ava Kingdom with the Ava Kingdom, and dispatched a consul in France to Mandalay. The messenger hoped to establish a French bank in the Burmese and raise funds for the construction of railway and the general commercial development of the kingdom, but his plan was abandoned. Lord Dufferin (1884-88 rule) -Estimable British India (Myanmar) Conquest of British Burma was completed at this time. The 2nd British Clean War (1852) caused the Ava Kingdom (see the Upper Burma and Araunpaya dynasty) independent of the British India, and under the rules of King Mindon (1853-78), which built the capital in Mandalay. (Yangon) A Kisen with British residents and individual merchants dating back to the Irawage River was welcomed. Mindon, known for the convenience of the 5th French Council in Mandalay in Mandalay (such a meeting is about 1. 900 years), celebrates the hegemony of the throne in February 1879 and killed 80 brothers. It was taken over by my brother Tivo. Tibau refused to renew the treaty with the British, and instead called for trade relationships with France, which has been governed by Southeast Asia. Tibau sent a messenger to Paris, and in January 1885, France concluded the Ava Kingdom with the Ava Kingdom, and dispatched a consul in France to Mandalay. The messenger hoped to establish a French bank in the Burmese and raise funds for the construction of railway and the general commercial development of the kingdom, but his plan was abandoned. Sir Dufferin (1884-88 rule) -Estopic British India (Myanmar) Conquest of British Burma was completed at this time. The 2nd British Clean War (1852) caused the Ava Kingdom (see the Upper Burma and Araunpaya dynasty) independent of the British India, and under the rules of King Mindon (1853-78), which built the capital in Mandalay. (Yangon) A Kisen with British residents and individual merchants dating back to the Irawage River was welcomed. Mindon, known for the convenience of the 5th French Council in Mandalay in Mandalay (such a meeting for the first time in about 1. 900 years), celebrated the hegemony of the throne inheritance in February 1879 and killed 80 brothers. It was taken over by my brother Tivo. Tibau refused to renew the treaty with the British, and instead called for trade relationships with France, which has been governed by Southeast Asia. Tibau sent a messenger to Paris, and in January 1885, France concluded the Ava Kingdom with the Ava Kingdom, and dispatched a consul in France to Mandalay. The messenger hoped to establish a French bank in the Burmese and raise funds for the construction of railway and the general commercial development of the kingdom, but his plan was abandoned. Sir Dufferin Dufferin (1884-88 rule) --Arest

In December 1885, the Indian National Conference (Congress Party) held the first meeting in Mumbai. Thus, the British Indian Empire was approaching the limit of the expansion, and the institutional species of the largest national successor were sown. However, the roots of Indian nationalism can go back to the beginning of the national rule in Bombay, Bengal and Madras. Nationalism was born in the 19th century British India as a reaction to strengthening British rule and spreading Western civilization in the assimilation. The Indian National Council led by the Indian Council, and it was a large one that led to the birth of India, and the establishment of the Muslim Federation in 1906, gaining an organizational skeleton, leading to the birth of Pakistan. The Indian National Council (Congress Party) held the first meeting in Mumbai in December 1885. Thus, the British Indian Empire was approaching the limit of the expansion, and the institutional species of the largest national successor were sown. However, the roots of Indian nationalism can go back to the beginning of the national rule in Bombay, Bengal and Madras. Nationalism was born in the 19th century British India as a reaction to strengthening British rule and spreading Western civilization in the assimilation. The Indian National Council led by the Indian Council, and it was a large one that led to the birth of India, and the establishment of the Muslim Federation in 1906, gaining an organizational skeleton, leading to the birth of Pakistan. In December 1885, the Indian National Conference (Congress Party) held the first meeting in Mumbai. Thus, the British Indian Empire was approaching the limit of the expansion, and the institutional species of the largest national successor were sown. However, the roots of Indian nationalism can go back to the beginning of the national rule in Bombay, Bengal and Madras. Nationalism was born in the 19th century British India as a reaction to strengthening British rule and spreading Western civilization in the assimilation. The Indian National Council led by the Indian Council, and it was a large one that led to the birth of India, and the establishment of the Muslim Federation in 1906, gaining an organizational skeleton, leading to the birth of Pakistan.

After metal production ended, many young British-educated Indians followed their British mentors by pursuing careers in ICS, law, journalism and education. The universities of Bombay, Bengal and Madras were established in 1857 as the linchpins of the East India Company's modest policy of selectively promoting the introduction of British education in India. In the early days of Crown rule, the first graduates of these universities, nourished by the writings and ideas of Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill and Thomas Macaulay, simultaneously sought positions that would serve the betterment of themselves and the society. They were convinced that with the right apprenticeship of their education and hard work, they would one day inherit the machinery of the British Indian government. However, few Indians were admitted to the ICS, and one of the most outstanding, Surendranath Banerjea (1848-1925), selflessly rejected the earlier pretensions and turned from a loyal member in the government to a Nationalist agitator against it. Banerjea became a professor at Calcutta, then editor of the Bengali and founder of the Indian Association in Calcutta. In 1883, he convened the first Indian National Congress in Bengal, anticipating the birth of the Congress two years later on the other side of India. After the first partition of Bengal in 1905, Banerjea reached Bengal.

In the 1870s, the new leaders in Bombay also founded many local political organisations, such as the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (Poona Public Association), founded in 1862 by Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901) at the Faculty of Arts of the Bombay University (now the University of Bombay). Ranade was employed by the Bombay Education Department, taught at Elphinstone College, edited the Indu Prakash magazine, helped to establish the Hindu reformist Prarthana Samaj (prayer society) in Bombay, and wrote historical essays. Ranade was one of the early leaders of Indian egalitarian nationalism, and his brilliant pupil Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915) was later revered as a political preceptor by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869-1948). An editor and social reformer, Gokhale taught at Fergusson College, Poona (Pune) and was elected Congress leader in 1905. Moderation and reform were the key messages of Gokhale's life, and he was able to achieve much for India through rational argument, patient work and a quiet faith in the ultimate justice of British liberalism.

