Harmful types of gambling changes and emerging trends in longitudinal helpline data European
Harmful types of gambling: changes and emerging trends in longitudinal helpline data
Contact: Virve MarionNeau, Centre for Research on Addiction, Control and Governance (CEACG), School of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 42 (Unioninkatu 33), 00014, Finland, Tel: +358 294123768, e-mail: virve.
Find other works by this author Søren Christiansen Søren Christiansen Aalborg University, School of Sociology and Department of Social Work Denmark Denmark Find other works by this author Håkan Wall Håkan Wall Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council Stockholm Sweden Find other works by this authorEuropean Journal of Public Health, Volume 34, Issue 2, April 2024, Pages 335-341, https://doi. org/10. 1093/eurpub/ckae024
Date of publication February 22, 2024 AccessedCite
Virve MarionNeau, Søren Kristiansen, Håkan Wall, Harmful types of gambling: changes and emerging trends in longitudinal helpline data, European Journal of Public Health, Volume 34, Issue 2, April 2024, Pages 335-341, https://doi. org /10. 1093/eurpub/ckae024
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BackgroundGaming products vary in their potential for harm. Products are constantly evolving and changing. However, few studies have addressed changes and trends in gambling types related to harm. This study explores trends in categories of gambling products perceived as harmful from longitudinal data in three Nordic countries.
MethodologyWe use data on daily activities collected from national helplines in Denmark (Stopspillet), Finland (Peluuri) and Sweden (Stödlinjen) (n = 46 646). The data consist of information collected on problem gamblers and their significant others who contacted these helplines between January 2019 and December 2022. We analyze which gambling products were reported as harmful by customers. The analysis uses linear regression with the interaction term (country) regressed on time on the outcome variable (rate per month).
Analysis resultsAs a result, it was found that the ratio of contact related to online gambling has increased. Online casino products are the most harmful categories in all environments. The share of online betting and the newly emerged electronic form of damage is also increasing. The share of lan d-based products as a reported source of damage has decreased from 2019 to 22.
ConclusionThis suggests that online gambling environments, especially online casino products, are associated with the harm of help seekers. The harmful of different gambling products is not stable and may change over time. In order to deal with the online gambling department including new forms, further harm prevention efforts are required.
Introduction
Gambling can cause serious harm to individuals and society. The harm of gambling refers to a wide range of adverse effects related to gambling, from economic harm to the collapse of human relationships, as well as suicide, 1. 1 1. The risk of harm is exposed, environmental, and available gambling products. It increases due to predictable factors, such as types. 2) For example, gambling through online channels and the spread of gambling products rooted in the land are related to increased harm. 3, 4 The level of harm varies depending on the type of gambling product.
Until now, the harmful of various gambling products has been studied mainly using cros s-cutting methods. This includes collective research used to identify the level of gambling, the problem of the players of various gambling products. Overall studies include electronic game consoles (EGM), other online casino products, lan d-based EGMs (no n-casinos and casinos), and various forms of sports betting, which are the middle risk of gambling or problem gambling. It is shown that the highest participation rate among the identified people. 5-7 These same products are also related to harm other than problem gambling. 8 In other group surveys, we focus on the harmful opinions of various products. In particular, online EGM, EGM, and hig h-speed online betting products are harmful. 6 < Span> As a result, it turned out that the percentage of contact related to online gambling has increased. Online casino products are the most harmful categories in all environments. The share of online betting and the newly emerged electronic form of damage is also increasing. The share of lan d-based products as a reported source of damage has decreased from 2019 to 22.
Conclusion
This suggests that online gambling environments, especially online casino products, are associated with the harm of help seekers. The harmful of different gambling products is not stable and may change over time. In order to deal with the online gambling department including new forms, further harm prevention efforts are required.
Gambling can cause serious harm to individuals and society. The harm of gambling refers to a wide range of adverse effects related to gambling, from economic harm to the collapse of human relationships, as well as suicide, 1. 1 1. The risk of harm is exposed, environmental, and available gambling products. It increases due to predictable factors, such as types. 2) For example, gambling through online channels and the spread of gambling products rooted in the land are related to increased harm. 3, 4 The level of harm varies depending on the type of gambling product.
