Computers Free Full-Text A Review of Blockchain s Role in E-Commerce Transactions Open Challenges

A Review of Blockchain’s Role in E-Commerce Transactions: Open Challenges, and Future Research Directions

The expansion of the Internet has changed the access method of services and business. The blockchain is an innovative technology that appeared after the rise of the Internet. It also manages transactions in a decentralized database distributed between multiple computer networks, like a digital universe for electronic trading. This technology has the potential to create a distributed market for Internet retailers. Confidential information such as customer data and financial statements must be transferred regularly through electronic commercial transactions. As a result, this system is a target of cyber criminals aiming for unauthorized access to data. As electronic commerce grows, the frequency of hackers has increased, and concerns about the security of the electronic commercial platform database are increasing. Since customer data, employee records, and customer records are confidential, organizations need to be protected. Data leakage not only affects corporate financial results, but also impairs customer trust in platforms. Currently, the e-commerce business is facing many issues, including the security, transparency, and validity of the e-commerce system. What is the solution to these issues?

Keywords The expansion of the Internet has changed the access method to services and business. The blockchain is an innovative technology that appeared after the rise of the Internet. It also manages transactions in a decentralized database distributed between multiple computer networks, like a digital universe for electronic trading. This technology has the potential to create a distributed market for Internet retailers. Confidential information such as customer data and financial statements must be transferred regularly through electronic commercial transactions. As a result, this system is a target of cyber criminals aiming for unauthorized access to data. As electronic commerce grows, the frequency of hackers has increased, and concerns about the security of the electronic commercial platform database are increasing. Since customer data, employee records, and customer records are confidential, organizations need to be protected. Data leakage not only affects corporate financial results, but also impairs customer trust in platforms. Currently, the e-commerce business is facing many issues, including the security, transparency, and validity of the e-commerce system. What is the solution to these issues?

1. Introduction

The expansion of keyword Internet has changed the access method for services and business. The blockchain is an innovative technology that appeared after the rise of the Internet. It also manages transactions in a decentralized database distributed between multiple computer networks, like a digital universe for electronic trading. This technology has the potential to create a distributed market for Internet retailers. Confidential information such as customer data and financial statements must be transferred regularly through electronic commercial transactions. As a result, this system is a target of cyber criminals aiming for unauthorized access to data. As electronic commerce grows, the frequency of hackers has increased, and concerns about the security of the electronic commercial platform database are increasing. Customer data, employee records, and customer records are highly confidential, so the organization needs to be protected. Data leakage not only affects corporate financial results, but also impairs customer trust in platforms. Currently, the e-commerce business is facing many issues, including the security, transparency, and validity of the e-commerce system. What is the solution to these issues?

keyword

The most important concern for individuals, companies, and the government around the world is cyber security issues. The Internet not only enhances the global interconnection, but also increases security risks, has grown, and is growing complexity. Electronic commerce is an important factor in today's digital business and economy. [1] Electronic commercial transactions must prioritize security as an important aspect [2]. As the electronic business industry expands rapidly, the need for safe communication means between buyers and sellers is growing. As a result, the cyber incident is increasing rapidly. As a result, the security of network architectures is recognized as the biggest threat to future electronic commercial trading platforms. The use of blockchain technology in online trading can significantly improve user security and protection. Users can save their data safely and publicly without using external power. This technology can enhance the security of transactions in electronic commercial transactions and protect user data. For example, Bitpay uses blockchain technology to ensure online payment safety. Business owners can accept encryption to get a safe payment. As a result, customers are the most important concerns for individuals, companies, and governments around the world are cyber security issues. The Internet not only enhances the global interconnection, but also increases security risks, has grown, and is growing complexity. Electronic commerce is an important factor in today's digital business and economy. [1] Electronic commercial transactions must prioritize security as an important aspect [2]. As the electronic business industry expands rapidly, the need for safe communication means between buyers and sellers is growing. As a result, the cyber incident is increasing rapidly. As a result, the security of network architectures is recognized as the biggest threat to future electronic commercial trading platforms. The use of blockchain technology in online trading can significantly improve user security and protection. Users can save their data safely and publicly without using external power. This technology can enhance the security of transactions in electronic commercial transactions and protect user data. For example, Bitpay uses blockchain technology to ensure online payment safety. Business owners can accept encryption to get a safe payment. As a result, customers are the most important concerns for individuals, companies, and governments around the world are cyber security issues. The Internet not only enhances the global interconnection, but also increases security risks, has grown, and is growing complexity. Electronic commerce is an important factor in today's digital business and economy. [1] Electronic commercial transactions must prioritize security as an important aspect [2]. As the electronic business industry expands rapidly, the need for safe communication means between buyers and sellers is growing. As a result, the cyber incident is increasing rapidly. As a result, the security of network architectures is recognized as the biggest threat to future electronic commercial trading platforms. The use of blockchain technology in online trading can significantly improve user security and protection. Users can save their data safely and publicly without using external power. This technology can enhance the security of transactions in electronic commercial transactions and protect user data. For example, Bitpay uses blockchain technology to ensure online payment safety. Business owners can accept encryption to get a safe payment. As a result, the customer

Blockchain relies on a distributed system of nodes that allows data to be updated and generated. It is highly unlikely that a hacker would be able to destroy all the nodes on a server at the same time. As a result, the implementation of blockchain technology can be an important tool to ensure the security of e-commerce.

The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between blockchain technology and e-commerce, security, and privacy. The main focus is to analyze the current cyber challenges in e-commerce, including issues such as data leakage, e-phishing, payment fraud, and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, it is intended to explore the potential of blockchain technology as a viable solution to these issues by improving data security, ensuring transparency of transactions, protecting payment methods through smart contracts, and enhancing trust in the supply chain. With this investigation, it is intended to demonstrate how to enhance the security of e-commerce and strengthen trust. Furthermore, the objective of this study is to clarify both the benefits and limitations of blockchain implementation in e-commerce, paving the way for future research and practical applications in this field. In summary, the objectives of this study are to:

Explore the relationship between e-commerce, security, privacy, and blockchain.

Analyze common cyber challenges in e-commerce, including data leakage, phishing attacks, and payment fraud.

Explore the potential of blockchain to address security concerns in e-commerce.

Highlight the benefits of blockchain, including enhanced data security and transaction transparency.

Discuss the limitations and challenges of blockchain adoption in e-commerce.

Review recent research in the field and summarize the main findings on e-commerce security and blockchain integration.

Identify limitations highlighted in the reviewed studies and suggest mitigation measures to the best of our knowledge.

2. Papers Selection for Literature Review

2.1. Methodology

Provide insights for future research and practical applications to leverage blockchain to enhance e-commerce security.

2.2. Search String

This study is poised to contribute significantly in the field of integration of e-commerce, cybersecurity, and blockchain technology. By closely exploring the complex interactions between these fields, the research endeavor will serve as a guidepost for industry, academia, and policymakers. A comprehensive analysis of the cyber challenges prevalent in e-commerce highlights the urgent need for enhanced security measures in digital transactions, reinforcing the central importance of this study. By examining blockchain’s potential as a viable solution to enhance data security, ensure transaction transparency, and increase trust in e-commerce environments, this study aims to showcase a transformational opportunity that can reshape the online business landscape. The findings of this study and a nuanced understanding of the benefits and limitations of blockchain in e-commerce will be beneficial for practitioners and decision-makers looking to enhance security protocols and streamline transaction processes. Moreover, this study is not merely an end point but a stepping stone for future researchers, highlighting the unknown areas and unresolved challenges in this evolving field. L

2.3. Data Sources

The configuration of this book shown in FIG. 1 and 2 is as follows. Section 2 reveals how to select and analyze documents and research related to this paper using the PRISMA2020 flowchart. Section 3 introduces the current state of electronic commerce and the central role of security and privacy in this digital field, and emphasizes the new importance of blockchain technology. Section 4 exercises the multifaceted aspects of security and privacy in electronic commercial transactions, encrypted, settlement security protocols, access control measures, website vulnerability management, data privacy composition, customer education, and incident resonance. And clarify the strategy of recovery. Section 5 significantly states that the integration of blockchain technology has reconciled electronic commercial transactions by providing a robust, safe and efficient platform for transactions and operations. Chapter 6 navigates the fields of blockchain technology, including historical changes in blockchain technology, basic technical elements, various types, applications in electronic commercial transactions, unique features, and notable issues that hinder the spread. 。 Chapter 7 has comprehensive discussions on blockchain technology. The configuration of this book shown in FIG. 2 is as follows. Section 2 reveals how to select and analyze documents and research related to this paper using the PRISMA2020 flowchart. Section 3 introduces the current state of electronic commerce and the central role of security and privacy in this digital field, and emphasizes the new importance of blockchain technology. Section 4 exercises the multifaceted aspects of security and privacy in electronic commercial transactions, encrypted, settlement security protocols, access control measures, website vulnerability management, data privacy composition, customer education, and incident resonance. And clarify the strategy of recovery. Section 5 significantly states that the integration of blockchain technology has reconciled electronic commercial transactions by providing a robust, safe and efficient platform for transactions and operations. Chapter 6 navigates the fields of blockchain technology, including historical changes in blockchain technology, basic technical elements, various types, applications in electronic commercial transactions, unique features, and notable issues that hinder the spread. 。 Chapter 7 has comprehensive discussions on blockchain technology. The configuration of this book shown in FIG. 1 and 2 is as follows. Section 2 reveals how to select and analyze documents and research related to this paper using the PRISMA2020 flowchart. Section 3 introduces the current state of electronic commerce and the central role of security and privacy in this digital field, and emphasizes the new importance of blockchain technology. Section 4 exercises the multifaceted aspects of security and privacy in electronic commercial transactions, encrypted, settlement security protocols, access control measures, website vulnerability management, data privacy composition, customer education, and incident resonance. And clarify the strategy of recovery. Section 5 significantly states that the integration of blockchain technology has reconciled electronic commercial transactions by providing a robust, safe and efficient platform for transactions and operations. Chapter 6 navigates the fields of blockchain technology, including historical changes in blockchain technology, basic technical elements, various types, applications in electronic commercial transactions, unique features, and notable issues that hinder the spread. 。 Chapter 7 has comprehensive discussions on blockchain technology.

2.4. Screening Process

The main objective of using a systematic literature review (SLR) is to collect all the important information from existing studies in a particular field and present it in a clear and organized manner. Moreover, the objective of our research paper is to identify the current research gaps and highlight future research avenues. In this section, we used the Prisma methodology to conduct this SLR. This methodology has four stages (identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion), which consist of identifying a list of papers published between 2019 and 2023 using search filters, selecting the source press as a journal or a society, defining the search string, identifying relevant data sources, and creating criteria to determine relevant data (including d).