Moderate and militant nationalism

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (more)

Bal Gangadar Tiraku (1856-1920), a colleague at Gokar's Ferguson College, was a revolutionary reaction to Indian Nationalism against Britain. Tiraku is the most popular journalist in Puna, and its popular newspaper "Kesari" ("Lion") has become a typical literature that afflicts Britain. Tiraku, imprisoned in 1897 for a destructive work, found a source of ethnic inspiration in the history of orthodox and Marter. Tiraku called on his brothers to be interested and proud of the religious, cultural, martial arts, and political glory of Hindu India before the United Kingdom. In Puna, the capital of Marata Hindu, he found the popular festival of Ganesha (Ganapati) and Sivaji, which was popular in the 1890s, and helped spread it. Tiraku does not believe in the justice of Britain, and his life is mainly for the purpose of revealing the United Kingdom from India and recovering Swarage (sel f-relief, independence) to people in India. Dedicated to. Tiraku has many no n-Englis h-speaking Hindu people participate in ethnic movements, but his revolutionary resurrection character of the orthodox Hinduism (the second half of political activities) is a minority of India. Many of them were alienated, exacerbating communication tension.

Litton Administration and Lord Lipon (reigned 1880-84) have prepared nationalism in the British India. The former has indirectly adjusting nationalism as a result of the domestic compressive measures and the benefits of external political invasion, as a result of the European community rejected its liberal humanity legal. One of the central figures that contributed to the organizationalization of the first assembly of Congress was Lipon's steep-ups, British bureaucratic bureaucratic bureaucracy Alan octavian Hume (1829-1912). After retiring from ICS in 1882, Hum, a mysterious reformer and bird scholar, lived in Shimura and studied birds and science. Hume joined the Shinto Science Association in 1881 and was similar to many young Indians who found a movement suitable for Indian culture for Shinto science.

Helena Bravatski Helena Blavatsky, Hermann Schmiechen details of oil painting, individual storehouse. (Individual storehouse)

World War I and its aftermath

Zidu Krishnamurti, Annie Besant Zid Krishnamurti and Annie Besanto, 1933; (More)

Helena Bravatski (1831-91), born in Russia and a co-founder of the Shinto Science Association, visited India in 1879 and sat down under Swami Dayananda Sarasvati (1824-83). Swami established the reforming Hindu Kodosha Aruriya Samaji in 1875 in Bombay. Daya Nanda called for Hindu to reject what was "corrupted" from his religion, such as idol worship, caste system, and infant marriage, and returned to the original purity of Veda's life and thought. Swami argued that the change in the Hindu society after Veda has only led to weakness and unity, which has destroyed India's abilities that resist and conquered foreign countries. In the early 20th century, his reformist society was more rooted in pansabs, and became a national leading ethnic organization. Bravatsky shortly left Daya Nanda and founded his own "Samaji", which puts Indian headquarters in Adir on the outskirts of Madras. Annie Besanto (1847-1933), the most famous leader of the Shinto Science Association, succeeded Bravatsky, the first to be a British woman, and the only chairman of the Congress (1917).

India’s contributions to the war effort

The first meeting of the meeting, which was convened in Bombay on December 28, 1885, was attended by 73 delegates and 10 unofficial delegates. 54 of the delegation were Hindu, only two Muslims, and most of them were Pearl Sea and Jain. Hindu's representative groups were virtually all Baramon. Everyone spoke English. More than half were lawyers, the rest were journalists, businessmen, landlords and professors. This is the first India's first rally, an emerging elite of a middl e-class intellectual who is working on peaceful political and protests for the nation, and is currently ongoing. On the last day, the parliament passed a resolution that incorporates members' political and economic demands, which was a petition for complaints to the government. In these initial resolutions, Indians will enter ICS by adding no n-public servant representatives selected in elections in the Supreme Council and the Local Council, and directly introducing simultaneous examinations in India and the UK. Included to seek true opportunity equality. Born in Russia and co-founder of the Shinto Society, Helena Bravatsky (1831-91), visited India in 1879, sitting under Swami Dayananda Sarasvati (1824-83). Swami established the reforming Hindu Kodosha Aruriya Samaji in 1875 in Bombay. Daya Nanda called for Hindu to reject what was "corrupted" from his religion, such as idol worship, caste system, and infant marriage, and returned to the original purity of Veda's life and thought. Swami argued that the change in the Hindu society after Veda has only led to weakness and unity, which has destroyed India's abilities that resist and conquered foreign countries. In the early 20th century, his reformist society was more rooted in pansabs, and became a national leading ethnic organization. Bravatsky shortly left Daya Nanda and founded his own "Samaji", which puts Indian headquarters in Adir on the outskirts of Madras. Annie Besanto (1847-1933), the most famous leader of the Shinto Science Association, succeeded Bravatsky, the first to be a British woman, and the only chairman of the Congress (1917).

The first meeting of the meeting, which was convened in Bombay on December 28, 1885, was attended by 73 delegates and 10 unofficial delegates. 54 of the delegation were Hindu, only two Muslims, and most of them were Pearl Sea and Jain. Hindu's representative groups were virtually all Baramon. Everyone spoke English. More than half were lawyers, the rest were journalists, businessmen, landlords and professors. This is the first India's first rally, an emerging elite of a middl e-class intellectual who is working on peaceful political and protests for the nation, and is currently ongoing. On the last day, the parliament passed a resolution that incorporates members' political and economic demands, which was a petition for complaints to the government. In these initial resolutions, Indians will enter ICS by adding no n-public servant representatives selected in elections in the Supreme Council and the Local Council, and directly introducing simultaneous examinations in India and the UK. Included to seek true opportunity equality. Helena Bravatski (1831-91), born in Russia and a co-founder of the Shinto Science Association, visited India in 1879 and sat down under Swami Dayananda Sarasvati (1824-83). Swami established the reforming Hindu Kodosha Aruriya Samaji in 1875 in Bombay. Daya Nanda called for Hindu to reject what was "corrupted" from his religion, such as idol worship, caste system, and infant marriage, and returned to the original purity of Veda's life and thought. Swami argued that the change in the Hindu society after Veda has only led to weakness and unity, which has destroyed India's abilities that resist and conquered foreign countries. In the early 20th century, his reformist society was more rooted in pansabs, and became a national leading ethnic organization. Bravatsky shortly left Daya Nanda and founded his own "Samaji", which puts Indian headquarters in Adir on the outskirts of Madras. Annie Besanto (1847-1933), the most famous leader of the Shinto Science Association, succeeded Bravatsky, the first to be a British woman, and the only chairman of the Congress (1917).

Congress's fiscal demands began by calling for the reduction in the "domestic fee" (the part of the Indian government's budget and the pensions of the British resident after retirement). Dadabai Naoroji (1825-1917) is the "old" of the parliament who served as a parliamentary chairman, and Indian poverty claims that the Indian poverty is a product of year's exploitation and gold, silver, and raw materials. He was a typical artist in the general economic "leakage" theory, theoretically supporting ethnic politics. Other resolutions have called for a reduction in military expenditures, blamed the third British war, demanded withdrawing administrative expenses, and promoted imposing imported tariffs on British manufacturers.