Until now, the harmful of various gambling products has been studied mainly using cros s-cutting methods. This includes collective research used to identify the level of gambling, the problem of the players of various gambling products. Overall studies include electronic game consoles (EGM), other online casino products, lan d-based EGMs (no n-casinos and casinos), and various forms of sports betting, which are the middle risk of gambling or problem gambling. It is shown that the highest participation rate among the identified people. 5-7 These same products are also related to harm other than problem gambling. 8 In other group surveys, we focus on the harmful opinions of various products. In particular, online EGM, EGM, and hig h-speed online betting products are harmful. 6 As a result, it was found that the ratio of contact related to online gambling has increased. Online casino products are the most harmful categories in all environments. The share of online betting and the newly emerged electronic form of damage is also increasing. The share of lan d-based products as a reported source of damage has decreased from 2019 to 22.
Setting
Conclusion
This suggests that online gambling environments, especially online casino products, are associated with the harm of help seekers. The harmful of different gambling products is not stable and may change over time. In order to deal with the online gambling department including new forms, further harm prevention efforts are required.
Gambling can cause serious harm to individuals and society. The harm of gambling refers to a wide range of adverse effects related to gambling, from economic harm to the collapse of human relationships, as well as suicide, 1. 1 1. The risk of harm is exposed, environmental, and available gambling products. It increases due to predictable factors, such as types. 2) For example, gambling through online channels and the spread of gambling products rooted in the land are related to increased harm. 3, 4 The level of harm varies depending on the type of gambling product.
Until now, the harmful of various gambling products has been studied mainly using cros s-cutting methods. This includes collective research used to identify the level of gambling, the problem of the players of various gambling products. Overall studies include electronic game consoles (EGM), other online casino products, lan d-based EGMs (no n-casinos and casinos), and various forms of sports betting, which are the middle risk of gambling or problem gambling. It is shown that the highest participation rate among the identified people. 5-7 These same products are also related to harm other than problem gambling. 8 In other group surveys, we focus on the harmful opinions of various products. In particular, online EGM, EGM, and hig h-speed online betting products are harmful. 6
Harmful gambling products have many problems. For example, an impressive feature used from video games design, such as the speed and frequency of the event, the interaction, the size of the bet, and the possibility of positioning upward. 3, 9 Several evaluation and assessment tools have been developed to assess game products based on their characteristics. 9 Similar evaluations can be used by game companies for product development.
Methods
Data
There are few studies on the vertical change of gambling products related to harmful properties. Some vertical studies have surveyed the trends of product sales over time, especially the change of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). 12 As far as we know, there is no pr e-study that maps the trend of harm of different gambling products. < SPAN> harmful gambling products have many problems. For example, an impressive feature used from video games design, such as the speed and frequency of the event, the interaction, the size of the bet, and the possibility of positioning upward. 3, 9 Several evaluation and assessment tools have been developed to assess game products based on their characteristics. 9 Similar evaluations can be used by game companies for product development.
There are few studies on the vertical change of gambling products related to harmful properties. Some vertical studies have surveyed the trends of product sales over time, especially the change of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). 12 As far as we know, there is no pr e-study that maps the trend of harm of different gambling products. Harmful gambling products have many problems. For example, an impressive feature used from video games design, such as the speed and frequency of the event, the interaction, the size of the bet, and the possibility of positioning upward. 3, 9 Several evaluation and assessment tools have been developed to assess game products based on their characteristics. 9 Similar evaluations can be used by game companies for product development.
Variables
There are few studies on the vertical change of gambling products related to harmful properties. Some vertical studies have surveyed the trends of product sales over time, especially the change of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). 12 As far as we know, there is no pr e-study that maps the trend of harm of different gambling products.
