The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Civil Rights Era (1950–1963)

NAACP's legal strategy, which opposes the separation education, reached the top in the 1954 groundbreaking Supreme Supreme Court ruling, Brown and Board of Education. African Americans have officially acquired the right to receive the same education as whites at primary and secondary schools. The ruling ignited a merciless violent resistance, using various tactics to avoid the law.

In the summer of 1955, the 1 4-yea r-old Emet Till was kidnapped and brutal, and the waves of violence against blacks rushed, and a wide and loud protest, both black and white. By December 1955, a bus boycott, led by Martin Luther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama, launched a lon g-term campaign for protests for isolation, attracting attention from Japan and overseas.

In 1956, a group of Senator and the House of Representatives signed a "Nambu Declaration" and declared that it would resist racial integration by any "legal means." The resistance was strengthened in 1957 to 1958 in the crisis over the integration of Central High School in Little Rock. At the same time, the Civil Rights Leader Conference continued to promote more powerful bills to make efforts to enact the Civil Rights Law in 1957. The NAACP Youth Committee's branch sitting at a whit e-exclusive lunch counter and ignited a motion opposing racial isolation in public facilities throughout the southern regions in 1960. No n-violent direct action increased during the John F. Kennedy era, starting with the Freedom Ride in 1961.

Hundreds of demonstrations broke out in cities and towns in the United States. The use of fire extinguishing hoses and attack dogs for children's demonstrations has been reported to domestic and overseas media, causing a crisis that cannot be ignored by the Kennedy administration. On May 11, 1963, bomb terrorism and riot occurred in Birmingham, Alabama, and Kennedy had to convene the Federal Army.

On June 19, 1963, the president sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress. The Washington Great March for Employment and Freedom on August 28 has evolved the public's support for the pending bills. After the president was assassinated on November 22, the whereabouts of Kennedy's bill were left to the Vice President and successor Lindon B. Johnson and the United States Congress. < SPAN> NAACP's legal strategy, which opposes separation education, reached the top in the 1954 groundbreaking Supreme Court ruling, Brown and Board of Education. African Americans have officially acquired the right to receive the same education as whites at primary and secondary schools. The ruling ignited a merciless violent resistance, using various tactics to avoid the law.

Roy Wilkins NAACP’s Longest Serving Leader

In the summer of 1955, the 1 4-yea r-old Emet Till was kidnapped and brutal, and the waves of violence against blacks rushed, and a wide and loud protest, both black and white. By December 1955, a bus boycott, led by Martin Luther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama, launched a lon g-term campaign for protests for isolation, attracting attention from Japan and overseas.

In 1956, a group of Senator and the House of Representatives signed a "Nambu Declaration" and declared that it would resist racial integration by any "legal means." The resistance was strengthened in 1957 to 1958 in the crisis over the integration of Central High School in Little Rock. At the same time, the Civil Rights Leader Conference continued to promote more powerful bills to make efforts to enact the Civil Rights Law in 1957. The NAACP Youth Committee's branch sitting at a whit e-exclusive lunch counter and ignited a motion opposing racial isolation in public facilities throughout the southern regions in 1960. No n-violent direct action increased during the John F. Kennedy era, starting with the Freedom Ride in 1961.

Hundreds of demonstrations broke out in cities and towns in the United States. The use of fire extinguishing hoses and attack dogs for children's demonstrations has been reported to domestic and overseas media, causing a crisis that cannot be ignored by the Kennedy administration. On May 11, 1963, bomb terrorism and riot occurred in Birmingham, Alabama, and Kennedy had to convene the Federal Army.

On June 19, 1963, the president sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress. The Washington Great March for Employment and Freedom on August 28 has evolved the public's support for the pending bills. After the president was assassinated on November 22, the whereabouts of Kennedy's bill were left to the Vice President and successor Lindon B. Johnson and the United States Congress. NAACP's legal strategy, which opposes the separation education, reached the top in the 1954 groundbreaking Supreme Supreme Court ruling, Brown and Board of Education. African Americans have officially acquired the right to receive the same education as whites at primary and secondary schools. The ruling ignited a merciless violent resistance, using various tactics to avoid the law.

A Fact Sheet on Cloture

In the summer of 1955, the 1 4-yea r-old Emet Till was kidnapped and brutal, and the waves of violence against blacks rushed, and a wide and loud protest, both black and white. By December 1955, a bus boycott, led by Martin Luther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama, launched a lon g-term campaign for protests for isolation, attracting attention from Japan and overseas.

In 1956, a group of Senator and the House of Representatives signed a "Nambu Declaration" and declared that it would resist racial integration by any "legal means." The resistance was strengthened in 1957 to 1958 in the crisis over the integration of Central High School in Little Rock. At the same time, the Civil Rights Leader Conference continued to promote more powerful bills to make efforts to enact the Civil Rights Law in 1957. The NAACP Youth Committee's branch sitting at a whit e-exclusive lunch counter and ignited a motion opposing racial isolation in public facilities throughout the southern regions in 1960. No n-violent direct action increased during the John F. Kennedy era, starting with the Freedom Ride in 1961.

Hundreds of demonstrations broke out in cities and towns in the United States. The use of fire extinguishing hoses and attack dogs for children's demonstrations has been reported to domestic and overseas media, causing a crisis that cannot be ignored by the Kennedy administration. On May 11, 1963, bomb terrorism and riot occurred in Birmingham, Alabama, and Kennedy had to convene the Federal Army.

Educator and Civil Rights Activist Harry Tyson Moore

On June 19, 1963, the president sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress. The Washington Great March for Employment and Freedom on August 28 has evolved the public's support for the pending bills. After the president was assassinated on November 22, the whereabouts of Kennedy's bill were left to the Vice President and successor Lindon B. Johnson and the United States Congress.

Roy Wilkins (1901-1981) was born in St. Louis, the son of a pastor. He served as the local NAACP secretary while attending the University of Minnesota, and after graduation he began working as an editor for the black weekly newspaper, The Kansas City Call. Wilkins' coverage of the NAACP in The Call caught the attention of Walter White, who hired him as assistant secretary of the NAACP in 1931.

From 1934 to 1949, Wilkins also served as editor of the NAACP's quarterly magazine, The Crisis. In 1950, he became a trustee of the NAACP and co-founded the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. In 1955, he succeeded Walter White as the NAACP's executive director. Under his leadership, the NAACP achieved school segregation, major civil rights legislation, and peak membership. Wilkins retired in 1977 as the longest serving leader of the NAACP.

Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

Roy Wilkins New York: M. Smith Studio, 1940-1950. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (078. 00. 00) Courtesy of the NAACP

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In February 1952, the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR) met in Washington to discuss Senate Rule XXII, cloture. In 1952, Senate Rule XXII required a two-thirds majority of the entire Senate to invoke cloture to prevent a filibuster. Senators also opened up Rule XXII by making "any bill, motion, or other matter" subject to cloture. With each new Congress, the LCCR lobbied for amendments to Rule XXII to reduce obstacles to passage of civil rights legislation. Joseph Rau was LCCR's staff officer in the Rule XXII campaign.

Work with African Freedom Movements

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Cloture Newsletter. 1951. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (079. 00. 00) Courtesy of the NAACP.