Hume, known for having organized the parliamentary party, attended the first time of Congress as the only British representative. Sir William Wederburn (1838-1918), who was the closest British adviser in Gokar, was later elected Chairman of Congress, and William Wordworth, Principal Elphin College, also attended. However, most British in India ignore the Congress Party and its resolution as a "very few" behavior and demands of many millions of India, or no n-extremist. It was regarded as a gust. Despite the official contempt and hostility overlapping, the conference quickly gained considerable Indian support and grew up to more than 600 representatives within two years. In 1888, when Governor Dufferin left India, the conference was cut off as a "small heart", and the meeting gathered 1, 248 representatives at the annual meeting. Nevertheless, the British government official continued to deny the importance of Congress, and the Governor Carson probably had "ended due to losing" after more than 10 years. However, Carson had inadvertently lent his hand to gain unprecedented popularity and combatable vitality because he did not recognize his arrogance and the importance of human empathy in constant efforts. Conference's fiscal demands began with the demanding of "domestic rates" (among the Indian revenues, all Indian government budgets and pensions allocated to the UK resident). Dadabai Naoroji (1825-1917) is the "old" of the parliament who served as a parliamentary chairman, and Indian poverty claims that the Indian poverty is a product of year's exploitation and gold, silver, and raw materials. He was a typical artist in the general economic "leakage" theory, theoretically supporting ethnic politics. Other resolutions have called for a reduction in military expenditures, blamed the third British war, demanded withdrawing administrative expenses, and promoted imposing imported tariffs on British manufacturers.

Anti-British activity

Hume, known for having organized the parliamentary party, attended the first time of Congress as the only British representative. Sir William Wederburn (1838-1918), who was the closest British adviser in Gokar, was later elected Chairman of Congress, and William Wordworth, Principal Elphin College, also attended. However, most British in India ignore the Congress Party and its resolution as a "very few" behavior and demands of many millions of India, or no n-extremist. It was regarded as a gust. Despite the official contempt and hostility overlapping, the conference quickly gained considerable Indian support and grew up to more than 600 representatives within two years. In 1888, when Governor Dufferin left India, the conference was cut off as a "small heart", and the meeting gathered 1, 248 representatives at the annual meeting. Nevertheless, the British government official continued to deny the importance of Congress, and the Governor Carson probably had "ended due to losing" after more than 10 years. However, Carson had inadvertently lent his hand to gain unprecedented popularity and combatable vitality because he did not recognize his arrogance and the importance of human empathy in constant efforts. Congress's fiscal demands began by calling for the reduction in the "domestic fee" (the part of the Indian government's budget and the pensions of the British resident after retirement). Dadabai Naoroji (1825-1917) is the "old" of the parliament who served as a parliamentary chairman, and Indian poverty claims that the Indian poverty is a product of year's exploitation and gold, silver, and raw materials. He was a typical artist in the general economic "leakage" theory, theoretically supporting ethnic politics. Other resolutions have called for a reduction in military expenditures, blamed the third British war, demanded withdrawing administrative expenses, and promoted imposing imported tariffs on British manufacturers.

The first Bengal split in 1905 drove the state on the verge of rebellion. The United Kingdom recognizes that Bengal, which has a population of about 85 million, is too large for a single state, and is determined to be reorganized and intelligent. However, the lines drawn by Lord Carson cut off the center of the Bengalian's "nation", and Badaruk ("good people" in West Bengal ("good people") was a mental Hindu leader in Calcutta, but politics. He was tied to the northern and southern part of Bihallie and Hindu, which was not very active. East Bengal and Assam State, which have many Muslims, were newly established, and the capital was located in Dhaka (now Dhaka). In particular, Carson and their subordinates ignored countless words and petition signatures from tens of thousands of Calcutta's leading citizens. Bengal Hindu, who worships the mother god, believes that this area is nothing less than a biosal anatomy of his "mother's state", and was before and after the Bengal split on October 16, 1905. The larg e-scale protest rally attracted millions of people, not unrelated to all kinds of politics.

Rabin Dranate Tagor (Details) The first Bengal split in 1905 drove this state to the public rebellion. The United Kingdom recognizes that Bengal, which has a population of about 85 million, is too large for a single state, and is determined to be reorganized and intelligent. However, the lines drawn by Lord Carson cut off the center of the Bengalian's "nation", and Badaruk ("good people" in West Bengal ("good people") was a mental Hindu leader in Calcutta, but politics. He was tied to the northern and southern part of Bihallie and Hindu, which was not very active. East Bengal and Assam State, which have many Muslims, were newly established, and the capital was located in Dhaka (now Dhaka). In particular, Carson and their subordinates ignored countless words and petition signatures from tens of thousands of Calcutta's leading citizens. Bengal Hindu, who worships the mother god, believes that this area is nothing less than a biosal anatomy of his "mother's state", and was before and after the Bengal split on October 16, 1905. The larg e-scale protest rally attracted millions of people, not unrelated to all kinds of politics.

The postwar years

Rabin Dranate Tagor (Details) The first Bengal split in 1905 drove the state on the verge of rebellion. The United Kingdom recognizes that Bengal, which has a population of about 85 million, is too large for a single state, and is determined to be reorganized and intelligent. However, the lines drawn by Lord Carson cut off the center of the Bengalian's "nation", and Badaruk ("good people" in West Bengal ("good people") was a mental Hindu leader in Calcutta, but politics. He was tied to the northern and southern part of Bihallie and Hindu, which was not very active. East Bengal and Assam State, which have many Muslims, were newly established, and the capital was located in Dhaka (now Dhaka). In particular, Carson and their subordinates ignored countless words and petition signatures from tens of thousands of Calcutta's leading citizens. Bengal Hindu, who worships the mother god, believes that this area is nothing less than a biosal anatomy of his "mother's state", and was before and after the Bengal split on October 16, 1905. The larg e-scale protest rally attracted millions of people, not unrelated to all kinds of politics.