3. Background

The search was conducted by specifying the search string in various databases. It was implemented using Boolean operators such as “And” and “ORS” as follows: (“Blockchain” or “Block Chain”) and (“E-Commerce” or “E Commerce”) and (“Security” or “Network”).

In the digital search process, search queries were performed in the Saudi Arabian Digital Library and Google Scholar databases.

In the first screening phase, papers were selected by examining the titles of the papers and assessing whether they were relevant to the research field. If there were papers that were difficult to assess, a further screening phase was conducted. In this phase, the abstract of each paper selected in the previous step was reviewed. Figure 3 shows the details of the Prisma methodology.

4. E-Commerce

The beginning of the blockchain technology can be back to 2008 when Satoshi Nakamoto made bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto introduced the ideas of a distributed system called a blockchain designed to track Bitcoin transactions. People initially thought that blockchain and bitcoin were the same, but around 2014, I realized that blockchain could be more than dealing with digital money. This understanding has led to investments that look for use other than cryptocurrency. The blockchain certainly succeeded in digital currency such as bitcoin and Ethereum, but expanded its scope to various areas, thanks to its safe and no n-centralized structure. Blockchain began to be used in fields such as data sharing, supply chain management, health care, and finance because the reliability and truth of information are guaranteed. In this way, blockchain has become a versatile technology that mainly affects the various aspects of our digital world, mainly related to bitcoin.

Blockchain technology has found valuable applications in electronic commercial transactions, especially in efficient management of supply chains. As a result, companies can track and trace the product from the product of the product to the final consumer, and create an invariant and transparent audit trail. As a result, officials can check the genuine and place of origin of the product, so that fraudulent products are not mixed into the supply chain. In addition, blockchain can rationalize processes such as inventory management, order processing, and payment collation, reduce inefficiency, and improve the visibility of the entire supply chain. Blockchain can also revolutionize payments and financial transactions in electronic commercial transactions. In conventional systems, intermediaries often intervene, which leads to delays, fees, and security risks. In the payment system using a blockchain, immediate transactions of peer to pears are possible, eliminating the need for intermediaries. Smart contracts automate settlements based on prior defined conditions, reduce fraud, and enable more quick and expensive processing. In addition, blockchain enhances data security and privacy in electronic commercial transactions. Personal information and transaction information can be protected and stored. The beginning of the blockchain technology can be backed up to 2008 when Satoshi Nakamoto made bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto introduced the ideas of a distributed system called a blockchain designed to track Bitcoin transactions. People initially thought that blockchain and bitcoin were the same, but around 2014, I realized that blockchain could be more than dealing with digital money. This understanding has led to investments that look for use other than cryptocurrency. The blockchain certainly succeeded in digital currency such as bitcoin and Ethereum, but expanded its scope to various areas, thanks to its safe and no n-centralized structure. Blockchain began to be used in fields such as data sharing, supply chain management, health care, and finance because the reliability and truth of information are guaranteed. In this way, blockchain has become a versatile technology that mainly affects the various aspects of our digital world, mainly related to bitcoin.

Blockchain technology has found valuable applications in electronic commercial transactions, especially in efficient management of supply chains. As a result, companies can track and trace the product from the product of the product to the final consumer, and create an invariant and transparent audit trail. As a result, officials can check the genuine and place of origin of the product, so that fraudulent products are not mixed into the supply chain. In addition, blockchain can rationalize processes such as inventory management, order processing, and payment collation, reduce inefficiency, and improve the visibility of the entire supply chain. Blockchain can also revolutionize payments and financial transactions in electronic commercial transactions. In conventional systems, intermediaries often intervene, which leads to delays, fees, and security risks. In the payment system using a blockchain, immediate transactions of peer to pears are possible, eliminating the need for intermediaries. Smart contracts automate settlements based on prior defined conditions, reduce fraud, and enable more quick and expensive processing. In addition, blockchain enhances data security and privacy in electronic commercial transactions. Personal information and transaction information can be protected and stored. The beginning of the blockchain technology can be back to 2008 when Satoshi Nakamoto made bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto introduced the ideas of a distributed system called a blockchain designed to track Bitcoin transactions. People initially thought that blockchain and bitcoin were the same, but around 2014, I realized that blockchain could be more than dealing with digital money. This understanding has led to investments that look for use other than cryptocurrency. The blockchain certainly succeeded in digital currencies such as bitcoin and Ethereum, but expanded its scope to various areas, thanks to its safe and no n-centralized structure. Blockchain began to be used in fields such as data sharing, supply chain management, health care, and finance because the reliability and truth of information are guaranteed. In this way, blockchain has become a versatile technology that mainly affects the various aspects of our digital world, mainly related to bitcoin.

4.1. E-Commerce Security and Privacy

The purpose of using blockchain technology for electronic commerce is to provide high levels of security at the time of transactions. This approach provides a stronger framework to protect highly confidential transaction data by incorporating a no n-centralized and violent system. By using advanced encryption technology, the use of blockchain to ensure the integrity of the information, making it difficult for unpopular parties to enter or access important data. The blockchai n-specific transparency function contributes to a reliable environment by allowing everyone participating in the transaction to access the same information in real time. Furthermore, the implementation of a smart contract automates and executed the pr e-defined conditions in the contract, so that the possibility of dispute is reduced, and the overall reliability of electronic commercial transactions is improved. 。 In summary, the integration of blockchain in electronic commercial transactions is a strategic movement to enhance security measures for online transactions and ensure the safety and reliability of the digital market.

4.1.1. Encryption and Data Security

The electronic trading of products and services known as e-commerce has caused revolutionary changes to the transaction method on the Internet. It has a major impact on the business world, has changed transactions, and has changed the world market. E-commerce includes a variety of activities, such as electronic commerce, auction, digital download, electronic payment, and ticket sales. With the convenience and accessibility of electronic commerce, consumers can use devices connected to the Internet anytime and anywhere. This eliminates geographical barriers and time constraints, allowing consumers to access huge amounts of products and services around the world. Electronic commercial transactions have made business players flattened, and small and mediu m-sized enterprises and sole proprietors can reach customers around the world without traditional resources like real stores. It also expands consumer options through prices comparison, product reviews, and research. The purpose of using blockchain technology for electronic commerce is to provide a high level of security at the time of transactions. This approach provides a stronger framework to protect highly confidential transaction data by incorporating a no n-centralized and violent system. By using advanced encryption technology, the use of blockchain to ensure the integrity of the information, making it difficult for unpopular parties to enter or access important data. The blockchai n-specific transparency function contributes to a reliable environment by allowing everyone participating in the transaction to access the same information in real time. Furthermore, the implementation of a smart contract automates and executed the pr e-defined conditions in the contract, so that the possibility of dispute is reduced, and the overall reliability of electronic commercial transactions is improved. 。 In summary, the integration of blockchain in electronic commercial transactions is a strategic movement to enhance security measures for online transactions and ensure the safety and reliability of the digital market.

4.1.2. Payment Security

The electronic trading of products and services known as e-commerce has caused revolutionary changes to the transaction method on the Internet. It has a major impact on the business world, has changed transactions, and has changed the world market. E-commerce includes a variety of activities, such as electronic commerce, auction, digital download, electronic payment, and ticket sales. With the convenience and accessibility of electronic commerce, consumers can use devices connected to the Internet anytime and anywhere. This eliminates geographical barriers and time constraints, allowing consumers to access huge amounts of products and services around the world. Electronic commercial transactions have made business players flattened, and small and mediu m-sized enterprises and sole proprietors can reach customers around the world without traditional resources like real stores. It also expands consumer options through prices comparison, product reviews, and research. The purpose of using blockchain technology for electronic commerce is to provide high levels of security at the time of transactions. This approach provides a stronger framework to protect highly confidential transaction data by incorporating a no n-centralized and violent system. By using advanced encryption technology, the use of blockchain to ensure the integrity of the information, making it difficult for unpopular parties to enter or access important data. The blockchai n-specific transparency function contributes to a reliable environment by allowing everyone participating in the transaction to access the same information in real time. Furthermore, the implementation of a smart contract automates and executed the pr e-defined conditions in the contract, so that the possibility of dispute is reduced, and the overall reliability of electronic commercial transactions is improved. 。 In summary, the integration of blockchain in electronic commercial transactions is a strategic movement to enhance security measures for online transactions and ensure the safety and reliability of the digital market.

4.1.3. Secure Authentication and Access Control

4.1.4. Website Security and Vulnerability Management

Consumers can access detailed product information, including product descriptions, images, and customer reviews, to make informed purchasing decisions. The payment process includes providing shipping details, payment information, and applying available discounts. The transaction is completed using either a credit card, digital wallet, or a secure electronic payment method, with data encryption for security.[11] Once payment is complete, the vendor is notified and the order is processed. This includes packaging, shipping, and providing tracking information to the buyer. For digital products and services, delivery is often instantaneous, with instant access or download available. E-commerce benefits both buyers and sellers. Buyers enjoy convenience, access to a wide range of products, price comparisons, and personalized recommendations. Sellers can expand their sales channels worldwide, operate 24/7, reduce costs associated with brick-and-mortar stores, optimize inventory management, collect valuable customer data for marketing, and improve customer experience.

4.1.5. Data Privacy and Compliance

E-commerce has been of great help during the Covid-19 pandemic.[12] E-commerce has provided a safe and easy way for people to purchase essential items from home. It also ensured that essential goods like groceries, medicines, and protective gear were available to those who needed them. E-commerce has helped small businesses and entrepreneurs by allowing them to sell their products to more customers online, even in the face of locks and restrictions. This not only helped the economy, but also encouraged new ideas and businesses. E-commerce has created job opportunities in areas like delivery services, online advertising, and customer support. Overall, the pandemic has shown how valuable and reliable e-commerce is. It gives us convenience, safety, and stability in difficult times.

4.1.6. Customer Education and Awareness

However, security remains a challenge, with fraud and data leaks being major concerns. Building consumer trust and implementing strong cyber measures are essential for the continued growth of e-commerce. E-commerce has fundamentally changed how businesses engage with consumers. Its convenience, accessibility, and global influence are reshaping the modern business environment. As technology advances and consumer behavior evolves, e-commerce is expected to continue its rapid growth, providing both opportunities and challenges for businesses in the digital age.

4.1.7. Incident Response and Recovery

Data security and privacy in e-commerce is crucial. The following measures go a long way in ensuring its protection. However, security remains a challenge, with fraud and data leaks being major concerns. Building consumer trust and implementing strong cyber measures are essential for the continued growth of e-commerce. E-commerce has fundamentally changed how businesses engage with consumers. Its convenience, accessibility, and global influence are reshaping the modern business environment. As technology advances and consumer behavior evolves, e-commerce is expected to continue its rapid growth, providing both opportunities and challenges for businesses in the digital age.