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Harry Tyson Moore, an educator and civil rights activist, was one of the first leaders to be assassinated in the modern phase of the civil rights movement. Moore was a leader in voter registration efforts and served as a state organizer for the NAACP in Florida, helping to establish local chapters. He began his teaching career in the Brevard County, Florida, public schools, first as principal of elementary school and later of MIMS Elementary School. He and his wife, Harriet, who also taught at the school, joined the NAACP in 1933. They organized a chapter in Brevard and in 1937 filed a lawsuit challenging unequal pay between black and white teachers. In 1951, Moore and his wife were victims of terror from the Ku Klux Klan when a bomb exploded in their home.

Supplemental Brief in the Brown Cases

Harry T. Moore, circa 1950. New York World-Telegram and the New York Photographic Newspaper Collection, Department of Printing and Photography, Library of Congress (249. 00. 00).

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"I am a person of substance, flesh and bone, fibers and fluids, and, in a way, a heart. I am invisible only because people refuse to see me."

Attorneys for Brown v. Board of Education

Author Ralph Waldo Ellison completed only one novel in his lifetime, The Invisible Man, which was published to great acclaim in 1952. It is considered one of the most important masterpieces of the 20th century, and earned Ellison honors and awards. In the novel, Ellison explores what it means to be African-American in a world hostile to minority rights on the fringes of the emerging civil rights movement.

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NAACP Secretary Mildred Bond Roxborough Interviewed by Julian Bond in 2010

In 1952, Bayard Rustin, along with A. Philip Randolph, George Houser, and William Sutherland, founded Americans for Southern African Resistance, the first American organization for the African liberation struggle. Later that year, Rustin traveled to West Africa under the auspices of the American Association of Friendship and Reconciliation to help African leaders Kwame Nkrumah and Nnamdi Azikiwe organize nonviolent campaigns against colonialism. In 1953, Rustin became executive director of the League of War Resisters. In this letter, Rustin mentions William Sutherland's work in the African freedom movement that was united by the League.

Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bayard Rustin Papers (117. 00. 00) Courtesy of Walter Nagel

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Warren’s Reading Copy of the Brown Opinion, 1954

Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark event in American civil rights law. The U. S. Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow laws that segregated students in public schools were unconstitutional because they violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown explicitly overturned the court's earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that separate public facilities were constitutional if they were separate but substantially equal. This event was the culmination of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund's campaign against school segregation. Despite this landmark decision, public school segregation often faced delays or outright opposition.

Brown v. Board of Education: Oliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education, Kansas et al., 1953. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (082. 00. 00) Courtesy of the NAACP

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"A Great Day for America"

The Supreme Court linked Brown v. Board of Education to four related cases and set a hearing date for December 9, 1952. A rehearing was convened on December 7, 1953, and the decision was handed down on May 17, 1954. Three lawyers, Thurgood Marshall (center), lead counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and lead counsel in the Briggs case, George E. C. Hayes (left), and James M. Nabrit (right), stand on the steps of the U. S. Supreme Court congratulating each other after the ruling that declared segregation unconstitutional.

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Longtime NAACP secretary Mildred Bond Roxborough (b. 1926) talks about the organization's accomplishments in a 2010 interview conducted by Julian Bond (b. 1940) for the Civil Rights History Project.

Two Reactions to the Brown v. Board U.S. Supreme Court Decision

Civil Rights History Project Collection (AFC 2010/039), American Folklife Center

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NAACP lawyer Benjamin Hooks interviewed by Renee Poussaint in 2003

On May 17, 1954, Ren Warren's "Brown" read. Earl Warren Papers, Division Manus Clipt, Diet Library (084. 00. 00)

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Six Years after Brown , Atlanta Citizens Discuss Their Schools

From Harold H. Burton to Earl Warren, May 17, 1954. Earl Warren Document, US Council Library Shadogo Headquarters (84. 01. 00)

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“I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free”

At the TV debate on May 23, 1954, Illinois Senator Paul Douglas (1892-1976) and Texas Senator Price Daniel (1910-1988) were released six days ago. He answered a question about the Supreme Court Brown and Board of Education. Following the Brow n-t o-Committee ruling, Daniel, together with the other 100 members, signed the Southern Declaration two years later and protested the Supreme Court's abuse of justice. This excerpt from "American Forum of the Air: The Supreme Court's Desegration Decision" broadcasted on the NBC.

Movies, broadcasts and recording stations. Providing NBC News

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Paul Robeson’s Telegram about the Till Trial

In an interview by NAACP's lawyer and pastor Benjamin Fuku (1925-2010), Renny Pusan ​​in 2003 for the National Visionary Leadership Project, a 1954 groundbreaking brown anti-education It explains the committee case.

National Visionary Leadership Collection (AFC 2004/007), American Folk Life Center

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The Murder of Teenager Emmett Till

Following the Brown vs. Committee ruling, Georgia has passed a law that obliges the closing of public schools, which had been forced to incorporate and turned into private schools. After the federal judge ordered the Atlanta Board of Education to submit a separation plan, Governor Ernest Vandiva set up a public debate on the issue. The hearing held in Atlanta in March 1960 was broadcast nationwide on CBS Reports: WHO SPEAKS for the South on May 27, and many audiences and speakers with various opinions gathered. 。 In 1961, the Georgia Congress abolished the school separation law. However, the racism elimination plan, which the court ordered, was not enacted for another 10 years.

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Civil Rights Activist Joyce Ladner Interviewed by Joseph Mosnier in 2011

I Wish I Knew How IT WOULD FEEL TO BE FREE "was composed by pianist and jazz educator Billy Taylor (1921-2010). The song was composed in 1954, but it was not popular until the civil rights movement in the late 1950s began, and was noticed by the recording of singer Nina Simon in the 1960s. The title expresses the desire to live freely in the United States, one of the fundamental themes of this movement.

Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bayard Rustin Papers (117. 00. 00) Courtesy of Walter Nagel

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NAACP Field Secretary Medgar W. Evers

Singer, actor, and civil liberties advocate Paul Robeson (1898-1976) sent this telegram following an all-white jury's acquittal of two white men accused of murdering Emmett Till, a black Chicago teenager who had gone to visit relatives in LeFlore County, Mississippi, in the summer of 1955. The verdict prompted a national call for extermination. A. Philip Randolph, as president of the Brotherhood of Compulsory Motor Carriers and the Elder State Civil Rights Movement, called for mass demonstrations.

Paul Robeson to A. Philip Randolph, telegram, September 24, 1955. Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Records of the Sleeping Car Porters Union (087. 00. 00) Courtesy of the A. Philip Randolph Institute

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Medgar Evers and the Jackson Movement: “Until Freedom Comes”

Emmett Till was brutally murdered on August 28, 1955, at age 14, while visiting Mississippi Money with friends, when a white woman allegedly whistled at him. The woman's husband and friends kidnapped, beat, and shot Till, then dumped his body in the Tallahatchie River. Till's identity was only confirmed by the ring on his finger. Till's mother, Mamie Till Bradley, decided to return Till's body to her home in Chicago, and insisted on an open casket, bringing Till's social situation to national attention. The release of Till's photograph sparked a worldwide uproar for change and an end to discrimination and white supremacy.

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The NAACP’s Report on the Emmett Till Murder

Civil rights activist Joyce Radner (1943) discusses southern black youth in the postwar movement in an interview conducted by Joseph Mosnier (1962) for the Civil Rights History Project in 2011.