Rabin Dranate Tagor (Details)

The new trend of national emotions born in Bengal has rushed throughout India, and "Bande Mataram" ("Mother, Hello") is a lyrics quoted from Bangim Chandra Chatalzy's popular Bengalian novel "Anandamas". It became a national anthem of. Bengal's largest poet, Rabin Dranate Tagor (1861-1941), composed. As a reaction to the split, Bengal Hindu dramatically described the determination of living without foreign textile by launching a huge bonfire of Lankasha's textile, starting an effective boycott of British products. Such a bonfire reproduced the sacrifice of the ancient Veda, revealing Hinduans in Pune, Madras, and Mumbai, and lit a similar political protest. Indians vowed to use only domestic (swaws) cotton and other clothing made in India instead of wearing foreign cloth. A simple han d-woven sally in the Bengal region, including Calcatta, and throughout India, became a high fashion, and has now been replaced by Lancashire's finest clothing, which is now an imported imported product. The Swadashi Movement eventually encouraged indigenous companies in many fields, from Indian cotton factories to matching factories, spray glass factories, and steel casting factories.

The demand for ethnic education increased rapidly after split. Bengal students and teachers have expanded the boycott of British products to schools and university classes, and politically aggressive Indians, the s o-called "Indian Jesits Society" Vishnu Krishna Chiplunkard. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar (1856-95), Tiraku and Gokare, who began to imitate (1850-82), are a pioneer in the decan regions in the 1880s. Exercise for national education has spread throughout Bengal, as well as Varanasi (Banneras), and Pandit Madan Moraviya (1861-1946) established a private Bannerus Hindu University in 1910.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre at Amritsar

In the aftermath of the first Bengal split, Swarage was one of the last major demands added to the Congress of the Congress. Swarazi was first stated for the purpose of the conference in the Dadabai Naor o-chair speech at a meeting held in Calcutta in 1906. The new tide of national emotions born in Bengal has rushed throughout India, and "Bande Mataram" ("Mother, Hard") is lyrics quoted from Bangim Chandra Chatalzy's popular Bengalus novel "Anandamas". So, it became a national anthem of Congress. Bengal's largest poet, Rabin Dranate Tagor (1861-1941), composed. As a reaction to the split, Bengal Hindu dramatically described the determination of living without foreign textile by launching a huge bonfire of Lankasha's textile, starting an effective boycott of British products. Such a bonfire reproduced the sacrifice of the ancient Veda, revealing Hinduans in Pune, Madras, and Mumbai, and lit a similar political protest. Indians vowed to use only domestic (swaws) cotton and other clothing made in India instead of wearing foreign cloth. A simple han d-woven sally in the Bengal region, including Calcatta, and throughout India, became a high fashion, and has now been replaced by Lancashire's finest clothing, which is now an imported imported product. The Swadashi Movement eventually encouraged indigenous companies in many fields, from Indian cotton factories to matching factories, spray glass factories, and steel casting factories.

In the aftermath of the first Bengal split, Swarage was one of the last major demands added to the Congress of the Congress. Swarazi was first stated for the purpose of the conference in the Dadabai Naor o-chair speech at a meeting held in Calcutta in 1906. The new trend of national emotions born in Bengal has rushed throughout India, and "Bande Mataram" ("Mother, Hello") is a lyrics quoted from Bangim Chandra Chatalzy's popular Bengalian novel "Anandamas". It became a national anthem of. Bengal's largest poet, Rabin Dranate Tagor (1861-1941), composed. As a reaction to the split, Bengal Hindu dramatically described the determination of living without foreign textile by launching a huge bonfire of Lankasha's textile, starting an effective boycott of British products. Such a bonfire reproduced the sacrifice of the ancient Veda, revealing Hinduans in Pune, Madras, and Mumbai, and lit a similar political protest. Indians vowed to use only domestic (swaws) cotton and other clothing made in India instead of wearing foreign cloth. A simple han d-woven sally in the Bengal region, including Calcatta, and throughout India, became a high fashion, and has now been replaced by Lancashire's finest clothing, which is now an imported imported product. The Swadashi Movement eventually encouraged indigenous companies in many fields, from Indian cotton factories to matching factories, spray glass factories, and steel casting factories.

Gandhi’s philosophy and strategy

When the conference was demanding Swarage in Kolkata, the Muslim Federation held the first meeting in Dhaka. Muslim, a minority of the Indian population, has been delayed by Hindu, the majority, but since Delhi Sultan was established in 1206, Islam has a unique religion c o-c o-c o-community in Muslims in India. It gave enough doctrine Usuki to unite. In the era of the Mugal Empire (1556-1707), it gave Muslims in India a martial arts and administrative superiority, giving the majority of Hinduans from the majority of Hindu.

Prelude to independence, 1920–47

In 1857, the last emperor of the Mugal Empire functioned as a symbol of the rally for many rebels, and after the rebellion, most British liable to the Muslim society. In the 19th century Muslim leader Sideid Ahmad Khan (1817-98), many British governments are mainly responsible for the rebellion in the cause of the Indian Rebellion (1873). Successful to convince the senior officials. SIid joined the East India Company in 1838 and was an indispensable order of political reforms in India. He visited Oxford in 1874 and founded Anglo Muanma Toyo College (now Arigalum Slim University) in Arigal in 1875 after returning to Japan. The university was the first of India's first Islam and Western hig h-education, and was given English and was formulated in Oxford. Arigal has become an intellectual birthplace of the Muslim Federation and Pakistan.

Constitutional reforms

In 1935, Aga Khan III, Sultan Sir Mohammad Shaga Agan Khan III, Sultan Sir Mohammad Shah Corkata was demanding Swarazi, and the Muslim Federation was in Darka. We held the first meeting. Muslim, a minority of the Indian population, has been delayed by Hindu, the majority, but since Delhi Sultan was established in 1206, Islam has a unique religion c o-c o-c o-community in Muslims in India. It gave enough doctrine Usuki to unite. In the era of the Mugal Empire (1556-1707), it gave Muslims in India a martial arts and administrative superiority, giving the majority of Hinduans from the majority of Hindu.

In 1935, the Muslim Federation's first meeting in Dakka when the conference was demanding Swarazi in Aga Khan III, Slutan Sir Mohammad Shagan Khan III, and Sultan Sir Mohammad Shacorkata. Opened. Muslim, a minority of the Indian population, has been delayed by Hindu, the majority, but since Delhi Sultan was established in 1206, Islam has a unique religion c o-c o-c o-community in Muslims in India. It gave enough doctrine Usuki to unite. In the era of the Mugal Empire (1556-1707), it gave Muslims in India a martial arts and administrative superiority, giving the majority of Hinduans from the majority of Hindu.