However, the gaming industry is constantly developing and expanding its provisions to attract new market segments and maintain the interest of existing players. In addition to the traditional gaming industry, new developments are being held. In recent years, products similar to new gambling (or “Chance Games” 12) have gained popularity. ESPORT betting, which bets money on the results of video game competitions, is that. 13 Esports are known to be related to gambling problems and harmful effects. 14, 15 Betting to leather is an example of new gambling products. Betting the skin is used as a currency of decorations in computer games. 13 Skins are also betting in games based on them, and are often used as an ESPORT event as a bet on an online business with no restrictions. 16, 17 According to recent evidence, skinbetting suggests that young gamblers gambl e-related issues. 12, 16 Cryptocurrency trading is an emerging product similar to gambling. Cryptocurrency is a digital currency based on blockchain technology. Like a skin, cryptocurrencies can be traded or used as gambling currency. Recent scope reviews have shown that there may be a correlation between the symptoms of gambling addiction and the strength of cryptocurrency trading. 18 Finally, a random box box, a rando m-ized i n-game reward mechanism, causes concerns from its gambling characteristics. Evidence of participation in a loot box and causal relationship between the gambling gambling varies, but empirical research has found the use of a loot box and a problem gambling. 19-21 Participation in such new forms of gambling is still increasing at the population level, but is particularly among young men. 12This study explores trends in categories of gambling products that cause harm using longitudinal data (n = 46, 646) from three Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, and Sweden). Nordic countries are a good source of information on new gambling trends. Nordic countries were among the first to introduce legal online gambling and have many social commonalities. Denmark, Finland, and Sweden have national gambling helplines that regularly collect data on contact, including gambling products involved or identified as a source of harm. As helplines are typically the first line of help and support, helpline data provide interesting data on gambling-related harm and trends. 22 Helplines lower the threshold for receiving help for a range of gambling-related harms, beyond just diagnosed gambling disorder. Therefore, helpline data can reach a wider range of individuals experiencing gambling harm and provide information on a broader range of harms than population surveys. While self-reported gambling generally provides sufficient reliability, helpline data also have a broad reach to those experiencing gambling harm and can provide information on a broader range of harms than population surveys. 23, 24 Helpline data have a broad reach, especially in Europe, and their customer demographics reflect populations identified in population surveys as at risk for gambling harm (especially men, younger adults, and older adults). 22 Assistance data have previously been used to study trends in gambling harm across societies, 25, 26 or the main product categories that cause harm at a particular point in time. 27 However, to our knowledge, no prior studies have used assistance data to identify changes or emerging trends in harmful gambling product categories.
| Denmark, Finland, and Sweden are Scandinavian societies with similar social organizations and similar support structures to assist people who experience gambling harm. The three countries are also similar in terms of their gambling offerings, which consist of a wide variety of land-based and electronic products. In these countries, various forms of gambling are widely legally available in online and land-based environments. | Denmark has a license system for products other than the national lottery. Danske SPIL's monopoly was opened to the licensed provider in 2012, but Danske Spil has been a major operator in all product categories. According to H2 Gambling Capital estimates, the Denmark licensing market is estimated to be 89 % in 2021. The Danish organization is managed by the Danish Gambling Agency. Helpline was established in 2019, and its services are for gamblers, digital players, and stakeholders (CSO). STOPSPILLET is operated by phone and chat. | Finland supports a system that monopolizes all land gambling and online gambling, but this monopoly will be open to the online gambling license market in 2026. VEIKKAUS, an exclusive company, is facing a major competition with overseas gambling operators. The 28 Finland Peluuri Helprine is funded by Finnish exclusive businesses. Peluuri has been operated since 2004. The service is for players, digital players and CSOs. Help is provided through online resources such as telephone, chat, online and peer support. | In Sweden, lan d-based gambling is mainly offered by SVENSKA SPEL. Online gambling was regulated under the license system in 2019. A licensed businesses can provide online casino products, sports betting, and online horse racing. Swedish Helprine Stödlinjen is operated by the Stockholm Prefectural Council Psychiatry Research Center and has been funded by the Ministry of Health and Socials. Stödlinjen has been operated since 1999. Stödlinjen supports players and CSO by telephone, chat, e-mail, and email. |