4.2. Challenges in E-Commerce

Data security and privacy in e-commerce are crucial. The following measures make an important contribution to ensuring its protection: However, fraud and data leaks are major concerns and security remains a challenge. Building consumer trust and implementing strong cyber measures are essential for the continued growth of e-commerce. E-commerce has fundamentally changed how businesses engage with consumers. Its convenience, accessibility and global influence are reshaping the modern business environment. With technological advances and evolving consumer behavior, e-commerce is expected to continue its rapid growth, providing both opportunities and challenges for businesses in the digital age.

4.2.1. Security and Privacy

Data security and privacy protection in e-commerce are crucial. The following measures make an important contribution to ensuring its protection:

4.2.2. Trust and Credibility

By ensuring the confidentiality of confidential information, encryption is ensured so that it cannot be read by unpopular people. In the context of electronic commerce, when users provide payment details and personal data to the website, encryption protocols such as secure socket layers and transport layers (SSL/TLS) are used, and on the Internet. The data is encrypted before being transmitted. In other words, even if someone intercepts the data being transferred, it is almost impossible to decipher without an encrypted key, just looking at the encrypted string. Encryption algorithms such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) provide strong protection against unauthorized access, reducing the risk of data leakage and personal information theft. The SSL/TLS certificate also plays a visually showing user that the website is safe. Users usually indicate that the browser has a padlock icon and a green address bar, and the connection is encrypted. By being shown in a visible form in this way, customers' trust and trust in the security measures of electronic commercial transactions are increased. As a result, customers have a positive user experience, have a higher possibility of completing transactions, increasing sales. Cryptification ensures the confidentiality of confidential information by making it cannot be read by unpopular people. In the context of electronic commerce, when users provide payment details and personal data to the website, encryption protocols such as secure socket layers and transport layers (SSL/TLS) are used, and on the Internet. The data is encrypted before being transmitted. In other words, even if someone intercepts the data being transferred, it is almost impossible to decipher without an encrypted key, just looking at the encrypted string. Encryption algorithms such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) provide strong protection against unauthorized access, reducing the risk of data leakage and personal information theft. The SSL/TLS certificate also plays a visually showing user that the website is safe. Users usually indicate that the browser has a padlock icon and a green address bar, and the connection is encrypted. By being shown in a visible form in this way, customers' trust and trust in the security measures of electronic commercial transactions are increased. As a result, customers have a positive user experience, have a higher possibility of completing transactions, increasing sales. By ensuring the confidentiality of confidential information, encryption is ensured so that it cannot be read by unpopular people. In the context of electronic commerce, when users provide payment details and personal data to the website, encryption protocols such as secure socket layers and transport layers (SSL/TLS) are used, and on the Internet. The data is encrypted before being transmitted. In other words, even if someone intercepts the data being transferred, it is almost impossible to decipher without an encrypted key, just looking at the encrypted string. Encryption algorithms such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) provide strong protection against unauthorized access, reducing the risk of data leakage and personal information theft. The SSL/TLS certificate also plays a visually showing user that the website is safe. Users usually indicate that the browser has a padlock icon and a green address bar, and the connection is encrypted. By being shown in a visible form in this way, customers' trust and trust in the security measures of electronic commercial transactions are increased. As a result, customers have a positive user experience, have a higher possibility of completing transactions, increasing sales.

4.2.3. Logistics and Fulfillment

In order to ensure safe payment processing in electronic commercial transactions and prevent fraud, many important reasons are required. This includes the use of a safe payment method, the adaptation of the Payment Card Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), the introduction of tokenization, and the use of tw o-factor authentication (2FA). Safe payment methods such as credit card / debit card, digital wallet, bank transfer guarantee safe data transmission using an encryption protocol. PCI DSS complies with various security measures to protect card membership data. Tokenization is a method of replacing highly confidential card data with a unique token, minimizing the risk of exposure in case of security infringement. (2) The element authentication provides further security layers by requesting the presentation of two ID cards before the user accesses the account. By combining these means, e-commerce operators can strengthen payment security, build trust with customers, and reduce fraud risks. In order to secure safe settlement processing in electronic commercial transactions and prevent fraud, many important reasons are required. This includes the use of a safe payment method, the adaptation of the Payment Card Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), the introduction of tokenization, and the use of tw o-factor authentication (2FA). Safe payment methods such as credit card / debit card, digital wallet, bank transfer guarantee safe data transmission using an encryption protocol. PCI DSS complies with various security measures to protect card membership data. Tokenization is a method of replacing highly confidential card data with a unique token, minimizing the risk of exposure in case of security infringement. (2) The element authentication provides further security layers by requesting the presentation of two ID cards before the user accesses the account. By combining these means, e-commerce operators can strengthen payment security, build trust with customers, and reduce fraud risks. In order to secure safe payment processing in electronic commercial transactions and prevent fraud, many important reasons are required. This includes the use of a safe payment method, the adaptation of the Payment Card Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), the introduction of tokenization, and the use of tw o-factor authentication (2FA). Safe payment methods such as credit card / debit card, digital wallet, bank transfer guarantee safe data transmission using an encryption protocol. PCI DSS complies with various security measures to protect card membership data. Tokenization is a method of replacing highly confidential card data with a unique token, minimizing the risk of exposure in case of security infringement. (2) The element authentication provides further security layers by requesting the presentation of two ID cards before the user accesses the account. By combining these means, e-commerce operators can strengthen payment security, build trust with customers, and reduce fraud risks.

4.2.4. Competition and Market Saturation

Strong authentication methods play a key role in preventing unauthorized access to customer accounts and sensitive information in e-commerce. In this paper, we define some of the main authentication methods that enhance security. First, biometrics uses unique physical or behavioral characteristics such as fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scanning, and voice recognition to verify identity and provide highly secure authentication [15]. By incorporating biometric authentication, e-commerce platforms can verify an individual's identity and restrict access to customer accounts and sensitive data to only authorized users. Second, multi-factor authentication (MFA) combines multiple independent factors, such as something the user knows, something the user has, and something the user authenticates [15], introducing an additional layer of security and making unauthorized access significantly more difficult. Third, strong passwords are essential, and e-commerce platforms should enforce password policies that require complex, time-consuming, and unique passwords that combine upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. Security is further improved by updating passwords regularly and avoiding reuse across multiple accounts [15]. Finally, access control measures, including role-based access control (RBAC) and the use of secure protocols such as virtual private networks (VPNs) and secure remote desktop protocols, limit access to authorized individuals and protect against unauthorized access to internal systems. Strong authentication methods play a key role in preventing unauthorized access to customer accounts and sensitive information in e-commerce. This paper defines some of the key authentication methods that enhance security. First, biometrics uses unique physical or behavioral characteristics such as fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans, and voice recognition to verify identity and provide highly secure authentication [15]. By incorporating biometric authentication, e-commerce platforms can verify an individual's identity and limit access to customer accounts and sensitive data to only authorized users. Second, multi-factor authentication (MFA) combines multiple independent factors, such as something the user knows, something the user has, and something the user authenticates [15], introducing an additional layer of security and making unauthorized access significantly more difficult. Third, strong passwords are essential, and e-commerce platforms should enforce password policies that require complex, time-consuming, and unique passwords that combine upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. Regularly updating passwords and avoiding reuse on multiple accounts further improves security [15]. Finally, access control measures, including role-based access control (RBAC) and the use of secure protocols such as virtual private networks (VPNs) and secure remote desktop protocols, limit access to authorized individuals and protect against unauthorized access to internal systems. Strong authentication methods play a key role in preventing unauthorized access to customer accounts and sensitive information in e-commerce. This paper defines some of the key authentication methods that enhance security. First, biometrics uses unique physical or behavioral characteristics such as fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans, and voice recognition to verify identity and provide highly secure authentication [15]. By incorporating biometric authentication, e-commerce platforms can verify an individual's identity and limit access to customer accounts and sensitive data to only authorized users. Second, multi-factor authentication (MFA) combines multiple independent factors, such as something the user knows, something the user has, and something the user authenticates [15], introducing an additional layer of security and making unauthorized access significantly more difficult. Third, strong passwords are essential, and e-commerce platforms should enforce password policies that require complex, time-consuming, and unique passwords that combine upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. Security is further improved by updating passwords regularly and avoiding reuse on multiple accounts [15]. Finally, access control measures, including role-based access control (RBAC) and the use of secure protocols such as virtual private networks (VPNs) and secure remote desktop protocols, limit access to authorized individuals and protect against unauthorized access to internal systems.

4.2.5. Customer Experience

In order to identify and alleviate the potential vulnerabilities of e-commerce websites and applications, it is important to conduct regular security audits, manage patches, and evaluate vulnerability. Security audits can comprehensively review security measures, policies, and practices, which help identify vulnerabilities and improvements. E-commerce business operators can actively evaluate their security status to prevent security incidents and implement necessary measures to strengthen overall security. [16] In the effects management, we immediately update software to deal with known vulnerabilities, reducing the risk of being abused by the attacker. Software updates are essential for filling security gaps and protecting them from new threats. In the vulnerability evaluation, the E-commerce platform is systematically scanned and tested, and the security tee defects that may be misused are identified. Regular evaluations allow companies to actively fix vulnerabilities and prevent potential abuse. E-commerce websites and applications to identify and identify the potential vulnerabilities of the e-commerce website, it is important to conduct regular security audits, manage patches, and evaluate vulnerabilities. Security audits can comprehensively review security measures, policies, and practices, which help identify vulnerabilities and improvements. E-commerce business operators can actively evaluate their security status to prevent security incidents and implement necessary measures to strengthen overall security. [16] In the effects management, we immediately update software to deal with known vulnerabilities, reducing the risk of being abused by the attacker. Software updates are essential for filling security gaps and protecting them from new threats. In the vulnerability evaluation, the E-commerce platform is systematically scanned and tested, and the security tee defects that may be misused are identified. Regular evaluations allow companies to actively fix vulnerabilities and prevent potential abuse. In order to identify and alleviate the potential vulnerabilities of e-commerce websites and applications, it is important to conduct regular security audits, manage patches, and evaluate vulnerability. Security audits can comprehensively review security measures, policies, and practices, which help identify vulnerabilities and improvements. E-commerce business operators can actively evaluate their security status to prevent security incidents and implement necessary measures to strengthen overall security. [16] In the effects management, we immediately update software to deal with known vulnerabilities, reducing the risk of being abused by the attacker. Software updates are essential for filling security gaps and protecting them from new threats. In the vulnerability evaluation, the E-commerce platform is systematically scanned and tested, and the security tee defects that may be misused are identified. Regular evaluations allow companies to actively fix vulnerabilities and prevent potential abuse.