1935, Aga Khan III, Sultan Sir Mohammad Shagan Khan III, Sultan Sir Mohammad Shah

A delegation of about 36 Muslim leaders, led by the Aga Khan III, invited Lord Minto (Viceroy-General 1905-10) in 1906 to clarify the special national interests of the Muslim community in India. Minto promised that the reforms introduced by his government would safeguard the independent interests of the Muslim community. Separate Muslim electorates, formally created by the Indian Councils Act of 1909, were asserted by the Viceroy in 1906. Encouraged by this concession, the Aga Khan delegation made a broad appeal at the first meeting of the Muslim League (held in Dhaka in December 1906) "for the protection and promotion of the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India." Other resolutions passed at that first meeting expressed Muslim "loyalty to the British Government," support for the partition of Bengal, and condemnation of the boycott movement. John Morley, c. 1890-94.

The Congress’s ambivalent strategy

In Britain, the victory of the Liberal Party in the 1906 elections marked the beginning of a new era of reform in British India. The new Secretary of State for India, John Morley, despite obstacles from the Viceroy, Lord Minto, was able to introduce some important reforms to the legislative and executive machinery of the British Indian government. First, he implemented Queen Victoria's promise of racial equality of opportunity, which had only reassured Indian nationalists of British hypocrisy since 1858. He appointed two Indian members to the Whitehall Council, the other being Krishna G. Gupta, a Hindu who was the senior Hindu in the ICS. Morley also persuaded a reluctant Lord Minto to appoint the first Indian member, Satyendra P. Sinha (1864-1928), to the Regent's Executive Council in 1909. Sinha (later Lord Sinha) was admitted to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1886 and served as Attorney General of Bengal before being appointed as the Regent's Law Commissioner, from which he was forced to resign in 1910. He was elected President of the Congress Party in 1915, and became Parliamentary Secretary of India in 1919 and Governor of Bihar and Orissa (now Odisha) in 1920. A delegation of about 36 Muslim leaders led by the Aga Khan III invited Lord Minto (Vice-General 1905-10) in 1906 to clarify the special national interests of the Muslim community in India. Minto promised that the reforms introduced by his government would safeguard the independent interests of the Muslim community. Separate Muslim electorates, formally created by the Indian Councils Act of 1909, were asserted by the Viceroy in 1906. Encouraged by this concession, the Aga Khan's delegation addressed the first session of the Muslim League (held in Dhaka in December 1906) with a broad call for "the protection and promotion of the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India." Other resolutions passed at that first conference expressed Muslim "loyalty to the British Government," support for the partition of Bengal, and condemnation of the boycott movement.

John Morley, c. 1890-94.

In Britain, the victory of the Liberal Party in the 1906 elections marked the beginning of a new era of reform in British India. The new Secretary of State for India, John Morley, despite being thwarted by the Viceroy, Lord Minto, was able to introduce several important reforms to the legislative and executive machinery of the British Indian government. First, he implemented Queen Victoria's promise of racial equality of opportunity, which had only reassured Indian nationalists of British hypocrisy since 1858. He appointed two Indian members to the Whitehall Council. The other was a Hindu, Krishna G. Gupta, a senior Hindu in the ICS. Morley also persuaded a reluctant Lord Minto to appoint its first Indian member, Satyendra P. Sinha (1864-1928), to the Regency's Executive Council in 1909. Sinha (later Lord Sinha) qualified as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in 1886 and served as Attorney General of Bengal before being appointed to the Regency's Law Commission, a position he was forced to resign in 1910. He was elected President of the Congress Party in 1915, and became Parliamentary Secretary of India in 1919 and Governor of Bihar and Orissa (now Odisha) in 1920. A delegation of about 36 Muslim leaders, led by the Aga Khan III, invited Lord Minto (Viceroy-General 1905-10) in 1906 to clarify the special national interests of the Muslim community in India. Minto promised that the reforms introduced by his government would safeguard the independent interests of the Muslim community. Separate Muslim electorates, formally created by the Indian Councils Act of 1909, were asserted by the Viceroy in 1906. Encouraged by this concession, the Aga Khan delegation made a broad appeal at the first meeting of the Muslim League (held in Dhaka in December 1906) "for the protection and promotion of the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India." Other resolutions passed at that first meeting expressed Muslim "loyalty to the British Government," support for the partition of Bengal, and condemnation of the boycott movement. John Morley, c. 1890-94.

Morley's main reform proposal, 1909, Indian Council Law (commonly called Morley Mint Reform), directly introduced selection of Indian legislative councils. The initial election was a very small number of Indians, which were restricted by property and education, but in 1910, 135 Indian representatives were elected and became members of the British India Council. Under the 1909 method, the upper limit of additional members of the Supreme Council was raised from 16 people (raised in the 1892 Council Law) to 60. In the local council of Bombay, Bengal, and Madras, which was established in 1861, the total number of members was increased to 20 by the law in 1892, and in 1909 it increased to 50, but most of them were no n-public servants. 。 The number of members in other states has also increased.

In order to abolish the official majority of the state parliament, Morley has pushed the intense opposition of not only ICS but also his own governor and council in accordance with the advice of conference leaders such as Gokare and Romesh Chun Dat (1848-1909). 。 Morley, like many other British liberal politicians, believed that the only basis for justifying British sovereignty to India was to be bequest to the British government, British Indian government. Mint, Calcutta, and the Simura officials succeeded in watering the reform by creating strict rules for implementing reforms and claiming to retain all legislation. However, the members of the election, which were elected, were given the authority to make voluntary replenishment and officially discussed with the administrative agency about the annual budget. The members of the Diet were also allowed to submit their legislative proposals. Morley's main reform proposal, 1909 Indian Council Law (commonly called Morley Mint Reform), directly introduced selectivity to members of the Indian legislative council. The initial election was a very small number of Indians, which were restricted by property and education, but in 1910, 135 Indian representatives were elected and became members of the British India Council. Under the 1909 method, the upper limit of additional members of the Supreme Council was raised from 16 people (raised in the 1892 Council Law) to 60. In the local council of Bombay, Bengal, and Madras, which was established in 1861, the total number of members was increased to 20 by the law in 1892, and in 1909 it increased to 50, but most of them were no n-public servants. 。 The number of members in other states has also increased.