Civil Rights Historian Collection (AFC 2010/039), American Folklife Center

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Rosa Parks Arrested and Fingerprinted

Medger W Evers (1925-1963) was born in a decator of Mississippi as a son of a farmer. After graduating from Alcorn Agricultural Machinery in 1952, he worked for a black insurance company in Mississippi Delta. At the same time, NAACP began to be organized, and in 1954 it became the state's first NAACP secretary. His main mission was a survey of the solicitation of new members and racial violence. Everse also provided voters registration and larg e-scale demonstrations, organized boycott, struggled with racial isolation, and helped James Meredis enrolled at the University of Mississippi. In May 1963, his home was blasted after strengthening protests in Jackson, Mississippi. On June 11, he was assassinated on his private road at home.

Medger W Eventer's Photo, US Congress Library Print / Photo Department NAACP Record (088. 00. 00) from 1950 to 1963

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Civil Rights Activist Ruby Sales Interviewed by Joseph Mosnier in 2011

A few hours after President Kennedy, President Kennedy, will speak on TV on national broadcasting and request the enactment of the Civil Rights Law near the Congress, Mississippi's home in NAACP, Mississippi's NAACP. I was assassinated. An excerpt from the NBC's "American Revolution '63" broadcast on September 2, 1963 includes videos of sitting in Jackson, beating, and arrest of protests.

Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bayard Rustin Papers (117. 00. 00) Courtesy of Walter Nagel

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Rosa Parks Being Fingerprinted

Medger W. Evers Congress Library Supplement NAACP Record (089. 00. 00, 089. 01. 00)

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-ra. Born in a state decator. After graduating from Alcorn Agricultural Machinery in 1952, he worked for a black insurance company in Mississippi Delta. At the same time, NAACP began to be organized, and in 1954 it became the state's first NAACP secretary. His main mission was a survey of the solicitation of new members and racial violence. Everse also provided voters registration and larg e-scale demonstrations, organized boycott, struggled with racial isolation, and helped James Meredis enrolled at the University of Mississippi. In May 1963, his home was blasted after strengthening protests in Jackson, Mississippi. On June 11, he was assassinated on his private road at home.

Medger W Eventer's Photo, US Congress Library Print / Photo Department NAACP Record (088. 00. 00) from 1950 to 1963

Rosa Parks’ Instructions for Bus Boycott

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A few hours after President Kennedy, President Kennedy, will speak on TV on national broadcasting and request the enactment of the Civil Rights Law at the home in Jackson, Mississippi, and at Jackson, Mississippi. I was assassinated. An excerpt from the NBC's "American Revolution '63" broadcast on September 2, 1963 includes videos of sitting in Jackson, beating, and arrest of protests.

Rosa Parks’ Travels on Behalf of the Boycott

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In the fall of 1955, NAACP's o n-site Secretary Medger Everas, Lby Hurley, Director of the South East Regional Bureau, and Amgie Moore, Director of Boliver Corporation, Mississippi, began investigating the Lynch of Emmet Till and securing important witnesses. In the annual report, Ebers included explanations of the kidnapping, lynch, and trial of the culprit who killed Till.

Medger W. Evers Congress Library Supplement NAACP Record (089. 00. 00, 089. 01. 00)

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Gov/exhibits/civil-right s-act/civil-right s-era. I was born. After graduating from Alcorn Agricultural Machinery in 1952, he worked for a black insurance company in Mississippi Delta. At the same time, NAACP began to be organized, and in 1954 it became the state's first NAACP secretary. His main mission was a survey of the solicitation of new members and racial violence. Everse also provided voters registration and larg e-scale demonstrations, organized boycott, struggled with racial isolation, and helped James Meredis enrolled at the University of Mississippi. In May 1963, his home was blasted after strengthening protests in Jackson, Mississippi. On June 11, he was assassinated on his private road at home.

Medger W Eventer's Photo, US Congress Library Print / Photo Department NAACP Record (088. 00. 00) from 1950 to 1963

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A few hours after President Kennedy, President Kennedy, will speak on TV on national broadcasting and request the enactment of the Civil Rights Law at the home in Jackson, Mississippi, and at Jackson, Mississippi. I was assassinated. An excerpt from the NBC's "American Revolution '63" broadcast on September 2, 1963 includes videos of sitting in Jackson, beating, and arrest of protests.

Martin Luther King, Jr., on Nonviolence

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Civil Rights Activist Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth on Bombings and Beatings in 1950s Birmingham

Medger W. Evers Congress Library Supplement NAACP Record (089. 00. 00, 089. 01. 00)

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International Outreach

Rosa Parks was a leader in the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott, proving that racial segregation was contested in many social settings. A federal district court ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional, concluding that "in Brown, Plessy v. Ferguson was implicitly, if not explicitly, overturned." The Supreme Court upheld the district court's decision without an opinion, a common procedure from 1954 to 1958.

Rosa Parks Record, December 5, 1955. Frank Johnson Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division (091. 00. 00).

Southern Negro Leaders Conference

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Civil rights activist Ruby Sales (1948) talks about the central role and importance of Rosa Parks and other working women in the freedom struggle, in a 2011 interview with Joseph Mosnier for the Civil Rights History Project.

Attorney Clarence Mitchell

Civil Rights Historian Collection (AFC 2010/039), American Folklife Center

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Prayer Pilgrimage, 1957

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, age 43, was arrested for misconduct after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. Her arrest and a $14 fine for violating a city ordinance prompted African-American bus riders and others to boycott city buses in Montgomery, Alabama. The boycott lasted a year and brought the civil rights movement and King to worldwide attention.

Rosa Parks being fingerprinted in Montgomery, Alabama, 1956. New York World-Telegram and the New York Photographic Newspaper Collection, Department of Printing and Photography, Library of Congress (090. 00. 00).

Lyndon B. Johnson

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The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was established on December 5, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama. Martin Luther King Jr. was elected chairman and Rosa Parks was the director. Parks also worked for a short period of time as a dispatcher of the MIA Transportation Committee. In his duties, she played a role in connecting people who needed to get on to a station wagon owned by private car drivers and churches. In these notebooks, Parks described the establishment of the volunteer transportation system and provided detailed instructions to the rider and driver to solve the "traffic problem."

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Civil Rights Act of 1957

In 1956, Rosa Parks traveled all over the United States while playing for bus boycott and NAACP. In the spring, he flew around Detroit, Seattle, Los Angeles, Auckland, Chicago and Indianapolis, and then spent two weeks in New York. He spoke at the Madison Square Garden for civil rights rally and fundraising, and met Roy Wilkins, Surgd Marshall and A. Philip Landolph. He left New York to give a lecture at the NAACP annual tournament held in San Francisco. After the summer vacation in Montgomery, Parks continued to tour as a speaker at a larg e-scale rally in Baltimore, a NAACP branch manager and a mothe r-i n-law of Clarence Mitchell.