|---|---|---|---|
| The observation period (2019-22) also coincided with the epidemic of COVID-19 in the world and Scandinavian countries. Scandinavian countries are slightly different in terms of supporting COVID-19, which may have affected gambling supply. 26 The constraints of the possibility of use are more important in Finland than Sweden and Denmark, and such differences in possibilities are reported, such as the s o-called "usable theory" 3 suggested. It may be reflected in Sea King 26. | Data collected by STOPSPILLET (DK) and Peluuri (Fi) calls and chat contacts (from January 2019 to December 2022) and Stödlinjen Online Problembling Screener (from January 2019) Until June 2022) was used. The collection of data in Sweden has only been extended until June 2022, due to the change in the screamer, due to the quality of the data. Each helpline collects data on the contents of the contact (or the screener completion) and the time stamp so that it can analyze over time. All data include 46 646 (Sweden: 42 563, Finland: 2239, Denmark: 1844). In Finland and Denmark, only players and CSOs were targeted. Mankus, wrong calls, and contacts that are not directly related to help King have been excluded. For analysis, the data was tabulated on a monthly basis. | The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Helsinki, the University of Helsinki, and the Ethical Ethics Examination Committee (DNR 2022-03651-01) (Sweden). | The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Helsinki, the University of Helsinki, and the Ethical Ethics Examination Committee (DNR 2022-03651-01) (Sweden). |
| Table 1 | Game product category used for analysis | Product category | Product category |
| Finland | n/a | Sweden | Sweden |
| Physical betting | Sports betting | Sports betting | Online sports and beds |
| Online betting | Sports betting on the Internet | Sports betting on the Internet | Horse game (online and land) |
| Horse game (channel unspecified) | Horse game (channel undefined) | Installed casino | Physical casino (blackjack, roulette) |
| Casino game on land site | International rules casino games | Online casino | Online casino |
| Online casino game. EGMS Online | Online casino game | poker | Online poker, physical poker |
| Online poker, live poker | Online poker, Land Base Poker | Landbase EGM other than casinos | Landbase EGM other than casinos |
| Denmark, Finland, and Sweden are Scandinavian societies with similar social organizations and similar support structures to assist people who experience gambling harm. The three countries are also similar in terms of their gambling offerings, which consist of a wide variety of land-based and electronic products. In these countries, various forms of gambling are widely legally available in online and land-based environments. | Denmark has a license system for products other than the national lottery. Danske SPIL's monopoly was opened to the licensed provider in 2012, but Danske Spil has been a major operator in all product categories. According to H2 Gambling Capital estimates, the Denmark licensing market is estimated to be 89 % in 2021. The Danish organization is managed by the Danish Gambling Agency. Helpline was established in 2019, and its services are for gamblers, digital players, and stakeholders (CSO). STOPSPILLET is operated by phone and chat. | Finland supports a system that monopolizes all land gambling and online gambling, but this monopoly will be open to the online gambling license market in 2026. VEIKKAUS, an exclusive company, is facing a major competition with overseas gambling operators. The 28 Finland Peluuri Helprine is funded by Finnish exclusive businesses. Peluuri has been operated since 2004. The service is for players, digital players and CSOs. Help is provided through online resources such as telephone, chat, online and peer support. | In Sweden, lan d-based gambling is mainly offered by SVENSKA SPEL. Online gambling was regulated under the license system in 2019. A licensed businesses can provide online casino products, sports betting, and online horse racing. Swedish Helprine Stödlinjen is operated by the Stockholm Prefectural Council Psychiatry Research Center and has been funded by the Ministry of Health and Socials. Stödlinjen has been operated since 1999. Stödlinjen supports players and CSO by telephone, chat, e-mail, and email. |