In order to abolish the official majority of the state parliament, Morley has pushed the intense opposition of not only ICS but also his own governor and council in accordance with the advice of conference leaders such as Gokare and Romesh Chun Dat (1848-1909). 。 Morley, like many other British liberal politicians, believed that the only basis for justifying British sovereignty to India was to be bequest to the British government, British Indian government. Mint, Calcutta, and the Simura officials succeeded in watering the reform by creating strict rules for implementing reforms and claiming to retain all legislation. However, the members of the election, which were elected, were given the authority to make voluntary replenishment and officially discussed with the administrative agency about the annual budget. The members of the Diet were also allowed to submit their legislative proposals. Morley's main reform proposal, 1909, Indian Council Law (commonly called Morley Mint Reform), directly introduced selection of Indian legislative councils. The initial election was a very small number of Indians, which were restricted by property and education, but in 1910, 135 Indian representatives were elected and became members of the British India Council. Under the 1909 method, the upper limit of additional members of the Supreme Council was raised from 16 people (raised in the 1892 Council Law) to 60. In the local council of Bombay, Bengal, and Madras, which was established in 1861, the total number of members was increased to 20 by the law in 1892, and in 1909 it increased to 50, but most of them were no n-public servants. 。 The number of members in other states has also increased.

Gokar immediately revived an important new parliamentary procedure and introduced primary education for primary education throughout the British India. Gokar used the government's highest conference as a consultation partner for ethnic demands. Before the 1909 method was enacted, Gokar told his colleagues in the meeting in Madras that year, the Indian ethnicists have dealt with "from foreign countries", but "now." "Currently, we will deal with what we should be responsible for with the government." "

In 1907, the conference held an annual meeting in a slat, but the parliament was suffering from a conflict, enough time to listen to the chairman's speech of the moderate next chair, Rash Baehari Gohn (1845-1921). The order was not maintained. Congress division reflects a wide range of tactical differences between the liberal developments of the national organization, the extreme revolutionary, and those who are aiming to be the chairman. The young extremist of Tiraku's new party hoped to expand the boycott movement to the British government as a whole, but a moderate leader, such as Gokar, feared violence and was in such an "extreme" action. A warning. These moderate was attacked by extremists as "traitor" against "homeland", and Congress was divided into two parties and was not reunited for nine years. Tiraku sought Swarage as "Raw Right", his newspapers encouraged young extremists, spread bombs and gun worship in Mahara Shtra and Bengal State, and Tiraku was charged in 1908 to 1914 due to "fanning". To the prison in Mandalay (Burma). Bengal's political violence has peaked from 1908 to 1910 in the form of terrorism, and the number of arrests due to the strictness of public repression and the "preventive detention" has increased. Prime Minister Mint has continued to make Prime Minister Morley for dominating the Bengal region.

Charles Hardinge, the first Baron Hardinge Charles Hardingge, the first Oil Painting by Lord William Open by the first Baron Hardinge, in 1919, a national gallery in London. (Details)

Muslim separatism

By the end of 1910, Minto had finally returned home, and Morley appointed the liberal Lord Hardinge as his successor as regent (Lord Hardinge ruled from 1910 to 1916). Soon after arriving in Calcutta, Hardinge recommended the reunification of Bengal, which Morley accepted. Morley also agreed to the new viceroy's proposal to separate the states of Bihar and Orissa from Bengal. George V visited India for a coronation durbar in Delhi, where on 12 December 1911 plans were announced to revoke the partition of Bengal, create new states, and move the capital of British India away from Calcutta to the Delhi plains. By moving the capital to the former splendour of the Mughal Empire, the British hoped to entrench the Bengali Muslim minority, who were unhappy with the loss of local power in East Bengal. The reunification of Bengal served to ease some of the tensions among Bengali Hindus, but the demotion of Kolkata from an imperial city to a mere provincial capital also dealt a blow to the Bhadrak eGO and to Kolkata's property values. Political unrest continued, as did acts of terrorism by Muslims and Hindus. Lord Hardinge himself was nearly assassinated when a bomb was thrown into the howdah atop the Lieutenant-Governor's elephant as he entered Delhi in 1912; the would-be assassin escaped the mob. Later that year, Morley's political protégé, Edwin Samuel Montagu, Under-Secretary of State for India from 1910 to 1914, announced that the aim of British policy in India was to meet the legitimate demands of the Indian people and to give them a larger share in the government. While Britain seemed to be waking up to the urgency of India's political demands, the pressing problem of European war also claimed Whitehall's attention. New Delhi: All India War Arch All India War Arch (commonly known as India Gate) in New Delhi, India. Designed by Sir Edwin Lutein.

In August 1914, Lord Hardinge announced India's entry into the world war. India's contribution to the war was extensive and significant, and the war's contribution to the transformation of British India proved even greater. In many political, economic and social respects, the impact of the conflict was as far-reaching as the 1857-59 rebellion.

The first reaction of Sir Hardinge's announcement was most enthusiastic. Indian princes have applied for personnel, funds, and personal service, have just been released from Mandalay, and promotes the farmers to participate in the British army from Tiraku, who reported on His Majesty the Patriotic support. Congress leaders cooperated to support war efforts to Gandhi, who was around the villages. However, only Indian Muslims felt strong religious loyalty to the Ottoman empire's caliper, and had to weigh their loyalty and time loyalty to the rule of Britain.

Congressional support is mainly for the United Kingdom, who is important political concessions-an immediate independence or at least postwar sovereignty, but after the victory of the Allies. It was provided on the premise of rewarding it. The government's direct military support to India is indispensable to strengthen the western squadron, and from the end of August 1914 to the beginning of September, the expeditionary army, including two infantry divisions and one cavalry, will be in India. I left. The Indian Corps suffered extremely significant damage in the winter strategy on the western front from 1914 to 2015. The myth that Indians are racially inferior, especially on the courage in the battle, were wiped out by the Blood of Sepoi on the Fremre Front. In 1917, the Indians were finally recognized by the royal officer, the last fort of British and Indian racism. The first reaction of the whole of India to the presentation of Lord Hardinge was most enthusiastic. Indian princes have applied for personnel, funds, and personal service, have just been released from Mandalay, and promotes the farmers to participate in the British army from Tiraku, who reported on His Majesty the Patriotic support. Congress leaders cooperated to support war efforts to Gandhi, who was around the villages. However, only Indian Muslims felt a strong religious loyalty to the Ottoman empire's caliper, and had to weigh their loyalty and time loyalty to the rule of Britain.

Congressional support is mainly for the United Kingdom, who is important political concessions-an immediate independence or at least postwar sovereignty, but after the victory of the Allies. It was provided on the premise of rewarding it. The government's direct military support to India is indispensable to strengthen the western squadron, and from the end of August 1914 to the beginning of September, the expeditionary army, including two infantry divisions and one cavalry, will be in India. I left. The Indian Corps suffered extremely significant damage in the winter strategy on the western front from 1914 to 2015. The myth that Indians are racially inferior, especially on the courage in the battle, were wiped out by the Blood of Sepoi on the Fremre Front. In 1917, the Indians were finally recognized by the royal officer, the last fort of British and Indian racism. The first reaction of Sir Hardinge's announcement was most enthusiastic. Indian princes have applied for personnel, funds, and personal service, have just been released from Mandalay, and promotes the farmers to participate in the British army from Tiraku, who reported on His Majesty the Patriotic support. Congress leaders cooperated to support war efforts to Gandhi, who was around the villages. However, only Indian Muslims felt strong religious loyalty to the Ottoman empire's caliper, and had to weigh their loyalty and time loyalty to the rule of Britain.