5. Blockchain for E-Commerce

Compliance with data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Confidentiality Act (CCPA) is crucial for companies that handle customer data. These regulations aim to protect individuals' privacy rights, enhance data security, and set guidelines governing the collection, processing, and storage of personal data [17]. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for companies to avoid serious penalties and reputational damage that can result from non-compliance, and they prioritize customer privacy rights by seeking explicit consent for data collection and processing, providing opt-out options, and giving individuals the right to access, correct, and delete their data. They also emphasize the importance of implementing strong data security measures, such as encryption and access controls, to protect personal data. They also require timely reporting in the event of a data breach. In addition, companies must be transparent about how they handle data, clearly disclosing the type of data collected, the purpose of processing, the retention period, and details of data sharing. They are also encouraged to minimize data, such as:

6. Blockchain

Through training on online security best practices, customers have the power to protect themselves from cyber threats. Companies have played an important role in promoting awareness and providing guidance so that customers avoid phishing fraud, use safe connections, and pay attention to sharing personal information. In order to educate customers in these fields, it is necessary to emphasize the following important points: Pay attention to unmissing personal information and financial information, suspicious of the site's legitimacy. Avoid links and attachments, enable phishing functions. In addition, we recommend that you promote safe connection and refrain from using public Wi-Fi networks for highly confidential activities. It is also recommended to update devices and software regularly to optimize security. In addition, customers need to understand the importance of protecting personal information, restrictions on sharing on public platforms, reviewing privacy settings, and using powerful and unique passwords. Companies can educate customers through various channels, such as website content, email communication, and engagement with customers.

6.1. History of Blockchain

For the e-commerce industry, the existence of an inciden t-compatible plan is indispensable to immediately respond to security infringement, minimize compensation after incidents, and restore customer trust. This plan helps protect highly confidential customer data, ensure business continuity, reduce financial and reputable damage, comply with data protection regulations, restore customer trust, and promote continuous improvement. With an inciden t-compatible plan, the electronic business organization can effectively respond to security incidents, protect customer data, and maintain a safe and reliable environment for customers.

6.2. Blockchain Developments

In this section, we will introduce some general issues related to electronic commerce:

Security is a major issue for e-commerce, as confidential data such as customer card data and personal information is sent via the Internet. Therefore, this kind of data must be protected from unauthorized access, falsification, and infringement. Furthermore, it must also be considered for data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Rules (GDPR). Online security is the power to protect threats from cyber threats through training on the best practice of online security. Companies have played an important role in promoting awareness and providing guidance so that customers avoid phishing fraud, use safe connections, and pay attention to sharing personal information. In order to educate customers in these fields, it is necessary to emphasize the following important points: Pay attention to unmissing personal information and financial information, suspicious of the site's legitimacy. Avoid links and attachments, enable phishing functions. In addition, we recommend that you promote safe connection and refrain from using public Wi-Fi networks for highly confidential activities. It is also recommended to update devices and software regularly to optimize security. In addition, customers need to understand the importance of protecting personal information, restrictions on sharing on public platforms, reviewing privacy settings, and using powerful and unique passwords. Companies can educate customers through various channels, such as website content, email communication, and engagement with customers.

6.3. Underlying Technology

In this section, we will introduce some general issues related to electronic commerce:

Security is a major issue for e-commerce, as confidential data such as customer card data and personal information is sent via the Internet. Therefore, this kind of data must be protected from unauthorized access, falsification, and infringement. Furthermore, it must also be considered for data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Rules (GDPR). Through training on online security best practices, customers have the power to protect themselves from cyber threats. Companies have played an important role in promoting awareness and providing guidance so that customers avoid phishing fraud, use safe connections, and pay attention to sharing personal information. In order to educate customers in these fields, it is necessary to emphasize the following important points: Pay attention to unmissing personal information and financial information, suspicious of the site's legitimacy. Avoid links and attachments, enable phishing functions. In addition, we recommend that you promote safe connection and refrain from using public Wi-Fi networks for highly confidential activities. It is also recommended to update devices and software regularly to optimize security. In addition, customers need to understand the importance of protecting personal information, restrictions on sharing on public platforms, reviewing privacy settings, and using powerful and unique passwords. Companies can educate customers through various channels, such as website content, email communication, and engagement with customers.

In this section, we will introduce some general issues related to electronic commerce:

It may be difficult for start-ups to build trust with customers on the Internet. Customers may be reluctant to provide sensitive information such as payment data and personal information. Therefore, to gain customer trust in e-commerce, it is necessary to provide secure payment methods and transparent policies.

Managing inventory levels, coordinating with delivery companies, and ensuring timely delivery are some of the most important challenges e-commerce can face. Therefore, effective implementation is essential for e-commerce success.

Being first among competitors and attracting customers is a difficult and major challenge in e-commerce. Unique offers, competitive pricing, and effective marketing strategies allow businesses to differentiate.

Businesses should pay the most attention to user-friendly website design, prompt response to customer questions and inquiries, and diversifying and simplifying the payment process to provide customers with a smooth and satisfying experience.

By utilizing blockchain technology, e-commerce platforms have improved security, simplicity, and speed of transactions. Users can make safer transactions and store their digital data safely. Unlike traditional online transactions that require authentication by a third party such as a credit card or bank, blockchain provides a layer of protection [19]. Leakage of user data is a potential risk for traditional e-commerce platforms. Therefore, the integration of blockchain technology is essential to improve the security of e-commerce platforms. Blockchain's distributed ledger eliminates the possibility of information leakage and ensures the integrity and authenticity of transactions. Integrating blockchain-based applications brings many benefits, such as streamlining business operations, reducing operational costs, reducing security risks, and improving overall efficiency (see Figure 4).

The blockchain is a technology that functions in a no n-centralized and distributed manner to save and transfer digital information safely and transparently. The blockchain functions through the consensus mechanism, verifies the transaction, and is added to the digital ledger known as a blockchain. The blockchain consists of a consolidated block that forms an invariable transaction record protected by the encryption hash. The no n-centralized property of blockchain eliminates the need of centralized authority and guarantees transparency and safety. Through the consensus between the network participants, the transaction is verified, added to the blockchain, and is propagated throughout the network. This technology has been applied to various industries other than cryptocurrency, providing reliability, safety, and accountability.

The concept of a distributed digital currency known as a blockchain was first proposed by Nakamoto [20], and Nakamoto also explained the basic technology. Nakamoto created encryption technology, caused a blockchain revolution in January 2009, and evolved into the first block of Bitcoin Blockchain, also known as the "Genesis block." Originally, blockchain technology, which was originally related to bitcoin, expanded to other than cryptocurrencies as the developers aware of the possibilities in various industries. With the introduction of smart contracts in 2015, it became possible to build distributed applications and distributed finance. Several agreement mechanisms, including proof of wagen, have appeared to solve scalability and energy consumption issues. The blockchain has attracted worldwide attention, and an industry has emerged in fields such as supply chain management, authentication, and healthcare. Alliance promotes collaboration and standardization, and major technology companies provide solutions for blockchain as a service. Scalability and interoperability are continuing. The evolution of blockchain is underway, and is expected to grow and affect industries and society. blockchain is a technique that works in a no n-centralized and distributed technique to save and transfer digital information safely and transparently. The blockchain functions through the consensus mechanism, verifies the transaction, and is added to the digital ledger known as a blockchain. The blockchain consists of a consolidated block that forms an invariable transaction record protected by the encryption hash. The no n-centralized property of blockchain eliminates the need of centralized authority and guarantees transparency and safety. Through the consensus between the network participants, the transaction is verified, added to the blockchain, and is propagated throughout the network. This technology has been applied to various industries other than cryptocurrency, providing reliability, safety, and accountability.

The concept of a distributed digital currency known as a blockchain was first proposed by Nakamoto [20], and Nakamoto also explained the basic technology. Nakamoto created encryption technology, caused a blockchain revolution in January 2009, and evolved into the first block of Bitcoin Blockchain, also known as the "Genesis block." Originally, blockchain technology, which was originally related to bitcoin, expanded to other than cryptocurrencies as the developers aware of the possibilities in various industries. With the introduction of smart contracts in 2015, it became possible to build distributed applications and distributed finance. Several agreement mechanisms, including proof of wagen, have appeared to solve scalability and energy consumption issues. The blockchain has attracted worldwide attention, and an industry has emerged in fields such as supply chain management, authentication, and healthcare. Alliance promotes collaboration and standardization, and major technology companies provide solutions for blockchain as a service. Scalability and interoperability are continuing. The evolution of blockchain is underway, and is expected to grow and affect industries and society. The blockchain is a technology that functions in a no n-centralized and distributed manner to save and transfer digital information safely and transparently. The blockchain functions through the consensus mechanism, verifies the transaction, and is added to the digital ledger known as a blockchain. The blockchain consists of a consolidated block that forms an invariable transaction record protected by the encryption hash. The no n-centralized property of blockchain eliminates the need of centralized authority and guarantees transparency and safety. Through the consensus between the network participants, the transaction is verified, added to the blockchain, and is propagated throughout the network. This technology has been applied to various industries other than cryptocurrency, providing reliability, safety, and accountability.

6.4. Types of Blockchain

6.5. Application of Blockchain

The blockchain technology was born in 2008 with bitcoin. It was used as a public ledger to save all transactions generated in cryptocurrency. However, over time, it became a technology that has a significant impact on modern society with its transparency, decentralization, and security function. Blockchain technology has the potential to change our lives, exchanges, and business. Today, scholars, businessmen, and researchers are actively exploring various aspects of blockchain as new technologies. This technology is used to approve, verify, and audit data generated by the Internet (IoT) device of objects. It can also provide safe means of exchanging various services, products, and transactions. It is clear that the huge and rapid growth of the application will do what the Internet has done for communication, for blockchai n-trusted transactions.

6.6. Features of Blockchain

In recent research, the development of blockchain technology has been progressing in several fields. It is recognized as a basic technology for cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. The blockchain is expanding to various industries. The focus is to enhance scalability, security and interoperability. Researchers explore various consensus mechanisms, proof of share (POS), orthodox proof of share (DPO), and other consensus algorithms to improve transaction speed and energy efficiency. I have done it. In addition, smart contracts are being developed that enables complex correction and operation automation in the distributed application (DApps). An interaction solution that promotes communication between the discrete blockchain and networks and enhances the connection between different platforms [22]. In addition, the integration of blockchain with other technologies such as the development of privacy protocols and the Internet (IoT) of things, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet (IoT), will have blockchain potentials other than financial, including supply chain management, healthcare, governance. Significant applications are expanding [22]. As a whole, recent research emphasizes not only the sophistication of the technical aspects of the blockchain, but also the exploration of various real world applications. As a result, blockchain technology was born in 2008 with bitcoin. It was used as a public ledger to save all transactions generated in cryptocurrency. However, over time, it became a technology that has a significant impact on modern society with its transparency, decentralization, and security function. Blockchain technology has the potential to change our lives, exchanges, and business. Today, scholars, businessmen, and researchers are actively exploring various aspects of blockchain as new technologies. This technology is used to approve, verify, and audit data generated by the Internet (IoT) device of objects. It can also provide safe means of exchanging various services, products, and transactions. It is clear that the huge and rapid growth of the application will do what the Internet has done for communication, for blockchai n-trusted transactions.