On September 23, 1956, a flyer of the NAACP Boltimore Branch, which advertises the Rosa Parks lecture at the Sharp Street Methodist Church. Rosa Parks Document (321. 00. 00), US Congress Library Library, Raymond Parks Research Institute

Ghana Diplomat Refused Service on U.S. Visit

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Martin Luther King Jr. His first role as a civil rights movement leader was Mongomilly Bus Boycott, who was inspired by the arrest of Rosa Parks, who refused to give up his seat. At the end of a year of boycott, Rev. King emerged as a central figure in the civil rights struggle, speeches all over the United States using his outstanding rhetorical technology, and continued to appeal his messages.

Rev. King has led a no n-violent protest march in Alabama, one of the most isolated states in the southern part. Rev. King, the founder and leader of the Southern Christian Leader Conference (SCLC), join the five major civil rights organizations that support the "Washington Great March for Work and Freedom" in 1963. He was consulted, and he gave a speech, "I have a dream," and made the status of Rev. King in the history of civil rights movement. Rev. King won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. The following year, he developed a voting exercise in Selma, and started the Northern Campaign in Chicago in 1966.

Ella Baker Cofounder of the Southern Christian leadership Conference

AP communication photo King King. Photo, 1964, New York World Telegram and Sun Newspaper Photos Collection, US Congress Library Print / Photo Club (092. 00. 00)

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Rev. Martin Luther King (1929-1968) is an excerpt from Martin Agronu Baptist Church in Dexer, Alabama, Alabama, where Rev. King is a pastor. He talks about no n-violent tactics and philosophy. The interview was broadcast on October 27, 1957 on the NBC TV's "LOOK HERE" series.

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Civil Rights Activist Chuck McDew Interviewed by Joseph Mosnier in 2011

In an interview broadcast on May 18, 1961, CBS is "WHO'S TALKING ABOUT BIRMINGHAM? One of the founders of the southern Christian leader and Fred Shuttle, the central figure in Birmingham, Alabama. Rev. Sworth (1922-2011) talks about violence in 1955 and 1957 (introduced in archive video).

Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bayard Rustin Papers (117. 00. 00) Courtesy of Walter Nagel

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Daisy Bates Reports on Little Rock Students’ Progress

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In the fall of 1956, Bayard Rustin discussed with Martin Luther King Jr. on the need for a larger organization than the Montgomeri Improvement Association, which could maintain protests in the southern part. With the cooperation of civil rights activists Ella Baker and Stanley Levison, Rustin has broken up seven workshops for no n-violent social change. After considering these papers, Rev. King invited a meeting at the Atlanta Baptist Church in Atlanta in January 1957. Rev. King discussed more than 60 pastors about common problems in the southern struggle. The group unanimously decided to form a permanent organization, Southern Christian Leader Conference (SCLC).

Youth March for Integrated Schools

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Baltimore's Clarence Mitchell studied at the University of Mary Land Law School. Start your career as a journalist. During World War II, he was a member of the War Person's Committee and the Labor Committee. In 1946, Mitchell joined NAACP as the first labor secretary. From 1950 to 1978, he served as the director of the NAACP Washington, NAACP's profit organization leader, and the legislation chair of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. Mitchell has established a series of comprehensive civil rights laws, such as the 1957 Civil Rights Law, 1960 Civil Rights Law, 1964, 1965 voting law, 1968 Fair Housing Law and 1968 Fair House Law. In order to secure, the Congress Hall developed an energetic campaign.

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Tom Mboya of Kenya: “A World Struggle, A Human Struggle”

In 1957, A. Philip Landolph, Martin Luther King Jr., and Roy Wilkins, in seeking the actions of the federal government on school separation and supporting the Civil Rights Law in 1957, praying for freedom. I did a pilgrimage. Although the number of participants was less than expected, it was still the largest civil rights demonstration. The pilgrimage has established the Southern Christian Leader Conference (SCLC) and established Martin Luther King Jr. as a nationwide leader.

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“Fables of Faubus”

Lindon Johnson (1908-1973) grew up on a ranch in Texas. After graduating from Southwest State State University in 1930, he taught in high school. The career as a politician has been elected to the House of Representatives in 1937. In 1948, he was elected to the Senator. In 1960, he was elected the Democratic Vice President with John F. Kennedy. When Kennedy was assassinated, he was appointed president and was elected in 1964 in his term. In January 1965, Great Society (Great Society) became his parliamentary policy. The agenda included education, med care, the expansion of fighting against poverty, and the strengthening of civil rights. During the president, Johnson submitted three revolutionary civil rights bills under the 1964 civil rights law, 1965 voting law, and 1968 Fair Housing Law.

Thomas J. Ohaloran Senate in the House of Representatives Lindon B. Johnson. Duplicated in September 1955. US News and World Report Magazine Photos Collection, US Council Library Print / Photo Department (100. 00. 00)

The Day They Changed Their Minds

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In 1957, Clarence Mitchell gained the support of the parliament in Congress and passed the first civil rights bill since the reconstruction. In Part 3, Lindon Johnson's general affairs opposed, and a local police plans to put in prison, hit, and retaliate for citizens who tried to protest voting and racial isolation. In addition, it was a clause that gave the Justice Secretary of Civil Price in a civil rights lawsuit, which denied the right of a peaceful rally. This land was skipped as a concession to the South Democratic Senator in the southern part. In 1957, the Civil Rights Law established a new civil rights committee to investigate the violation of civil rights, and expanded the small civil rights section to the Civil Rights Division of the Justice.

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Loc. Gov/civil-rights-action/civil-right s-era. After graduating from Southwest State State University in 1930, he taught in high school. The career as a politician has been elected to the House of Representatives in 1937. In 1948, he was elected to the Senator. In 1960, he was elected the Democratic Vice President with John F. Kennedy. When Kennedy was assassinated, he was appointed president and was elected in 1964 in his term. In January 1965, Great Society (Great Society) became his parliamentary policy. The agenda included education, med care, the expansion of fighting against poverty, and the strengthening of civil rights. During the president, Johnson submitted three revolutionary civil rights bills under the 1964 civil rights law, 1965 voting law, and 1968 Fair Housing Law.

Oklahoma City Sit-ins

Thomas J. Ohaloran Senate in the House of Representatives Lindon B. Johnson. Duplicated in September 1955. US News and World Report Magazine Photos Collection, US Council Library Print / Photo Department (100. 00. 00)

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Sit-ins in Nashville, Tennessee

In 1957, Clarence Mitchell gained the support of the parliament in Congress and passed the first civil rights bill since the reconstruction. In Part 3, Lindon Johnson's general affairs opposed, and a local police plans to put in prison, hit, and retaliate for citizens who tried to protest voting and racial isolation. In addition, it was a clause that gave the Justice Secretary of Civil Price in a civil rights lawsuit, which denied the right of a peaceful rally. This land was skipped as a concession to the South Democratic Senator in the southern part. In 1957, the Civil Rights Law established a new civil rights committee to investigate the violation of civil rights, and expanded the small civil rights section to the Civil Rights Division of the Justice.

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Nashville—Confrontation at City Hall

Thomas J. Ohaloran Senate in the House of Representatives Lindon B. Johnson. Duplicated in September 1955. US News and World Report Magazine Photos Collection, US Council Library Print / Photo Department (100. 00. 00)

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Civil Rights Activist Marilyn Luper Interviewed by Joseph Mosnier in 2011

In 1957, Clarence Mitchell gained the support of the parliament in Congress and passed the first civil rights bill since the reconstruction. In Part 3, Lindon Johnson's general affairs opposed, and a local police plans to put in prison, hit, and retaliate for citizens who tried to protest voting and racial isolation. In addition, it was a clause that gave the Justice Secretary of Civil Price in a civil rights lawsuit, which denied the right of a peaceful rally. This land was skipped as a concession to the South Democratic Senator in the southern part. In 1957, the Civil Rights Law established a new civil rights committee to investigate the violation of civil rights, and expanded the small civil rights section to the Civil Rights Division of the Justice.

Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bayard Rustin Papers (117. 00. 00) Courtesy of Walter Nagel

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“Freedom Now Suite”

Theodore W. Kiel to NAACP Executive Director Roy Wilkins, September 25, 1957. Printed letter. NAACP Records, Division Manuscript, Library of Congress (102. 00. 00) Courtesy of the NAACP

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Ella Baker (1903-1986) grew up in Littleton, North Carolina, and was educated at Shaw University in Raleigh. In the 1930s, she worked as a community organizer in New York. In 1940, she joined the NAACP staff as a field secretary, and served as chapter president from 1943 to 1946. Baker traveled throughout the South, recruiting new members and registering voters.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

She also served as a consultant for the Montgomery Bus Boycott. In 1957, she served as co-chair of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As executive director of SCLC, he organized the 1960 convention and founded the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Baker continued to be a key mentor and helped SNCC organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, which challenged Mississippi's straight delegates at the 1964 Democratic National Convention.

Ella Baker, photographed between 1942 and 1946. Courtesy of NAACP Property and Photographs Department, Library of Congress (097. 00. 00) NAACP

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Meeting with Senator Lyndon Johnson

Civil rights activist Chuck McDew (1938) discusses the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and disagreements over nonviolent philosophy in a 2011 interview with Joseph Mosnier (1962) for the Civil Rights History Project.

Civil Rights Historian Collection (AFC 2010/039), American Folklife Center

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President John F. Kennedy

Daisy Bates, the editor of the Arkansaw's State Shimbun and the chairman of the Arkansaw State NAACP Branch Conference, led an outreachic activity in Little Rock, Arkansas as a NAACP campaign. Surgd Marshall was the main consultant. The Little Rock Board of Education has approved nine black teenagers in major high schools. The decision has excluded many white citizens, including the Governor of Arkansas, including the Governor Oval Foubus. He was ordered to surround the Central High School in Arkansas, under the name of maintaining the law and order, and the black students were often blocked by the guards and the angry white mob. President Eisenhower sent the Federal Army to Little Rock to support the Supreme Court ruling on September 25, 1957, and safely protected students to Central High School. In this crisis, Daisy Bates wrote the letter.

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In August 1958, A. Philip Landolph proposed a march for young people seeking an integrated school on October 25. Bayard Rustin has organized the event mainly with the cooperation of his disciples, Rachel Hollowitz and Tom Khan. Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins were the honorary chairman. On September 20, Rev. King was stabbed by a woman walking on the road to freedom in a department store in Harlem. On March Day, 10, 000 crowds gathered on Lincoln Memorial. Koletta Scott King gave her husband's speech. The second youth march held on April 18, 1959 gathered 40, 000 crowds.

NAACP Labor Secretary Herbert Hill

On October 25, 1958, Washington, D. C., a youth march seeking a comprehensive school. program. Bayard Rustin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (105. 00. 00) Courtesh of Walter Naegle

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On April 18, 1959, Kenya's labor leader Tom Muboya (1930-1969) spoke to the Washington Memorial Tower to encourage the Supreme Court ruling to the Washington Commemorative Tower. 。 The "March of the Youth More Comprehensive Schools" was organized by A. Philip Landolph and Bayard Rustin. Others include Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968), Roy Wilkins (1901-1981), and Harry Bella Fonte (1927). Muboya later became a senior government official after Kenya and was assassinated in 1969. He was the father of President Barak Obama. This quote is from the end of the movie: "EXHIBIT 1", which was produced by Ando Bar Productions in 1960.

Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity

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"Fables of Favus" in Charles Mingas (1922-1979), a composer and bassist, is composed as a satirty protest against Governor of Arkansas, who killed African American students in 1957. It was done. The original recording in the album in 1959 in the Mingus AH UM does not include the lyrics due to the opposition of the Colombian record.

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Report on President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity

On February 1, 1960, four students from North Carolina A & T College were sitting at the Woolworth Ejectable Lunch Counter in Green's Boro, North Carolina; 4 students in T-College, isolation of woolworth in Green's Boro, North Carolina. I sat at the lunch counter. In a few weeks, similar demonstrations by white and black students spread throughout the southern regions. Many students were arrested. NAACP dispatched a lawyer to collect fines and bail deposits. At a meeting held at a show university in Raleley, North Carolina in April 1960, students formed their organizations and student no n-violent coordination committees. The pamphlet talks about the beginning of the student sitting movement organized by the NAACP Youth Committee.

The day they changed their thoughts New York: NAACP, March 1960. Pamphlet. Naacp, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (107. 00. 00) Courtesh of the Naacp.

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U.S. Representative Patsy T. Mink

The Professor Clara Rooper (1923-2011) and the Naacp Youth Council in Oklahoma, where she was an advisor, began some of the first sitting in the civil rights movement in 1958. The efforts of the Looper and the Youth Council have succeeded in installing a lunch counter in all four major drug chains in the four states and almost all restaurants in Oklahoma City. With the excerpt from the NBC's "American Revolution '63" broadcast on September 2, 1963, Rupper is the owner of the isolated amusement park, saying Oklahoma City is not ready for integration yet. I am disgusting.

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Immediately after Greens Boro, North Carolina, sitting on February 1, 1960, Nashville students, who began "testing" in 1959, followed this. In May, six stores agreed to separate the lunch counter in May, despite the beating, arrest, prison of protests, and bombings. Martin Luther King Jr., 1929-1968, called the Nashville movement as "the most organized and most controlled movement in Southland." Protests, including John Lewis (1940), have been talking about the experience of NBC's "White Paper: Sit-In" broadcast on December 20, 1960.

CORE’s Freedom Rides

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One of the unofficial leaders sitting in Nashville, Diane Nash (1938) and Mayor Ben West (1911-1974), stated on April 19, 1960 on the stairs of the city hall. Many believe that the incident was a turning point and the six lunch counters at Nashville stores a few weeks later would be dismantled.

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Events Involving the Freedom Rides

Civil rights activist Marilyn Looper (1947) talked about his mother Clara, who led the Oklahoma City NAACP Youth Team in an interview conducted by Joseph Mossnier (1962) for the Civil Rights History Project in 2011. There is.

Civil rights historian work (AFC 2010/039), American Folk Life Center

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Journalist Moses Newson Interviewed by Joseph Mosnier in 2011

"We claim! Max Roach's" Freedom Now "is a mult i-layered song depicting the history of African Americans, from slavery to the 1960s civil rights movement. The world premiere is January 15, 1961. The title was derived from the Civil Rights Movement A. Philip Landolf's words, "The youth and idealism are the opposite." The night masses walk across the stage of history and are now seeking freedom! "

Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bayard Rustin Papers (117. 00. 00) Courtesy of Walter Nagel

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Map of the Freedom Rides

The Student No n-Violent Adjustment Committee (SNCC) was formed in April 1960 to coordinate a wide range of student protests, which began in Greens rag, North Carolina. In the spring of 1961, SNCC emphasized as a major power in the civil rights movement through participation in Freedom Walks and other no n-violent protests throughout the southern regions. In 1964, the Federal Organization Council (COFO) sponsored a large voter education and registered movement, Freedom Summer, with the cooperation of SNCC. The project later undergone a great deal of pressure on President Johnson, to later move towards the 1964 Civil Rights Law and the 1965 voting law.