|---|---|---|---|
| The observation period (2019-22) also coincided with the epidemic of COVID-19 in the world and Scandinavian countries. Scandinavian countries are slightly different in terms of supporting COVID-19, which may have affected gambling supply. 26 The constraints of the possibility of use are more important in Finland than Sweden and Denmark, and such differences in possibilities are reported, such as the s o-called "usable theory" 3 suggested. It may be reflected in Sea King 26. | Data collected by STOPSPILLET (DK) and Peluuri (Fi) calls and chat contacts (from January 2019 to December 2022) and Stödlinjen Online Problembling Screener (from January 2019) Until June 2022) was used. The collection of data in Sweden has only been extended until June 2022, due to the change in the screamer, due to the quality of the data. Each helpline collects data on the contents of the contact (or the screener completion) and the time stamp so that it can analyze over time. All data include 46 646 (Sweden: 42 563, Finland: 2239, Denmark: 1844). In Finland and Denmark, only players and CSOs were targeted. Mankus, wrong calls, and contacts that are not directly related to help King have been excluded. For analysis, the data was tabulated on a monthly basis. | The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Helsinki, the University of Helsinki, and the Ethical Ethics Examination Committee (DNR 2022-03651-01) (Sweden). | The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Helsinki, the University of Helsinki, and the Ethical Ethics Examination Committee (DNR 2022-03651-01) (Sweden). |
| Table 1 | Game product category used for analysis | Product category | Product category |
| Finland | n/a | Sweden | Sweden |
| Physical betting | Sports betting | Sports betting | Online sports and beds |
| Online betting | Sports betting on the Internet | Sports betting on the Internet | Horse game (online and land) |
| Horse game (channel unspecified) | Horse game (channel undefined) | Installed casino | Physical casino (blackjack, roulette) |
| Casino game on land site | International rules casino games | Online casino | Online casino |
| Online casino game. EGMS Online | Online casino game | poker | Online poker, physical poker |
| Online poker, live poker | Online poker, Land Base Poker | Landbase EGM other than casinos | Landbase EGM other than casinos |
This study explores trends in categories of gambling products that cause harm using longitudinal data (n = 46, 646) from three Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, and Sweden). Nordic countries are a good source of information on new gambling trends. Nordic countries were among the first to introduce legal online gambling and have many social commonalities. Denmark, Finland, and Sweden have national gambling helplines that regularly collect data on contact, including gambling products involved or identified as a source of harm. As helplines are typically the first line of help and support, helpline data provide interesting data on gambling-related harm and trends. 22 Helplines lower the threshold for receiving help for a range of gambling-related harms, beyond just diagnosed gambling disorder. Therefore, helpline data can reach a wider range of individuals experiencing gambling harm and provide information on a broader range of harms than population surveys. While self-reported gambling generally provides sufficient reliability, helpline data also have a broad reach to those experiencing gambling harm and can provide information on a broader range of harms than population surveys. 23, 24 Helpline data have a broad reach, especially in Europe, and their customer demographics reflect populations identified in population surveys as at risk for gambling harm (especially men, younger adults, and older adults). 22 Assistance data have previously been used to study trends in gambling harm across societies, 25, 26 or the main product categories that cause harm at a particular point in time. 27 However, to our knowledge, no prior studies have used assistance data to identify changes or emerging trends in harmful gambling product categories.