In recent research, the development of blockchain technology has been progressing in several fields. It is recognized as a basic technology for cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. The blockchain is expanding to various industries. The focus is to enhance scalability, security and interoperability. Researchers explore various consensus mechanisms, proof of share (POS), orthodox proof of share (DPO), and other consensus algorithms to improve transaction speed and energy efficiency. I have done it. In addition, smart contracts are being developed that enables complex correction and operation automation in the distributed application (DApps). An interaction solution that promotes communication between the discrete blockchain and networks and enhances the connection between different platforms [22]. In addition, the integration of blockchain with other technologies such as the development of privacy protocols and the Internet (IoT) of things, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet (IoT), will have blockchain potentials other than financial, including supply chain management, healthcare, governance. Significant applications are expanding [22]. As a whole, recent research emphasizes not only the sophistication of the technical aspects of the blockchain, but also the exploration of various real world applications. As a result, blockchain technology was born in 2008 with bitcoin. It was used as a public ledger to save all transactions generated in cryptocurrency. However, over time, it became a technology that has a significant impact on modern society with its transparency, decentralization, and security function. Blockchain technology has the potential to change our lives, exchanges, and business. Today, scholars, businessmen, and researchers are actively exploring various aspects of blockchain as new technologies. This technology is used to approve, verify, and audit data generated by the Internet (IoT) device of objects. It can also provide safe means of exchanging various services, products, and transactions. It is clear that the huge and rapid growth of the application will do what the Internet has done for communication, for blockchai n-trusted transactions.

Here, the technical aspects of the blockchain, such as agreement mechanisms such as the cryptocation hash, proof of stake, and proof of work, smart contracts, and the role of node in the network. [7]

1. hash function: hash function is an essential element for blockchain technology. Use the encryption algorithm to convert the data to a code of a specific size called hash. Each input creates a unique hash, so a completely different hash will be created just by adding a slight change to the input. This feature guarantees that the data stored in the blockchain remains without being tampered with, and is guaranteed its integrity and inability.

The blockchain technology also includes public key code and digital signature, which provide identity verification and transactions. Public key code is used to achieve public and private functions. Participants in the blockchain have a pair of keys (public keys and private keys). The public key is used to create a digital signature for transactions, and the private key is used to verify the signature. If the signature is valid, it is guaranteed that the transaction was actually started by the owner of the key and did not change during transportation. It is confirmed that transactions are encrypted and not tampered with unpopular parties.

2. Mechanism of consent

Proof of Work (POW): Proof of Work (POW) is a consensus mechanism used in bitcoin. The minor uses computational power to solve esoteric mathematical puzzles. The minor who first solves the puzzle adds a new block to the blockchain and receives a reward for the work. Pow is safe, but requires a considerable amount of calculation resources and power.

6.7. Challenges of Blockchain

Proof of Stake (POS): The verification block of the proof of stake (POS) is selected according to the amount of token cryptocurrency owned and "bet" to the network. The validator is selected to create a new block using the deterministic algorithm, and the probability of selection is proportional to the amount of stake held. POS is known for its high energy efficiency, but there are also security issues.

7. Discussion

DPOS (Delegated Proof of Stake): A certain number of representatives are selected by the participants to verify and create a block by expanding POS. Compared to POS and Pows, DPOS relies on scalability and shortening of block confirmation time, but depends on a small number of reliable agents.

PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance): Often used in business applications. A specific group of validators take turns proposing blocks and agreeing on the validity of transactions. It is error tolerant and provides fast response times.

7.1. Cybersecurity Challenges in E-Commerce

7.1.1. Data Breaches and Data Theft

3. Smart Contract: A smart contract is a code contract characterized by predefined rules and conditions, and has the ability to automatically execute. A smart contract automatically fulfills the terms of the contract when the specified conditions are met. Smart contracts make it easier to run decentralized blockchain applications like Ethereum. They provide transparency, immutability, and eliminate the need for intermediaries in contract enforcement.

7.1.2. Phishing Attacks

4. Nodes in the network: In a blockchain network, a node is an individual computer or device that actively participates. In addition to holding a full copy of the blockchain in storage, each node plays a key role in distributing and validating transactions. There are several types of nodes:

7.1.3. Ransomware and Malware

Full Node: A full node actively participates in the consensus process by validating and propagating transactions. It also holds a full copy of the blockchain. They independently verify the rules of the blockchain protocol and ensure the integrity of the network.

7.1.4. Supply Chain Vulnerabilities

Mining Nodes: Mining nodes are specialized nodes that participate in the POW consensus mechanism. They add new blocks to the blockchain and struggle to solve cryptographic puzzles. Mining nodes require huge computational power and energy resources to perform their tasks efficiently.

7.1.5. Payment Fraud

Enlightenment Nodes: Enlightenment nodes, also known as lightweight nodes or thin clients, do not store the complete blockchain. They rely on full nodes for relevant data about transactions and blocks. Lightweight nodes are lighter and consume fewer resources, making them suitable for devices with limited storage and processing power.

7.1.6. Identity Theft

Nodes play a key role in maintaining the decentralized nature of the blockchain network. They contribute to consensus, verify transactions, propagate blocks, and ensure the security and integrity of the blockchain. These technical components form the foundation of blockchain technology and enable a secure, transparent, decentralized system with applications in various industries (see Figure 5).

7.1.7. Internet of Things (IoT) Vulnerabilities

There are three types of blockchains: syndicated (also called federated), private, and public blockchains.[23] The choice of blockchain type depends on the specific requirements of the use case. Public blockchains prioritize transparency and openness, while private and consortium blockchains prioritize privacy, control, and scalability within a limited network. Table 1 shows each type and its characteristics:

7.1.8. Lack of Cybersecurity Awareness

Blockchain technology has expanded its applications beyond cryptocurrency and has made great strides in various industries.[24] For example, in supply chain management, it improves transparency, traceability, and efficiency, benefiting sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, and logistics. In healthcare, blockchains securely manage medical records, enhance data exchange, and support clinical trials. In finance and banking, they simplify transactions, reduce costs, and enable electronic lending applications. In addition, blockchains support the creation and management of intellectual property rights, simplifying transactions and property ownership, and providing opportunities for automation and trust. These examples show that as blockchain technology continues to evolve, it has the potential to revolutionize asset management, data integrity, and transaction processes, transforming industries.

7.1.9. Regulatory Compliance Challenges

Blockchain technology has several characteristics that distinguish it from traditional centralized systems [8]. The following are the main characteristics of blockchain:

7.2. Blockchain Role in E-Commerce

7.2.1. Immutable and Transparent Ledger

1. Decentralization. A consensus mechanism ensures agreement among participants.

7.2.2. Enhanced Data Security

2. Distributed ledger: A blockchain consists of a distributed ledger that maintains an immutable, chronological history of transactions and data. Each node holds a copy of the ledger, making it fault-tolerant.

7.2.3. Fraud Prevention and Identity Management

3. Transparency and immutability: All participants can see and understand the transparency of transactions recorded in the blockchain. As transactions are added, a controlled, immutable record is created, making it extremely difficult to change or delete.

7.2.4. Secured Payments and Smart Contracts

4. Security. Public key cryptography ensures secure authentication, digital signatures, and encryption of data. Consensus mechanisms protect against malicious activity.

7.2.5. Supply Chain Transparency and Authentication

5. Smart Contracts: Smart contracts are programmable contracts that are well supported by blockchain platforms. These self-executing contracts automatically execute transactions and obligations by enforcing predefined guidelines and conditions.

7.2.6. Decentralized Marketplace Security

6. Trust and Consensus: Blockchains rely on consensus algorithms to establish agreement on the validity of transactions. Using techniques such as proof of participation and proof of work, participants reach consensus to maintain trust and prevent fraud.

7.2.7. Regulatory Compliance and Auditing

7. Privacy: Although blockchains are highly transparent, privacy measures can be implemented to protect sensitive information. Techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs and private transactions allow selective disclosure of data while maintaining the integrity of the blockchain.

7.2.8. Limitations of Implementing Blockchain in E-Commerce

Despite its promise, blockchain technology has several challenges that must be addressed for widespread adoption. These challenges include scalability constraints, energy consumption concerns, regulatory complexities, interoperability issues, and security risks. Scalability issues arise as transaction volumes increase, leading to congestion and delayed processing times. Energy efficiency becomes crucial to ensure the sustainability of blockchain networks. Regulatory compliance across jurisdictions is challenging, requiring a delicate balance between innovation and compliance. Interoperability gaps prevent seamless data and asset exchange across different blockchain platforms. Security vulnerabilities such as smart bugs and hacking attacks require ongoing research and robust security practices. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative research and continuous improvements to protocols, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Technological evolution will bring innovative solutions and best practices that unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.

Protecting e-commerce assets from unauthorized access, tampering, and damage constitutes e-commerce security. Customers are concerned about the possibility of financial assets being leaked, and online businesses are concerned about the economic impact of security breaches. Major social and organizational concerns related to security include establishing strong risk management processes, establishing security protocols, enforcing division of responsibilities, ensuring security validation, and overseeing access control. Notable barriers stem from the reality that the weakest aspects of security often belong to employees and users rather than the technology itself. In addition, software engineering management plays a key role in overseeing the development of security technologies. A continuing challenge is that users have diverse and inaccurate understandings of security, resulting in unwillingness or inability to adhere to basic security protocols. For example, users may store passwords for insecure files on sensitive devices, or employees may expose passwords to outside parties.

Unauthorized access refers to unauthorized entry into information, systems, or applications for malicious purposes. Passive unauthorized access involves a hacker eavesdropping on a communication channel and obtaining sensitive information for a malicious target. Active unauthorized access, on the other hand, occurs when a hacker manipulates or modifies systems or information with malicious intent. Denial of service (DoS) attacks can occur through spam or viruses. Spam refers to when a hacker floods a computer or network with emails. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, on the other hand, occur when a hacker places software agents on a third party's system to send simultaneous requests to a specific target. Viruses are self-replicating computer programs that perform unwanted actions that can lead to theft and fraud. As a result, systems become an attractive target for cybercriminals seeking unauthorized access to data. Stolen software refers to software that has been illegally copied from an organization's servers, allowing hackers to infiltrate a merchant's unsecured web server and gain access to credit card numbers and personal data collected during online transactions. Data theft concerns also extend to merchants' backends and databases.