Student no n-violent adjustment committee. James Fonmen Bunk, US Congress Library Shaku Headquarters (108. 00. 00) Provision of SNCC Legacy Project

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Percy Sutton on the Freedom Rides

The 1960 Civil Rights Law enhanced the provisions of the voting court in 1957, exercised voting rights, and maintained voting records. Limited criminal penalties related to blasting and obstructions to the federal court were included, and the schools were particularly obstructed. In this letter, Clarence Mitchell needed more closer adjustments to the Civil Rights proposal between the Liberal and Senate of Johnson, to discuss the bill and to discuss the bill. I mention that.

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Civil Rights Leader Whitney M. Young, Jr.

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John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) was born in BRECHU, Massachusetts. Graduated from Harvard University in 1940. After leaving his achievements in military affairs during World War II, he became a member of the Federal House of Representatives (1947-1953) and served as a member of the Massachusetts state (1953-1960). In 1960, as the Democratic President's candidate, Kennedy claimed a party's commitment to a powerful civil rights program. He gained 70 % of the black votes in a severe election and defeated his rival Richard Nixon.

Kennedy, the president, appointed unprecedented blacks into government positions and believed that administrative behavior and presidential decree were the only effective means of promoting civil rights. But Kennedy claimed that the civil rights issue could split the Democratic Party and lose the opportunity to pass other important bills. The Spring Birmingham Crisis in the spring of 1963 attracted public attention in the southern part, and Kennedy moved to the parliament to a complete and comprehensive civil rights bill.

Robert F. Kennedy

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Brookly n-born, Herbert Hill, studied at New York University and New School for Social Research, and worked as an organizer of the National Steel Labor Union before becoming a NAACP staff in 1948. In 1951, he became the Secretary of Labor. As Secretary of Labor, he filed hundreds of lawsuits against unions and industry, which denied integration and fair employment practices. Picket lines and larg e-scale demonstrations were also used as weapons. Hill, known as an important authority for race and labor, frequently testified in parliament and served as a United Nations and Israeli state consultants. He left NAACP in 1977 and worked at the University of Wisconsin, a c o-professor in African American research and labor, and retired in 1997.

Photos between Herbert Hill 1950 and 1960. US Congress Library NAACP Archive, Print / Photo Section (094. 00. 00)

Civil Rights Activist Courtland Cox Interviewed by Joseph Mosnier in 2011

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-right s-era. 。 Graduated from Harvard University in 1940. After leaving his achievements in military affairs during World War II, he became a member of the Federal House of Representatives (1947-1953) and served as a member of the Massachusetts state (1953-1960). In 1960, as the Democratic President's candidate, Kennedy claimed a party's commitment to a powerful civil rights program. He gained 70 % of the black votes in a severe election and defeated his rival Richard Nixon.

Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bayard Rustin Papers (117. 00. 00) Courtesy of Walter Nagel

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Civil Rights Activist Vernon Jordan Discusses Albany Movement

Brookly n-born, Herbert Hill, studied at New York University and New School for Social Research, and then worked as an organization of the National Steel Steel Union before becoming a NAACP staff in 1948. In 1951, he became the Secretary of Labor. As Secretary of Labor, he filed hundreds of lawsuits against unions and industry, which denied integration and fair employment practices. Picket lines and larg e-scale demonstrations were also used as weapons. Hill, known as an important authority for race and labor, frequently testified in parliament and served as a United Nations and Israeli state consultants. He left NAACP in 1977 and worked at the University of Wisconsin, a c o-professor in African American research and labor, and retired in 1997.

Photos between Herbert Hill 1950 and 1960. US Congress Library NAACP Archive, Print / Photo Section (094. 00. 00)

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Gov/exhibits/civil-right s-act/civil-right s-era. Graduated from Harvard University in 1940. After leaving his achievements in military affairs during World War II, he became a member of the Federal House of Representatives (1947-1953) and served as a member of the Massachusetts state (1953-1960). In 1960, as the Democratic President's candidate, Kennedy claimed a party's commitment to a powerful civil rights program. He gained 70 % of the black votes in a severe election and defeated his rival Richard Nixon.

The Albany Movement

Kennedy, the president, appointed unprecedented blacks into government positions and believed that administrative behavior and presidential decree were the only effective means of promoting civil rights. But Kennedy claimed that the civil rights issue could split the Democratic Party and lose the opportunity to pass other important bills. The Spring Birmingham Crisis in the spring of 1963 attracted public attention in the southern part, and Kennedy moved to the parliament to a complete and comprehensive civil rights bill.

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The Freedom Singers

Brookly n-born, Herbert Hill, studied at New York University and New School for Social Research, and then worked as an organization of the National Steel Steel Union before becoming a NAACP staff in 1948. In 1951, he became the Secretary of Labor. As Secretary of Labor, he filed hundreds of lawsuits against unions and industry, which denied integration and fair employment practices. Picket lines and larg e-scale demonstrations were also used as weapons. Hill, known as an important authority for race and labor, frequently testified in parliament and served as a United Nations and Israeli state consultants. He left NAACP in 1977 and worked at the University of Wisconsin, a c o-professor in African American research and labor, and retired in 1997.

Photos between Herbert Hill 1950 and 1960. US Congress Library NAACP Archive, Print / Photo Section (094. 00. 00)

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Activist Bernice Johnson’s Arrest Statement

On March 6, 1961, President Kennedy issued Presidential Ordinance No. 10925 and established an employment opportunity equal committee to fight discrimination in private employment due to public employment and government contracts. President Kennedy has led to Lindon Johnson and has appointed Lewis Martin as a committee's advisory group. Unlike the similar administrative measures taken by President Roosevelt, President Truman, and Eisenhower, this order is "Affertic Action" so that recruitment and employment practices are released from racial, ethnic and religious prejudice. I was obliged. In 1965, President Johnson's Presidential Order 11246 was amended, and gender was added to the list of characteristics.

Equal government employment opportunity in the federal government: Presidential Ordinance 10925 ... Washington, D. C. Pamphlet. U. S. Congress Library Shaku Headquarters Herbert Hill Document (251. 00. 00)

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Status Report on the Voter Education Project

One week after President Kennedy established an employment opportunity equal committee, Lockheed Aircraft was the dollar contract of $ 1 billion in the production of C-141 aircraft due to the efforts of Richard Russell and the House of Representatives of the C-141 aircraft. Wined. Since 1956, NAACP, which has been investigating racism at a lockheed factory in Marietta, Georgia, has complained to Lockheed on the first day of the committee's launch. Vice President Johnson worked on discrimination with NAACP. By the end of 1961, the factory employed more than 200 black workers and raised 59.