| Denmark, Finland, and Sweden are Scandinavian societies with similar social organizations and similar support structures to assist people who experience gambling harm. The three countries are also similar in terms of their gambling offerings, which consist of a wide variety of land-based and electronic products. In these countries, various forms of gambling are widely legally available in online and land-based environments. | Denmark has a license system for products other than the national lottery. Danske SPIL's monopoly was opened to the licensed provider in 2012, but Danske Spil has been a major operator in all product categories. According to H2 Gambling Capital estimates, the Denmark licensing market is estimated to be 89 % in 2021. The Danish organization is managed by the Danish Gambling Agency. Helpline was established in 2019, and its services are for gamblers, digital players, and stakeholders (CSO). STOPSPILLET is operated by phone and chat. | Finland supports a system that monopolizes all land gambling and online gambling, but this monopoly will be open to the online gambling license market in 2026. VEIKKAUS, an exclusive company, is facing a major competition with overseas gambling operators. The 28 Finland Peluuri Helprine is funded by Finnish exclusive businesses. Peluuri has been operated since 2004. The service is for players, digital players and CSOs. Help is provided through online resources such as telephone, chat, online and peer support. | In Sweden, lan d-based gambling is mainly offered by SVENSKA SPEL. Online gambling was regulated under the license system in 2019. A licensed businesses can provide online casino products, sports betting, and online horse racing. Swedish Helprine Stödlinjen is operated by the Stockholm Prefectural Council Psychiatry Research Center and has been funded by the Ministry of Health and Socials. Stödlinjen has been operated since 1999. Stödlinjen supports players and CSO by telephone, chat, e-mail, and email. |
|---|---|---|---|
| The observation period (2019-22) also coincided with the epidemic of COVID-19 in the world and Scandinavian countries. Scandinavian countries are slightly different in terms of supporting COVID-19, which may have affected gambling supply. 26 The constraints of the possibility of use are more important in Finland than Sweden and Denmark, and such differences in possibilities are reported, such as the s o-called "usable theory" 3 suggested. It may be reflected in Sea King 26. | Data collected by STOPSPILLET (DK) and Peluuri (Fi) calls and chat contacts (from January 2019 to December 2022) and Stödlinjen Online Problembling Screener (from January 2019) Until June 2022) was used. The collection of data in Sweden has only been extended until June 2022, due to the change in the screamer, due to the quality of the data. Each helpline collects data on the contents of the contact (or the screener completion) and the time stamp so that it can analyze over time. All data include 46 646 (Sweden: 42 563, Finland: 2239, Denmark: 1844). In Finland and Denmark, only players and CSOs were targeted. Mankus, wrong calls, and contacts that are not directly related to help King have been excluded. For analysis, the data was tabulated on a monthly basis. | The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Helsinki, the University of Helsinki, and the Ethical Ethics Examination Committee (DNR 2022-03651-01) (Sweden). | The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Helsinki, the University of Helsinki, and the Ethical Ethics Examination Committee (DNR 2022-03651-01) (Sweden). |
| Table 1 | Game product category used for analysis | Product category | Product category |
| Finland | n/a | Sweden | Sweden |
| Physical betting | Sports betting | Sports betting | Online sports and beds |
| Online betting | Sports betting on the Internet | Sports betting on the Internet | Horse game (online and land) |
| Horse game (channel unspecified) | Horse game (channel undefined) | Installed casino | Physical casino (blackjack, roulette) |
| Casino game on land site | International rules casino games | Online casino | Online casino |
| Online casino game. EGMS Online | Online casino game | poker | Online poker, physical poker |
| Online poker, live poker | Online poker, Land Base Poker | Landbase EGM other than casinos | Landbase EGM other than casinos |
| Denmark, Finland, and Sweden are Scandinavian societies with similar social organizations and similar support structures to assist people who experience gambling harm. The three countries are also similar in terms of their gambling offerings, which consist of a wide variety of land-based and electronic products. In these countries, various forms of gambling are widely legally available in online and land-based environments. | Denmark has a license system for products other than the national lottery. Danske SPIL's monopoly was opened to the licensed provider in 2012, but Danske Spil has been a major operator in all product categories. According to H2 Gambling Capital estimates, the Denmark licensing market is estimated to be 89 % in 2021. The Danish organization is managed by the Danish Gambling Agency. Helpline was established in 2019, and its services are for gamblers, digital players, and stakeholders (CSO). STOPSPILLET is operated by phone and chat. | Finland supports a system that monopolizes all land gambling and online gambling, but this monopoly will be open to the online gambling license market in 2026. VEIKKAUS, an exclusive company, is facing a major competition with overseas