Data breaches are a significant and ongoing risk in e-commerce and a continuing threat to sensitive customer information.[25] Cyberattackers are focused on obtaining valuable data stored by online businesses, such as credit card information, personal information, and login credentials. Such breaches have serious repercussions, with serious consequences for both businesses and customers.[25] Businesses that experience a data breach can face financial ruin, reputational damage, legal repercussions, and loss of trust from customers. Meanwhile, customers face the risk of identity theft, financial fraud, and privacy violations if their sensitive information is misused. The aftermath of these breaches often leads to financial distress, anxiety, and loss of trust in online services, affecting customers' willingness to engage in e-commerce.[13] Preventing and mitigating such data breaches is essential for both businesses and customers to maintain trust and ensure the security of e-commerce.

8. Blockchain in Action: Real-World Implementations

Phishing attacks are a sneaky tactic used by cybercriminals to trick customers and employees into divulging sensitive information.[13] They do this by sending misleading emails or creating fake websites that look authentic, with the goal of tricking people into sharing personal information such as passwords, credit card numbers, and login details. Such attacks often appear urgent and convincing, encouraging people to act quickly. To combat such threats, it is important to educate people on the signs of phishing and how to spot suspicious emails and websites. Encouraging habits such as verifying the sender's identity, not clicking on unknown links, and reporting suspicious messages can reduce the risk of falling victim to phishing. In addition, regularly updating security software, implementing multi-factor authentication, and conducting cyber training sessions can strengthen defenses against such deceptive attacks. Data breaches are a significant and ongoing risk in e-commerce and a continuing threat to sensitive customer information. Cyber attackers are focused on obtaining valuable data stored by online businesses, such as credit card information, personal information, and login credentials. Such breaches have serious repercussions and serious consequences for both businesses and customers.[25] Businesses that experience data breaches can face financial ruin, reputational damage, legal repercussions, and loss of trust from customers. Meanwhile, customers face the risk of identity theft, financial fraud, and privacy violations if their sensitive information is misused. The aftermath of these breaches often leads to financial distress, anxiety, and loss of trust in online services, affecting customers' willingness to engage in e-commerce [13]. Preventing and mitigating such data breaches is essential for both businesses and customers to maintain trust and ensure the security of e-commerce transactions.

Phishing attacks are sneaky tactics used by cybercriminals to trick customers and employees into divulging sensitive information [13]. They do this by sending misleading emails or creating fake websites that look authentic, with the goal of tricking people into sharing personal information such as passwords, credit card numbers, and login information. Such attacks often appear urgent and convincing, urging people to act quickly. To combat such threats, it is important to educate people on the signs of phishing and how to spot suspicious emails and websites. Encouraging habits such as verifying the sender's identity, not clicking on unknown links, and reporting suspicious messages can reduce the risk of falling victim to phishing. In addition, regular updates of security software, implementing multi-factor authentication, and conducting cyber training sessions can strengthen defenses against such deceptive attacks.[13] Data breaches are a significant and ongoing risk in e-commerce and a continuing threat to sensitive customer information.[25] Cyber attackers are focused on obtaining valuable data stored by online businesses, such as credit card information, personal information, and login credentials. Such breaches have serious repercussions and serious consequences for both companies and customers.[25] Companies that experience data breaches can face financial ruin, reputational damage, legal repercussions, and reduced customer trust. Meanwhile, customers face the risk of identity theft, financial fraud, and privacy violations if their sensitive information is misused. The aftermath of these breaches often leads to financial distress, anxiety, and loss of trust in online services, affecting customers' willingness to engage in e-commerce.[13] Preventing and mitigating such data breaches is essential for both businesses and customers to maintain trust and ensure the security of e-commerce transactions.

Ransomware and malware are two types of cyber threats that cause problems in the online world. Ransomware attack locks important data and computer systems and makes them unavoidable until the attacker is paid. Such an attack greatly hinders the management of business, making access to important information difficult or making it impossible. Meanwhile, malware, which means malicious software, can be harmful to electronic commerce by infiltrating the system and causing various problems. Malware can steal or leak highly confidential customer data, leading to privacy issues and financial losses. In addition, malware may hinder the operation of electronic commercial transactions by reducing the speed of the system, causing errors, and spreading throughout the network. In order to protect such threats, we install highly reliable virus software, update the system regularly, back up important data, and use strong cyber security measures to prevent powerful cyber security. It is necessary to avoid losses [13].

Supply chain vulnerabilities and general vulnerabilities in electronic commercial transactions refer to external suppliers, software links and partners involved in business processes. These vulnerabilities are a problem because they can open the door to potential cyber threats. If an electronic business company depends on the thir d-party vendor or integrates various software systems, if these interconnected stakeholders have a vulnerability, they may be an invasion of cyber invaders. There is [26]. For example, if the vendor system is not properly protected, hackers may access confidential information or interfere with their work. Similarly, if an electronic commercial business operator is using multiple software applications, if one of these programs is vulnerable, the entire system may be risky. Therefore, companies thoroughly audit their partners, confirm that their partners are implementing powerful cyber security measures, minimizing vulnerabilities, and protecting their systems from potential threats. It is important to monitor and update. Ransomware and malware are two types of cyber threats that cause problems in the online world. Ransomware attack locks important data and computer systems and makes them unavoidable until the attacker is paid. Such an attack greatly hinders the management of business, making access to important information difficult or making it impossible. Meanwhile, malware, which means malicious software, can be harmful to electronic commerce by infiltrating the system and causing various problems. Malware can steal or leak highly confidential customer data, leading to privacy issues and financial losses. In addition, malware may hinder the operation of electronic commercial transactions by reducing the speed of the system, causing errors, and spreading throughout the network. In order to protect such threats, we install highly reliable virus software, update the system regularly, back up important data, and use strong cyber security measures to prevent powerful cyber security. It is necessary to avoid losses [13].

Supply chain vulnerabilities and general vulnerabilities in electronic commercial transactions refer to external suppliers, software links and partners involved in business processes. These vulnerabilities are a problem because they can open the door to potential cyber threats. If an electronic business company depends on the thir d-party vendor or integrates various software systems, if these interconnected stakeholders have a vulnerability, they may be an invasion of cyber invaders. There is [26]. For example, if the vendor system is not properly protected, hackers may access confidential information or interfere with their work. Similarly, if an electronic commercial business operator is using multiple software applications, if one of these programs is vulnerable, the entire system may be risky. Therefore, companies thoroughly audit their partners, confirm that their partners are implementing powerful cyber security measures, minimizing vulnerabilities, and protecting their systems from potential threats. It is important to monitor and update. Ransomware and malware are two types of cyber threats that cause problems in the online world. Ransomware attack locks important data and computer systems and makes them unavoidable until the attacker is paid. Such an attack greatly hinders the management of business, making access to important information difficult or making it impossible. Meanwhile, malware, which means malicious software, can be harmful to electronic commerce by infiltrating the system and causing various problems. Malware can steal or leak highly confidential customer data, leading to privacy issues and financial losses. In addition, malware may hinder the operation of electronic commercial transactions by reducing the speed of the system, causing errors, and spreading throughout the network. In order to protect such threats, we install highly reliable virus software, update the system regularly, back up important data, and use strong cyber security measures to prevent powerful cyber security. It is necessary to avoid losses [13].

E-commerce payment fraud takes many forms and poses serious risks to both businesses and customers. One widespread form of fraud is card fraud, where perpetrators use stolen card information to make online purchases without presenting the card during the transaction [13]. There is also account takeover, where hackers illegally access a user's account to make fraudulent transactions or steal personal information. There is also friendly payment fraud, where fraudsters falsely claim fraudulent transactions or request refunds after the customer has received the purchased goods [13]. Fraudsters exploit vulnerabilities in the payment process, such as weak authentication methods and gaps in transaction tracking, to commit such fraud [26]. To prevent such fraud, e-commerce businesses can implement strong security measures such as using advanced fraud detection tools, implementing multi-factor authentication, and regularly monitoring for suspicious transactions. Educating customers on safe online practices and responding to any fraud incidents in a timely manner can also help prevent e-commerce payment fraud.

Identity theft in e-commerce poses serious risks. Cybercriminals target personal information to conduct fraudulent transactions or create fake accounts, causing financial and reputational damage to individuals.[27] These criminals steal sensitive information such as names, addresses, social security numbers, and financial data in order to impersonate others. To prevent identity theft, e-commerce businesses use measures to verify the identity of their customers, such as multi-factor authentication, biometrics, and identity verification. Strong encryption methods and secure storage of customer data are also essential to protect against data leaks that could lead to identity theft.[27] Educating customers about the importance of strong passwords, avoiding sharing personal information on suspicious websites, and regularly monitoring financial statements for unusual activity are additional steps to protect against identity theft in e-commerce.

The vulnerability of IoT in electronic commercial transactions is related to the potential risks brought about by interconnected devices such as smart home assistants and connected payment systems. These devices can be a target of cyber attacks, while providing convenience and interconnected properties. The vulnerabilities of IoT devices are caused by security vulnerabilities such as vulnerable, old software, and insufficient encryption. [18] Hackers can exploit these vulnerabilities to set unauthorized access, data operation, and cyber attacks. For example, it is possible to access confidential information and connected control devices using an infringed smart home assistant. Similarly, the vulnerabilities of the connected payment system may enable hackers to interfere with transactions or steal financial data. In order to deal with these risks, we regularly update device software to protect from potential IoT vulnerabilities in electronic commercial transactions, use powerful passwords, and adopt encryption methods. It is essential to implement powerful security measures.

In the field of cyber security, there are major concerns about the lack of cyber awareness of employees, customers, and stakeholders. Understanding the importance of cyber security is essential for everyone involved in electronic commercial transactions. Employees need to recognize potential threats such as emails and malware to emails to prevent security infringement within the company. Customers should recognize the risks related to sharing personal information online and adopt safe practices when conducting online transactions. Similarly, stakeholders play an important role in maintaining a safe environment by constantly obtaining information on cyber security measures and supporting efforts to strengthen online security. Providing the latest information on regular training sessions, workshops, and security best practices is essential for raising awareness and minimizing potential risks. Such an initiative will help individuals identify cyber threats, respond effectively, and promote a safer electronic business ecosystem for all stakeholders. IoT vulnerabilities in electronic commercial transactions are related to the potential risks brought about by interconnected devices such as smart home assistants and connected payment systems. These devices can be a target of cyber attacks, while providing convenience and interconnected properties. The vulnerabilities of IoT devices are caused by security vulnerabilities such as vulnerable, old software, and insufficient encryption. [18] Hackers can exploit these vulnerabilities to set unauthorized access, data operation, and cyber attacks. For example, it is possible to access confidential information and connected control devices using an infringed smart home assistant. Similarly, the vulnerabilities of the connected payment system may enable hackers to interfere with transactions or steal financial data. In order to deal with these risks, we regularly update device software to protect from potential IoT vulnerabilities in electronic commercial transactions, use powerful passwords, and adopt encryption methods. It is essential to implement powerful security measures.