The impact of World War II

Early in the war, the Indian army was steep in East Africa and Egypt, and by the end of 1914, more than 300, 000 British Indian military officers and soldiers were dispatched to overseas. The strategy in Mesopotamia was the most ambitious, although there were management mistakes. In October 1914, before Turkey joined his hand with the central powers, the Indian government launched the army at the Shut Al Arab River to promote Carson Governor's policy of dominating the Persian area. In December 1914, Al Baala (Bassla) was easily occupied, and by October 1915, the British Indian Army went north to Al Cute, 160 km away from Bagdad. Baghdad's prize money appeared at the forefront of the British army, but 12. 000 Indian troops from Lord Charles Town Conticent, who went north in November, went north in November 1915, but ate a stop with Ktesifon. In the moon, he was besieged by the Turkish army and fell in April 1916. The catastrophe became a national scandal in the UK, and India's Foreign Minister Austen Chembalen was immediately resigned.

Viscount Chelmusford (details)

On August 20, 1917, Chembalen was appointed as the Indian office in White Hall, Edwin Montag said that the British government has "strengthened the connection with Indians in all departments of the government ... It was reported to the British House of Representatives that it aimed to achieve a gradual realization of a responsible politics in India as part of the empire. Immediately afterwards, Montag has promised a political reward for the war support of India, and Montag has begun a personal inspection. During the inspection, Montag interacted with the New Governor, Chelmsford (rule 1916-21), and their long discussions as the 1919 Montag-Chelmsford Report, the theoretical foundation of the Indian government. The fruit was fruitful. In the early stage of the war, the Indian army was steep in East Africa and Egypt, and by the end of 1914, more than 300, 000 British Indian officers and soldiers were dispatched to stay overseas. The strategy in Mesopotamia was the most ambitious, although there were management mistakes. In October 1914, before Turkey joined his hand with the central powers, the Indian government launched the army at the Shut Al Arab River to promote Carson Governor's policy of dominating the Persian area. In December 1914, Al Baala (Bassla) was easily occupied, and by October 1915, the British Indian Army went north to Al Cute, 160 km away from Bagdad. Baghdad's prize money appeared at the forefront of the British army, but 12. 000 Indian troops from Lord Charles Town Conticent, who went north in November, went north in November 1915, but ate a stop with Ktesifon. In the moon, he was besieged by the Turkish army and fell in April 1916. The catastrophe became a national scandal in the UK, and India's Foreign Minister Austen Chembalen was immediately resigned.

British wartime strategy

Viscount Chelmusford (details)

On August 20, 1917, Chembalen was appointed as the Indian office in White Hall, Edwin Montag said that the British government has "strengthened the connection with Indians in all departments of the government ... It was reported to the British House of Representatives that it aimed to achieve a gradual realization of a responsible politics in India as part of the empire. Immediately afterwards, Montag has promised a political reward for the war support of India, and Montag has begun a personal inspection. During the inspection, Montag interacted with the New Governor, Chelmsford (rule 1916-21), and their long discussions as the 1919 Montag-Chelmsford Report, the theoretical foundation of the Indian government. The fruit was fruitful. Early in the war, the Indian army was steep in East Africa and Egypt, and by the end of 1914, more than 300, 000 British Indian military officers and soldiers were dispatched to overseas. The strategy in Mesopotamia was the most ambitious, although there were management mistakes. In October 1914, before Turkey joined his hand with the central powers, the Indian government launched the army at the Shut Al Arab River to promote Carson Governor's policy of dominating the Persian area. In December 1914, Al Baala (Bassla) was easily occupied, and by October 1915, the British Indian Army went north to Al Cute, 160 km away from Bagdad. Baghdad's prize money appeared at the forefront of the British army, but 12. 000 Indian troops from Lord Charles Town Conticent, who went north in November, went north in November 1915, but ate a stop with Ktesifon. In the moon, he was besieged by the Turkish army and fell in April 1916. The catastrophe became a national scandal in the UK, and India's Foreign Minister Austen Chembalen was immediately resigned.

Viscount Chelmusford (details)

Anti-British terrorism began soon after the outbreak of the war, when hundreds of bitter Sikhs returned to India after being refused entry to Canada from their homes in Punjab because of their skin color. As British subjects, the Sikhs expected to enter the sparsely populated Canada, but after miserable months on an old Japanese cargo ship (Komagata Maru) in cramped, unsanitary conditions and inadequate food, they returned to India as rebels. Leaders of the Ghadr ("Revolution") Party, formed by Punjabi Sikhs in 1913, traveled abroad to seek arms and funds to support the revolution, and the party's top leader, Lala Har Dayal, went to Berlin to seek help from the Central Powers.

The transfer of power and the birth of two countries

As the campaign in Mesopotamia continued, Muslim discontent also grew and took on revolutionary dimensions. Many Indian Muslims sought help from Afghanistan, urging its chief to launch a holy war against the British to protect the Caliphate. After the war, the Khilafat movement, born out of a growing pan-Islamic consciousness in India, was launched by two fiery orators and journalists, Shaukat and Muhammad Ali. It led thousands of Muslim peasants to leave their village homes and make the harrowing hijrat ("flight") from India to Afghanistan across the icy mountain passes. In Bengal, under the strict martial law imposed at the start of the war, terrorist bombings continued to plague the authorities, despite numerous "preventive detention" arrests by the Indian Crime Intelligence police.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah (more)