Presidential Employment Opportunity Committee Report (draft), 1961, typewriter. U. S. Congress Library Library Manuscript Club Herbert Hill Documents (95. 00. 00) U. S. Congress Library Muscript (95. 00. 00)

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Gov/exhibits/civil-right s-act/civil-right s-era. The Employment Opportunity Committee was established to fight discrimination in private employment due to public employment and government contracts. President Kennedy has led to Lindon Johnson and has appointed Lewis Martin as a committee's advisory group. Unlike the similar administrative measures taken by President Roosevelt, President Truman, and Eisenhower, this order is "Affertic Action" so that recruitment and employment practices are released from racial, ethnic and religious prejudice. I was obliged. In 1965, President Johnson's Presidential Order 11246 was amended, and gender was added to the list of characteristics.

CORE Voter Registration in Louisiana

Equal government employment opportunity in the federal government: Presidential Ordinance 10925 ... Washington, D. C. Pamphlet. U. S. Congress Library Shaku Headquarters Herbert Hill Document (251. 00. 00)

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NAACP Requests Assistance for James Meredith

Presidential Employment Opportunity Committee Report (draft), 1961, typewriter. U. S. Congress Library Library Manuscript Club Herbert Hill Documents (95. 00. 00) U. S. Congress Library Muscript (95. 00. 00)

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Gov/EXHIBITS/CIVIL-RIGHTS-ACT/CIVIL-RIGHT S-ERA. In order to fight discrimination in private employment caused by government contracts, an employment opportunity was established. President Kennedy has led to Lindon Johnson and has appointed Lewis Martin as a committee's advisory group. Unlike the similar administrative measures taken by President Roosevelt, President Truman, and Eisenhower, this order is "Affertic Action" so that recruitment and employment practices are released from racial, ethnic and religious prejudice. I was obliged. In 1965, President Johnson's Presidential Order 11246 was amended, and gender was added to the list of characteristics.

Civil Rights Activist James Forman

Equal government employment opportunity in the federal government: Presidential Ordinance 10925 ... Washington, D. C. Pamphlet. U. S. Congress Library Shaku Headquarters Herbert Hill Document (251. 00. 00)

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One week after President Kennedy established an employment opportunity equal committee, Lockheed Aircraft was the dollar contract of $ 1 billion in the production of C-141 aircraft due to the efforts of Richard Russell and the House of Representatives of the C-141 aircraft. Wined. Since 1956, NAACP, which has been investigating racism at a lockheed factory in Marietta, Georgia, has complained to Lockheed on the first day of the committee's launch. Vice President Johnson worked on discrimination with NAACP. By the end of 1961, the factory employed more than 200 black workers and raised 59.

James Forman on Organizing in the Rural South

Presidential Employment Opportunity Committee Report (draft), 1961, typewriter. U. S. Congress Library Library Manuscript Club Herbert Hill Documents (95. 00. 00) U. S. Congress Library Muscript (95. 00. 00)

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Thurgood Marshall’s Goodwill Tour to East Africa

Congresswoman Patsy T. Mink (Democrat, 1927-2002) was the first woman of color to serve in the House of Representatives. A third-generation Japanese American, Mink was born and raised on the island of Maui. She earned her law degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1951. After returning to Hawaii, she served as a state senator when Hawaii became the 50th state and delivered a persuasive speech at the 1960 Democratic National Convention on maintaining a stance on civil rights. She was elected to the House of Representatives in 1964 and served six consecutive terms. During her term, she introduced the Title IX amendments to the Higher Education Act, which would have expanded the scope of the 1964 anti-discrimination law to include women. "What greater weapon for peace could there be than victory over the prejudice and racial hatred that has torn the world apart for centuries?"

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In 1961, CORE organized the Freedom Rides to the Deep South to test the 1960 Supreme Court decision in Boynton v. Virginia. On May 4, 1961, 13 riders, both white and black, including CORE National Director James Farmer, left Washington, D. C. by bus for New Orleans. On May 14, in Anniston, Alabama, one bus was bombed and passengers on another bus were attacked. In this letter, Farmer asks A. Philip Randolph for help raising funds to support the Freedom Rides.

Journalist and Advisor Louis Martin

James Farmer to A. Philip Randolph, April 4, 1961. Typed letter. Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records (116. 00. 00)

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After the Anniston, Alabama incident, Nashville Freedom Movement SNCC students, led by Diane Nash, resumed the Freedom Rides in Mississippi. On May 20, a group of Freedom Riders boarded a Greyhound bus from Birmingham bound for Montgomery, where they were attacked by a violent mob. Among those injured was Assistant Attorney General John Siegenthaler (b. 1927). Over the summer, more than 300 Freedom Riders traveled by bus, plane, and train to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were arrested for peace offenses and incarcerated at Parchman Prison. This document documents incidents of Freedom Rides and similar actions conducted by civil rights organizations and government agencies from May 21 to July 19, 1961.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Chronology of Freedom Rides Events/Organizational and Institutional Actions [1961]. Typescript. Pages 2-3-4. Library of Congress Manuscript Division (118. 00. 00)

Civil Rights Leader Louis Martin

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Journalist Moses Newson (b. 1927), in a 2011 interview with Joseph Mosnier (b. 1962) for the Civil Rights History Project, recalled the horror of participating in the Freedom Riders' first bus ride in 1961.

Civil Rights History Project Collection (AFC 2010/039), American Folklife Center

Civil Rights Activist Julian Bond

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Organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Freedom Riders of the early 1960s traveled across the South seeking unification of buses, trains, and airport terminals. This Associated Press Press release includes a map and explanatory text (not shown) showing the Freedom Rides route and the history behind it.

Activism and Violence in Greenwood, Mississippi

Background map. C E 1962. Associated Press, New York Times, New York Times, New York Times. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (119. 00. 00).

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Professor Freeman Hrabowski Interviewed by Joseph Mosnier in 2011

Prominent lawyer and civil rights activist Percy Sutton (1920-2009) talks about the psychological aspects of participating in the Freedom Rides in this television interview recorded for the documentary Walk in My Shoes, which aired on ABC's Bell & Bell & Bell on September 19, 1961. Howell Close Up! Series.

Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Library of Congress Manuscript Division Bayard Rustin Papers (117. 00. 00) Courtesy of Walter Nagel

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Birmingham, Alabama, Protests

Whitney M. Young Jr. Executive Director of the National Urban League. Photo, n. d. Library of Congress Transcript Division, Proceedings of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (115. 00. 00)

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Television and Birmingham

Robert F. Kennedy (1925-1968) graduated from Harvard College and the University of Virginia Law School. In the 1950s, Kennedy was deeply involved in the political life of John F. Kennedy, serving as counsel to two major Senate investigative committees. He managed his brother's 1960 presidential campaign and was his most trusted adviser. Kennedy supported the most far-reaching civil rights platform ever adopted by the Democratic Party.

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The Cambridge Movement

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Activist Courtland Cox (1941) recalls his 1962 protest with Stokely Carmichael at Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy's office in an interview conducted by Joseph Mosnier (1962) for the Civil Rights History Project in 2011.

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Protesters and Desegregation in Alabama

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Vernon Jordan, an attorney and civil rights activist, served as field secretary for the Georgia NAACP from 1961 to 1963. This transcript provides an early history of the Albany Movement, founded on November 17, 1961 by local activists, SNCC, and the NAACP to challenge racial segregation in Albany, Georgia. Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC became involved in supporting the movement when Dr. King and Ralph Abernathy arrived in Albany on December 15 after the arrest of nearly 500 demonstrators. Mass demonstrations in Albany continued for six years.