In the field of cyber security, there are major concerns about the lack of cyber awareness of employees, customers, and stakeholders. Understanding the importance of cyber security is essential for everyone involved in electronic commercial transactions. Employees need to recognize potential threats such as emails and malware to emails to prevent security infringement within the company. Customers should recognize the risks related to sharing personal information online and adopt safe practices when conducting online transactions. Similarly, stakeholders play an important role in maintaining a safe environment by constantly obtaining information on cyber security measures and supporting efforts to strengthen online security. Providing the latest information on regular training sessions, workshops, and security best practices is essential for raising awareness and minimizing potential risks. Such an initiative will help individuals identify cyber threats, respond effectively, and promote a safer electronic business ecosystem for all stakeholders. The vulnerability of IoT in electronic commercial transactions is related to the potential risks brought about by interconnected devices such as smart home assistants and connected payment systems. These devices can be a target of cyber attacks, while providing convenience and interconnected properties. The vulnerabilities of IoT devices are caused by security vulnerabilities such as vulnerable, old software, and insufficient encryption. [18] Hackers can exploit these vulnerabilities to set unauthorized access, data operation, and cyber attacks. For example, it is possible to access confidential information and connected control devices using an infringed smart home assistant. Similarly, the vulnerabilities of the connected payment system may enable hackers to interfere with transactions or steal financial data. In order to deal with these risks, we regularly update device software to protect the potential IoT vulnerabilities in electronic commercial transactions, use powerful passwords, and adopt encryption methods. It is essential to implement powerful security measures.

9. Comparison with Other Review Papers

Companies are facing major issues in satisfying the requirements specified by data protection regulations, such as CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Law), GDPR (General Data Protection Rules), and PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard). There is [7]. These regulations impose strict rules on how companies handle and protect confidential data, including customer information. These regulations often have specific and complex guidelines that companies must obey, and their complexity is a major issue. It is difficult to secure compliance while maintaining effective electronic commercial transactions because it requires a large number of resources, time, and expertise in performing necessary changes for processes, systems, and policy. It may be [7]. Balance the compliance requirements is a major hurdle without hindering the smooth management of electronic commercial transactions. Companies need to invest in powerful data protection measures, employee education, safe technical infrastructure, and regular audits in order to ensure smooth operation of electronic commerce and to comply with these regulations.

The invariable and transparent nature of the blockchain is a powerful tool that enhances the security of electronic commercial transactions by preparing an invariable transaction record. This ledger is like a diary that is impossible to edit, and cannot be changed or deleted once information is added. This function is linked to the previous transaction to the previous transaction, and it helps to prevent data operation and unauthorized changes because it forms a very difficult chain. [28] In addition, the transparency allows each participant in the blockchain network to access the full history of the transaction, enhancing the openness and reliability between users. The combination of this transparency with immutability is guaranteed the perfection of transaction data and the true nature, creating a high resistance to cheating and tampering attempts. As a result, blockchain technology provides advanced security and trust in electronic commercial transactions by providing a safe and transparent ledger to maintain the accuracy and reliability of transaction records. [28] Companies are a major issue in satisfying the requirements specified by data protection regulations, such as CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Law), GDPR (General Data Protection Rules), and PCI DSS (Payment Card Card Industry Data Security Standard) Faced. [7] These regulations impose strict rules on how companies handle and protect confidential data, including customer information. These regulations often have specific and complex guidelines that companies must obey, and their complexity is a major issue. It is difficult to secure compliance while maintaining effective electronic commercial transactions because it requires a large number of resources, time, and expertise in performing necessary changes for processes, systems, and policy. It may be [7]. Balance the compliance requirements is a major hurdle without hindering the smooth management of electronic commercial transactions. Companies need to invest in powerful data protection measures, employee education, safe technical infrastructure, and regular audits in order to ensure smooth operation of electronic commerce and to comply with these regulations.

10. Related Study

The invariable and transparent nature of the blockchain is a powerful tool that enhances the security of electronic commercial transactions by preparing an invariable transaction record. This ledger is like a diary that is impossible to edit, and cannot be changed or deleted once information is added. This function is linked to the previous transaction to the previous transaction, and it helps to prevent data operation and unauthorized changes because it forms a very difficult chain. [28] In addition, the transparency allows each participant in the blockchain network to access the full history of the transaction, enhancing the openness and reliability between users. The combination of this transparency with immutability is guaranteed the perfection of transaction data and the true nature, creating a high resistance to cheating and tampering attempts. As a result, blockchain technology provides advanced security and trust in electronic commercial transactions by providing a safe and transparent ledger to maintain the accuracy and reliability of transaction records. [28] Companies are facing major issues in satisfying the requirements specified by data protection regulations, such as CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Law), GDPR (General Data Protection Rules), and PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard). There is [7]. These regulations impose strict rules on how companies handle and protect confidential data, including customer information. These regulations often have specific and complex guidelines that companies must obey, and their complexity is a major issue. It is difficult to secure compliance while maintaining effective electronic commercial transactions because it requires a large number of resources, time, and expertise in performing necessary changes for processes, systems, and policy. It may be [7]. Balance the compliance requirements is a major hurdle without hindering the smooth management of electronic commercial transactions. Companies need to invest in powerful data protection measures, employee education, safe technical infrastructure, and regular audits in order to ensure smooth operation of electronic commerce and to comply with these regulations.

The blockchain technology enhances data security in electronic commercial transactions by using advanced encryption methods and distributed structures. By encryption, confidential information is encrypted, only allowed individuals can access, and are protected from illegal eyes. The hashesis converts the data to a unique string further, making it incredibly difficult for hackers to operate or decrypt the original information. [28] Furthermore, the consensus mechanism of the blockchain guarantees that the data stored on the network is agreed by multiple participants, making it difficult for a single entity to change information without agreement. do. This distributed structure means that the data is not stored in one place, reducing the risk of central disability points, making it extremely difficult for cyber attackers to enter the system. The use of encryption technology and distributed structure makes blockchain technology a central role in protecting customer information, reducing the possibility of data infringement in electronic commercial transactions. [28]

The blockchain technology provides a distributed ID management system that is greatly useful for preventing misconduct in electronic commercial transactions and enhancing authentication. Such systems promote a more secure, reliable ID management and verification method by using the digital ID stored in the blockchain [29]. Through blockchai n-based digital IDs, individuals can manage their personal information in more detail. This empowerment allows you to selectively disclose only important details about transactions, and protect confidential data from exposure. Part of this system, a sel f-powe r-type id solution, enables individuals to manage their ID independently without relying on centralized authorities. This progress will enhance the trust and security in electronic commercial transactions by safely verifying identity without relying on intermediaries, reducing the risk of identity theft and fraud. By utilizing the distributed ID management of blockchain, electronic commercial transactions can build a more secure and reliable trading environment, protect user IDs, and prevent fraud. blockchain technology enhances data security in electronic commercial transactions by using advanced encryption methods and distributed structures. By encryption, confidential information is encrypted, only allowed individuals can access, and are protected from illegal eyes. The hashesis converts the data to a unique string further, making it incredibly difficult for hackers to operate or decrypt the original information. [28] Furthermore, the consensus mechanism of the blockchain guarantees that the data stored on the network is agreed by multiple participants, making it difficult for a single entity to change information without agreement. do. This distributed structure means that the data is not stored in one place, reducing the risk of central disability points, making it extremely difficult for cyber attackers to enter the system. The use of encryption technology and distributed structure makes blockchain technology a central role in protecting customer information, reducing the possibility of data infringement in electronic commercial transactions. [28]

The blockchain technology provides a distributed ID management system that is greatly useful for preventing misconduct in electronic commercial transactions and enhancing authentication. Such systems promote a more secure, reliable ID management and verification method by using the digital ID stored in the blockchain [29]. Through blockchai n-based digital IDs, individuals can manage their personal information in more detail. This empowerment allows you to selectively disclose only important details about transactions, and protect confidential data from exposure. Part of this system, a sel f-powe r-type id solution, enables individuals to manage their ID independently without relying on centralized authorities. This progress will enhance the trust and security in electronic commercial transactions by safely verifying identity without relying on intermediaries, reducing the risk of identity theft and fraud. By utilizing the distributed ID management of blockchain, electronic commercial transactions can build a more secure and reliable trading environment, protect user IDs, and prevent fraud. The blockchain technology enhances data security in electronic commercial transactions by using advanced encryption methods and distributed structures. By encryption, confidential information is encrypted, only allowed individuals can access, and are protected from illegal eyes. The hashesis converts the data to a unique string further, making it incredibly difficult for hackers to operate or decrypt the original information. [28] Furthermore, the consensus mechanism of the blockchain guarantees that the data stored on the network is agreed by multiple participants, making it difficult for a single entity to change information without agreement. do. This distributed structure means that the data is not stored in one place, reducing the risk of central disability points, making it extremely difficult for cyber attackers to enter the system. The use of encryption technology and distributed structure makes blockchain technology a central role in protecting customer information, reducing the possibility of data infringement in electronic commercial transactions. [28]

Blockchain-based payment systems play a key role in enhancing security by providing secure and transparent transactions without relying on intermediaries such as banks or payment processors.[28] These systems use blockchain's distributed ledger to securely record and verify transactions, reducing the risk of fraud and unauthorized changes.[28] Furthermore, smart contracts, a key feature of blockchain technology, automate and enforce predefined conditions for transactions without the need for intermediaries.[9] These contracts are like digital agreements that are automatically executed when certain conditions are met, ensuring that both parties fulfill their obligations transparently and securely.[9] Automating the process by codifying the terms of the agreement and executing them as planned minimizes the risk of disagreement and fraud. This reduced reliance on a central authority for trust is due to the codified execution of contract clauses. Blockchain-powered payment systems and smart contracts make e-commerce more secure, efficient, and resistant to disputes and fraud, increasing trust between transacting parties.

Blockchain technology is crucial in improving supply chain transparency by creating an immutable record of critical information. This includes details about the product's origin, its trajectory through the supply chain, and verification of authenticity.[31] This immutable record securely and transparently documents each step of the supply chain, making it difficult to change or tamper with the information.[28] This transparency helps prevent counterfeiting, as it makes it easier to trace the origin and movement of goods.[31] By providing a reliable way to verify the authenticity of products, blockchain helps ensure that customers receive authentic goods when making e-commerce purchases. Essentially, blockchain's contribution to supply chain transparency and authentication instills greater trust and confidence in consumers. This ensures that they receive authentic and high-quality goods, acting as a deterrent to counterfeiting and falsification activities in the e-commerce domain.[31] Blockchain-based payment systems play a key role in enhancing security by providing secure and transparent transactions without relying on intermediaries such as banks and payment processors.[28] These systems use blockchain's distributed ledger to securely record and verify transactions, reducing the risk of fraud and unauthorized changes.[28] Moreover, smart contracts, a key feature of blockchain technology, automate and enforce predefined conditions for a transaction without the involvement of an intermediary [9]. These agreements are like digital contracts that are automatically executed when certain conditions are met, ensuring that both parties fulfill their obligations transparently and securely [9]. Codifying the terms of the agreement and automating the process by executing them as planned minimizes the risk of disagreements and fraud. This reduced reliance on a central authority for trust is due to the codified execution of contract clauses. Blockchain-powered payment systems and smart contracts make e-commerce more secure, efficient, and resistant to disputes and fraud, thus increasing trust between transacting parties.