After the death of Lord Gokar and Mumbai's political leader Ferosesha Meta, a more powerful moderate leader was excluded from the conference, and after the recycling of a meeting in Raknau in 1916. A way that Tiraku returns to the power of the conference has been opened. The historic conference held in December 1916 has agreed to the Indian ethnic forces, agreed by the conference and the Muslim Alliance to overview the common programs of the national demands. The Laknau Contracts were first requesting the establishment of an expanded regional council, and fou r-fifths of the members were selected directly from as wide as possible. The Federation was ready to participate in the parliamentary party, and in this agreement, Muslim gained much more elections in all legislative councils than in the 1909 law. This is because there was a rule that it should be. Thanks to such a generous concession of political power, Muslim leaders, including Mohamad Ali Jinner (1876-1949), will disable the differences in doctrine and achieve national freedom from the British rule. I agree to cooperate with Congress. However, the settlement of the Congress and the Muslim Federation ended shortly, and by 1917, there was a difference in community tension and Islamic opinions. Gokar and Mumbai's political leader Ferosesha Meter died, and more powerful moderate leaders were eliminated from the conference, and the r e-conversation held in Raknau in 1916. After the rally, a way for Tiraku to return to the power of the conference was opened. The historic conference held in December 1916 has agreed to the Indian ethnic forces, agreed by the conference and the Muslim Alliance to overview the common programs of the national demands. The Laknau Contracts were first requesting the establishment of an expanded regional council, and fou r-fifths of the members were selected directly from as wide as possible. The Federation was ready to participate in the parliamentary party, and in this agreement, Muslim gained much more elections in all legislative councils than in the 1909 law. This is because there was a rule that it should be. Thanks to such a generous concession of political power, Muslim leaders, including Mohamad Ali Jinner (1876-1949), will disable the differences in doctrine and achieve national freedom from the British rule. I agree to cooperate with Congress. However, the settlement of the Congress and the Muslim Federation ended shortly, and by 1917, there was a difference in community tension and Islamic opinions. After the death of Lord Gokar and Mumbai's political leader Ferosesha Meta, a more powerful moderate leader was excluded from the conference, and after the recycling of a meeting in Raknau in 1916. A way that Tiraku returns to the power of the conference has been opened. The historic conference held in December 1916 has agreed to the Indian ethnic forces, agreed by the conference and the Muslim Alliance to overview the common programs of the national demands. The Laknau Contracts were first requesting the establishment of an expanded regional council, and fou r-fifths of the members were selected directly from as wide as possible. The Federation was ready to participate in the parliamentary party, and in this agreement, Muslim gained much more elections in all legislative councils than in the 1909 law. This is because there was a rule that it should be. Thanks to such a generous concession of political power, Muslim leaders, including Mohamad Ali Jinner (1876-1949), will disable the differences in doctrine and achieve national freedom from the British rule. I agree to cooperate with Congress. However, the settlement of the Congress and the Muslim Federation ended shor t-lived, and by 1917, there was a difference between community tension and Islamic opinions.

By Armistice Day, 11 November 1918, over one million Indian soldiers had been deployed overseas, fighting behind Allied lines or serving as non-combatants on all major fronts, from France to Gallipoli in Europe and Turkey. Nearly 150, 000 Indians were killed during the war, of which over 36, 000 were killed. India's material and financial contributions to the war included sending huge quantities of military stores and equipment to the various fronts, and sending nearly five million tons of wheat to Britain. India also supplied jute, cotton goods, tanned leather, tungsten (Wolfram), manganese, mica, salt, timber, silk, rubber and various oils and fats. The Indian government paid for the expenses of all its troops stationed overseas, and before the end of the war, the Viceroy presented a gift of £100 million (actually Imperial tax) to the British government. The Tata Steel Company was supported by the Indian government at the outbreak of the war, and by 1916 it was producing 100, 000 tons of steel per year. In 1916, an Industrial Commission was appointed to study the industrial resources and potential of the subcontinent, and in 1917, a Munitions Board was established to promote the production of munitions. The number of wars increased immediately after the inflation of the war.

Politically, the years after the war were equally depressing and disappointing for India's high aspirations. British officials who had abandoned their posts in the ICS in a fit of patriotism and rushed to the front, returned after expelling their Indian subordinates who had acted in their place, and continued to carry on with their pre-war work as if nothing had changed in British India. Indian soldiers, too, were no longer treated as indispensable allies at home, and were quickly reverted to the status of "natives" when they returned from the front. Most of the soldiers conscripted during the war were from Punjab, which, despite having less than one-tenth of India's population, provided up to half of the fighting forces sent overseas. It is not surprising, therefore, that Punjab was the hotbed of the post-war violence that rocked India in the spring of 1919.

The issue of a new level of resentment over British rule, playing a role in bringing millions of Indians, was that the government had passed the Indian lowlat in early 1919. These "Black Act" bills are an extension of the peaceful measures for the war in 1915, and was designed through the Supreme legislative conference, pushing the unanimous opposition of Indian members. Ta. Jinner is addressed to Governor Chelmsford, and after the victory of the war that India greatly supported the United Kingdom, the establishment of such an authoritative law is unjustified from the fundamental principles of justice. He wrote that it was a serious infringement of the "constitution" people's rights. "

Soon after the war, Mohandas (Machtma) Gandy, who returned from lon g-time life in South Africa, was recognized as one of the most prominent leaders in Congress all over India. He called for all Indians to make a sacred oath that violates the Laurat act, and began the national movement to abolish these oppressive measures. Gandhi's appeal was the strongest people in Punjab. The ethnic leader Kichuru and Satiyapal spoke in a larg e-scale protest rally gathered from both the state Laahole and the Seasks, Amritosal. In early April 1919, Gandhi himself headed for a panjab by train to speak in one of these rally, but was arrested at a border station on the order of Lieutenant Michael Odwire in Punjab and was brought back to Mumbai. On April 10, Kichuru and Satiyapal were arrested in Amritosal and were deported by the Deputy General Miles Irving. The British tries to march to the Irving bungalow in the camp to demand the release of a leader. A few people were killed and injured, and the furious mob ran around the old town of Amritosal, burned British banks, killed several British men, and attacked two British women. Army

Part of the wall of the Amritosal, Amritosal, India, with the ammunition of the Amritosal massacre on April 13, 1919. The issue of a new level of resentment of the British rule, which played a role in bringing millions of Indians, was that the government had passed India in early 1919. These "Black Act" bills are an extension of the peaceful measures for the war in 1915, and was designed through the Supreme legislative conference, pushing the unanimous opposition of Indian members. Ta. Jinner is addressed to Governor Chelmsford, and after the victory of the war that India greatly supported the United Kingdom, the establishment of such an authoritative law is unjustified from the fundamental principles of justice. He wrote that it was a serious infringement of the "constitution" people's rights. "

Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

Last modified: 27.08.2024

Furthermore, with US foreign policy pressurising the end of western subjugation and imperialism, it seemed only a matter of time before India. Timeline of major events in the history of the British Empire. This imperialism Summary · Edward Braddock marching on Fort Duquesne. French and. Western colonialism - British Empire, Imperialism, Colonization: Britain tended toward a decentralized and empirical type of colonial.

Play

accepted