President Kennedy’s Civil Rights Message

Transcript of a telephone conversation between NAACP Field Secretary Vernon Jordan and Branch President Gloucester B. Current, December 14, 1961, typescript, 2 pages. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (121. 00. 00) Courtesy of the NAACP

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The Albany Movement was formed in 1961 in Albany, Georgia, by a collaboration between local activists, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). It was the first major effort in the civil rights movement to dismantle an entire city. In this excerpt from CBS News Eyewitness: The Albany Movement, broadcast on August 3, 1962, teenage protesters were arrested for singing and praying in front of a public library, and the SNCC Freedom Singers were born out of the movement. Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker (1929) speaks about the intent behind nonviolent direct action.

President Kennedy Ponders Making a Major Civil Rights Address

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The Freedom Singers, formed by SNCC in 1962, were originally four black students: Cordell Reagon, Bernice Johnson, Charles Neblett, and Rutha Mae Harris. The group formed in Albany, Georgia, and aimed to educate the community on civil rights issues through performance and song. The movement was closely connected to the church, and their use of both secular and spiritual songs served to unite the two in the cause of racial equality. The group gave over 200 performances on college campuses, at demonstrations, marches, and even in prisons. The songs provided protesters with a means to endure the pain and frustration of beatings, dog attacks, fire hoses, and prison time.

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President Kennedy’s Civil Rights Address

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Divergent Views of President Kennedy’s Civil Rights Address

A statement by Bernis Johnson about being arrested and imprisoned on December 13, 1961 in a demonstration in All Banny, Georgia. Type script. Page 2. U. S. Congress Library Shaku Headquarters, James Fomian Book (123. 00. 00)

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Kennedy Sends Civil Rights Bill to Congress

In April 1962, the NAACP, Core, SNCC, SCLC, and the U. S. U. S. Federation launched a vocational education program (VEP), which is a coordination to register the southern black rights. Secretary of Justice Robert Kennedy, 870. General Kennedy gained $ 870, 000 from the Taconic Foundation and other private Foundation, giving VEPs exempt from ta x-exempt, and to the civil rights mobility involved in this project. Provided the protection of the federal government. VEP recorded that between 1962 and 1964, the number of black adults in the southern part of the southern part of the southern part had rapidly increased from 25 % to 40 %. However, this increase was mostly in the southern urban and upstream. In Mississippi, where most of the VEPs were used, the proportion rose from 5. 3 % to 6. 7 %.

The 1st State Education Report Educational Report, No. 20, September 20, 1962. Naacp, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (125. 00. 00. 00) NAACP.

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The LCCR Considers Civil Rights Bill

In July 1963, the Racial Equality Conference (Core) dispatched a taskforce to Placumaine, Louisiana in response to the requests of local teachers and activists, and began the voter registration movement. The appearance of the summer drive is recorded in the Louisiana Diary broadcast on the National Education Television on March 16, 1964. In these excerpts, Core's Louisiana's secretary Ronnie Moore describes the law to ensure justice and fair law execution through voters registration. I am. James Farmer (1920-1999), who talks to the activists in quotation, arrived in Precumine in August for a major march to the city hall after the request was ignored by the authorities. The farmer was arrested during the march and could not participate in Washington.

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Congressman Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.

In September 1962, the Federal Court ordered the University of Mississippi to enroll in the 2 8-yea r-old Air Force retirement James Meredis. Governor Ross Barnet (1898-1987) refused the order and, of course, prevented Meredith's enrollment. President Kennedy, on the other hand, has follyized the Mississippi soldiers and dispatched the U. S. Army to protect Meredis. On October 1, 1962, Meredis with federal soldiers gained engagement after white violence and riots continued for days. Two people were killed by the riot and more than 300 were injured. Meredis was qualified to graduate safely in August of the following year, as he had acquired credits at the Army and Jackson State University.

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Gov/exhibits/civil-rights-action/civil-right s-era. In response to the demands of teachers and activists, he dispatched a task force to Precumine, Louisiana, and began the voter registration movement. The appearance of the summer drive is recorded in the Louisiana Diary broadcast on the National Education Television on March 16, 1964. In these excerpts, Core's Louisiana's secretary Ronnie Moore describes the law to ensure justice and fair law execution through voters registration. I am. James Farmer (1920-1999), who talks to the activists in quotation, arrived in Precumine in August for a major march to the city hall after the request was ignored by the authorities. The farmer was arrested during the march and could not participate in Washington.

Proposed Use of “Calendar Wednesday” for FEPC

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In September 1962, the Federal Court ordered the University of Mississippi to enroll in the 2 8-yea r-old Air Force retirement James Meredis. Governor Ross Barnet (1898-1987) refused the order and, of course, prevented Meredith's enrollment. President Kennedy, on the other hand, has follyized the Mississippi soldiers and dispatched the U. S. Army to protect Meredis. On October 1, 1962, Meredis with federal soldiers gained engagement after white violence and riots continued for days. Two people were killed by the riot and more than 300 were injured. Meredis was qualified to graduate safely in August of the following year, as he had acquired credits at the Army and Jackson State University.

The Preamble for the March on Washington

Bookmark this item: // www. Loc. Gov/exhibits/civil-rights-action/civil-right s-era. In response to the request, he dispatched a task force to Precumine, Louisiana, and began the voter registration movement. The appearance of the summer drive is recorded in the Louisiana Diary broadcast on the National Education Television on March 16, 1964. In these excerpts, Core's Louisiana's secretary Ronnie Moore describes the law to ensure justice and fair law execution through voters registration. I am. James Farmer (1920-1999), who talks to the activists in quotation, arrived in Precumine in August for a major march to the city hall after the request was ignored by the authorities. The farmer was arrested during the march and could not participate in Washington.

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Organizers Plan March Strategy

In September 1962, the Federal Court ordered the University of Mississippi to enroll in the 2 8-yea r-old Air Force retirement James Meredis. Governor Ross Barnet (1898-1987) refused the order and, of course, prevented Meredith's enrollment. President Kennedy, on the other hand, has follyized the Mississippi soldiers and dispatched the U. S. Army to protect Meredis. On October 1, 1962, Meredis with federal soldiers gained engagement after white violence and riots continued for days. Two people were killed by the riot and more than 300 were injured. Meredis was qualified to graduate safely in August of the following year, as he had acquired credits at the Army and Jackson State University.

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James Foreaman (1928-2005) graduated from Roosevelt University in Chicago. Acquired a doctorate at Cornell University and a master's degree and Union Institute. In interviews with Chicago Defender's coverage of racism in Central High School in Central Locks, the foraman became interested in the expanding civil rights movement. He was involved in Core and NAACP, and in 1961 he was appointed Secretar y-General of SNCC. From 1967 to 1969, Fomal served as a director of the SNCC International Affairs Committee, integrated SNCC's activities with other civil rights organizations, and played an important role in making organizations in Japan and overseas. Formnan has since dedicated his life to human rights issues.

Patricia Anna Johnson James Foiraman, Secretar y-General of the No n-Violent Student Coordination Committee. Photo, PERS. 1962 US Congress Library Shaku Headquarters, James Forman Library (128. 00. 00)

Roy Wilkins at the March on Washington

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