Blockchain technology is crucial in improving supply chain transparency by creating an immutable record of critical information. This includes details about the product's origin, its trajectory in the supply chain, and verification of its authenticity [31]. This immutable record ensures that each step of the supply chain is securely and transparently documented, making it difficult to change or tamper with the information [28]. This transparency helps prevent counterfeiting, as it makes it easier to trace the origin and movement of goods.[31] By providing a reliable way to verify the authenticity of products, blockchain helps ensure that customers receive authentic goods when making e-commerce purchases. Essentially, blockchain's contribution to supply chain transparency and authentication instills greater trust and confidence in consumers. This ensures that they receive genuine and high-quality goods, and acts as a deterrent to counterfeiting and falsification activities in the e-commerce domain.[31] Blockchain-based payment systems play a key role in enhancing security by providing secure and transparent transactions without relying on intermediaries such as banks and payment processors.[28] These systems use blockchain's distributed ledger to securely record and verify transactions, reducing the risk of fraud and unauthorized changes.[28] Furthermore, smart contracts, a key feature of blockchain technology, automate and enforce predefined conditions on a transaction without the need for an intermediary.[9] These agreements are like digital contracts that are automatically executed when certain conditions are met, ensuring that both parties fulfill their obligations transparently and securely.[9] Codifying contract terms and automating the process by executing them as planned minimizes the risk of disagreements and fraud. This reduced reliance on a central authority for trust is due to the codified execution of contract clauses. Blockchain-powered payment systems and smart contracts make e-commerce more secure, efficient, and resistant to disputes and fraud, thus increasing trust between transacting parties.

Blockchain technology is crucial in improving supply chain transparency by creating an immutable record of key information. This includes details about the origin of a product, its trajectory within the supply chain, and verification of its authenticity.[31] This immutable record ensures that each step of the supply chain is securely and transparently documented, making the information difficult to change or tamper with.[28] This transparency helps prevent counterfeit goods, as it makes it easier to trace the origin and movement of goods.[31] By providing a reliable way to verify the authenticity of a product, blockchain helps ensure that customers receive authentic goods when making e-commerce purchases. Essentially, blockchain’s contribution to supply chain transparency and authentication instills greater trust and confidence in consumers. This ensures that customers receive authentic, high-quality products and acts as a deterrent to counterfeiting and falsification in the e-commerce sector.[31]

Distributed markets using blockchain technology have eliminated the necessity of central authorities and have the potential to change electronic commercial transactions. As a result, secure transactions are promoted directly between peers. [28] Such a market is operated without a single management, and instead depends on the blockchain's no n-centralized properties. [32] As a result, a more secure transaction environment is provided because data is not saved in the center where it is easy to attack. With the no n-centralized structure of the blockchain structure, transaction data is available on the entire network, making it extremely difficult for hackers to enter the system and operate information. By eliminating centralized dependence on authority, the distributed market reduces the risk of data leakage and hacking attacks, and enhances security and trust among participants involved in pierced pears electronic commercial transactions.

The blockchain technology provides a system that can be transparent and easy to control to electronic business operators, which is very useful in satisfying regulatory compliance requirements. In addition, the no n-centralized feature of the blockchain does not manage data, improving reliability and reducing the risk of fraudulent operations. By using the transparent and unchanged record of the blockchain, electronic commercial companies can rationalize management, demonstrate compliance to data protection regulations such as GDPR and CCPA, and maintain the perfection of transactions. It is possible to promote the trust between the stakeholders and the regulatory authorities. Distributed markets that use the blockchain technology have the potential to eliminate the necessity of central authorities and change electronic commercial transactions. As a result, secure transactions are promoted directly between peers. [28] Such a market is operated without a single management, and instead depends on the blockchain's no n-centralized properties. [32] As a result, a more secure transaction environment is provided because data is not saved in the center where it is easy to attack. With the no n-centralized structure of the blockchain structure, transaction data is available on the entire network, making it extremely difficult for hackers to enter the system and operate information. By eliminating centralized dependence on authority, the distributed market reduces the risk of data leakage and hacking attacks, and enhances security and trust among participants involved in pierced pears electronic commercial transactions.

The blockchain technology provides a system that can be transparent and easy to control to electronic business operators, which is very useful in satisfying regulatory compliance requirements. In addition, the no n-centralized feature of the blockchain does not manage data, improving reliability and reducing the risk of fraudulent operations. By using the transparent and unchanged record of the blockchain, electronic commercial companies can rationalize management, demonstrate compliance to data protection regulations such as GDPR and CCPA, and maintain the perfection of transactions. It is possible to promote the trust between the stakeholders and the regulatory authorities. Distributed markets using blockchain technology have eliminated the necessity of central authorities and have the potential to change electronic commercial transactions. As a result, secure transactions are promoted directly between peers. [28] Such a market is operated without a single management, and instead depends on the no n-centralized properties of blockchain. [32] As a result, a more secure transaction environment is provided because data is not saved in the center where the attack is easily attacked. With the no n-centralized structure of the blockchain structure, transaction data is available on the entire network, making it extremely difficult for hackers to enter the system and operate information. By eliminating centralized dependence on authority, the distributed market reduces the risk of data leakage and hacking attacks, and enhances security and trust among participants involved in pierced pears electronic commercial transactions.

The blockchain is facing major issues in terms of integration into scalability and existing electronic business systems. [33] As the blockchain network grows, this technology faces the issue of quickly and efficiently processing a large amount of transactions. In addition, integrating blockchain into the current electronic commercial infrastructure is an issue because it is necessary to make significant changes to compatibility and significant changes to existing systems. In order to overcome these obstacles, the current ongoing initiatives focuses on improving blockchain scalability by developing solutions such as shaking, of f-chain transactions, and Layight Protocol [33]. It is being. These are aimed at strengthening the ability to process more transactions without impairing the blockchain network. In addition, efforts have been made for interoperable operability standards to enable different blockchains to communicate and cooperate seamlessly. While ensuring smooth integration into existing electronic commercial infrastructure, dealing with these scalability concerns is still in order to make use of blockchain security benefits without impairing performance and usability. It is an important focus. blockchain is facing major issues in terms of scalability and integration into existing electronic business systems. [33] As the blockchain network grows, this technology faces the issue of quickly and efficiently processing a large amount of transactions. In addition, integrating blockchain into the current electronic commercial infrastructure is an issue because it is necessary to make significant changes to compatibility and significant changes to existing systems. In order to overcome these obstacles, the current ongoing initiatives focuses on improving blockchain scalability by developing solutions such as shaking, of f-chain transactions, and Layight Protocol [33]. It is being. These are aimed at strengthening the ability to process more transactions without impairing the blockchain network. In addition, efforts have been made for interoperable operability standards to enable different blockchains to communicate and cooperate seamlessly. While ensuring smooth integration into existing electronic commercial infrastructure, dealing with these scalability concerns is still in order to make use of blockchain security benefits without impairing performance and usability. It is an important focus. The blockchain is facing major issues in terms of integrating scalability and existing electronic commercial transaction systems. As the blockchain network grows, this technology faces the issue of quickly and efficiently processing a large amount of transactions. In addition, integrating blockchain into the current electronic commercial infrastructure is an issue because it is necessary to make significant changes to compatibility and significant changes to existing systems. In order to overcome these obstacles, the current ongoing initiatives focuses on improving blockchain scalability by developing solutions such as shaking, of f-chain transactions, and Layight Protocol [33]. It is being. These are aimed at strengthening the ability to process more transactions without impairing the blockchain network. In addition, efforts have been made for interoperable operability standards to enable different blockchains to communicate and cooperate seamlessly. While ensuring smooth integration into existing electronic commercial infrastructure, dealing with these scalability concerns is still in order to make use of blockchain security benefits without impairing performance and usability. It is an important focus.

As blockchain technology continues to evolve, some new trends are trying to significantly affect the security of electronic commercial transactions. One of these trends is the development and adoption of layer 2 solutions designed to improve the scalability and efficiency of blockchain networks. Laye r-t o-solutions, including side chains and of f-chain protocols, such as Bitcoin Lightning Network and other cryptocurrency similar options, reduce security by alleviating congestion on the main blockchain. The purpose is to increase the transaction speed and reduce costs. Another important trend is the focus on interoperable operability that allows different blockchain networks to communicate seamlessly and share information. Initiatives, such as cros s-chain communication protocols and projects that focus on interoperable operability, facilitates assets and data between different blockchains, promoting more flexible ecosystem connected to electronic commercial transactions. In addition, consensus mechanisms are being developed, such as exploring new and more energ y-efficient protocols, exceeding the proof of work (POW) and the proof of stake (POS). Innovation such as proof of authority (POA) and practical, visentine, fallen, trays (PBFT), provide safety improvement.

Furthermore, it is quite difficult to introduce a blockchain in electronic commercial transactions due to differences in laws and regulations depending on the country. The coordination between the government is important, and it is necessary to formulate standardized regulations between countries. To enable the implementation of the blockchain [7]. As the

All transactions and data inputs on the blockchain are recorded and stored sequentially. The size of the blockchain grows with the number of transactions. Each participant in the network will have a full copy of the blockchain, making storage a serious challenge for participants. To overcome this load issue, the data on the blockchain can be split into smaller segments and distributed across multiple nodes. Irrelevant data would be deleted without affecting the integrity of the data. Furthermore, off-chain may be the best solution for dealing with less sensitive data [33]. Using cloud services can improve scalability and also reduce storage responsibility [33]. Table 2 shows various challenges in implementing blockchain and their mitigation measures.

Data leakage and security threats

E-commerce platforms store huge amounts of sensitive data, which makes them a target for attackers. Blockchain provides a decentralized and immutable ledger, which can overcome this risk by distributing data across a network of nodes. Each transaction is linked to cryptography, making it difficult for attackers to destroy or modify the data. By implementing blockchain, Walmart was able to improve security in several ways:

Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

Last modified: 27.08.2024

The blockchain improves government service efficiency and data security, meanwhile it faces challenges in throughput and supervision. In order to meet these. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that duplicates and distributes transactions across the network of computers participating in the. Financial service providers find blockchain technology useful to enhance authenticity, security, and risk management.

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