gambling operators. The 28 Finland Peluuri Helprine is funded by Finnish exclusive businesses. Peluuri has been operated since 2004. The service is for players, digital players and CSOs. Help is provided through online resources such as telephone, chat, online and peer support. | In Sweden, lan d-based gambling is mainly offered by SVENSKA SPEL. Online gambling was regulated under the license system in 2019. A licensed businesses can provide online casino products, sports betting, and online horse racing. Swedish Helprine Stödlinjen is operated by the Stockholm Prefectural Council Psychiatry Research Center and has been funded by the Ministry of Health and Socials. Stödlinjen has been operated since 1999. Stödlinjen supports players and CSO by telephone, chat, e-mail, and email. |
|---|---|---|---|
| The observation period (2019-22) also coincided with the epidemic of COVID-19 in the world and Scandinavian countries. Scandinavian countries are slightly different in terms of supporting COVID-19, which may have affected gambling supply. 26 The constraints of the possibility of use are more important in Finland than Sweden and Denmark, and such differences in possibilities are reported, such as the s o-called "usable theory" 3 suggested. It may be reflected in Sea King 26. | Data collected by STOPSPILLET (DK) and Peluuri (Fi) calls and chat contacts (from January 2019 to December 2022) and Stödlinjen Online Problembling Screener (from January 2019) Until June 2022) was used. The collection of data in Sweden has only been extended until June 2022, due to the change in the screamer, due to the quality of the data. Each helpline collects data on the contents of the contact (or the screener completion) and the time stamp so that it can analyze over time. All data include 46 646 (Sweden: 42 563, Finland: 2239, Denmark: 1844). In Finland and Denmark, only players and CSOs were targeted. Mankus, wrong calls, and contacts that are not directly related to help King have been excluded. For analysis, the data was tabulated on a monthly basis. | The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Helsinki, the University of Helsinki, and the Ethical Ethics Examination Committee (DNR 2022-03651-01) (Sweden). | The ethical approval of this study was obtained from the Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Helsinki, the University of Helsinki, and the Ethical Ethics Examination Committee (DNR 2022-03651-01) (Sweden). |
| Table 1 | Game product category used for analysis | Product category | Product category |
| Finland | n/a | Sweden | Sweden |
| Physical betting | Sports betting | Sports betting | Online sports and beds |
| Online betting | Sports betting on the Internet | Sports betting on the Internet | Horse game (online and land) |
| Horse game (channel unspecified) | Horse game (channel undefined) | Installed casino | Physical casino (blackjack, roulette) |
| Casino game on land site | International rules casino games | Online casino | Online casino |
| Online casino game. EGMS Online | Online casino game | poker | Online poker, physical poker |
| Online poker, live poker | Online poker, Land Base Poker | Landbase EGM other than casinos | Landbase EGM other than casinos |
68, 6 (5491)
70, 2 (2870) α
Statistical methods
Online Sports Betting
Results
Denmark
48, 6 (284)38, 5 (163)
47, 7 (189)47, 8 (228)
| Finland | 4. 6 (28) | 8. 4 (41) | 12. 1 (40) | 16, 9 (126) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 19. 3 (1540) | 21. 5 (1730) | 20, 9 (855) α | Ground sports betting |
| Denmark | 23, 0 (132) | 17, 4 (73) | 13. 3 (52) | 4, 8 (20) |
| Sweden | 1. 1 (7) | 2. 2 (10) | 1. 3 (5) | 2. 3 (17) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 8, 5 (673) | 8, 8 (710) | 8, 8 (359) α | Terrestrial EGM other than casinos |
| Denmark | 14. 1 (80) | 11, 6 (55) | 6. 4 (25) | 13 (60) |
| Sweden | 44, 4 (281) | 24. 2 (139) | 11, 6 (37) | 10, 3 (77) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 15. 2 (1201) | 13, 8 (1106) | 16 (657) α | poker |
| Denmark | 12, 7 (74) | 12, 7 (53) | 10, 0 (39) | 12, 3 (57) |
| Sweden | 0, 4 (3) | 0, 5 (2) | 0, 2 (1) | 6, 7 (50) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 16. 4 (1302) | 14. 4 (1153) | 15, 3 (629) α | lottery |
| Denmark | 3. 4 (20) | 4. 1 (17) | 2. 7 (11) | 0, 9 (4) |
| Sweden | 2. 1 (13) | 3, 8 (19) | 4, 7 (16) | 14. 2 (107) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 17. 5 (1390) | 17. 4 (1406) | 17. 0 (701) α | Casino |
| Denmark | 5. 8 (31) | 3. 9 (19) | 3. 5 (14) | 3. 8 (18) |
| Sweden | 0. 4 (3) | 0. 5 (3) | 0. 6 (2) | 1. 9 (14) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 7. 2 (572) | 7. 5 (601) | 7. 9 (321) α | Other |
| Denmark | 1. 5 (8) | 5. 7 (21) | 5. 0 (19) | 2. 7 (12) |
| Sweden | 0. 5 (3) | 0. 6 (3) | 1. 5 (5) | 0. 6 (4) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 13. 1 (1041) | 13. 9 (1121) | 14. 3 (585) α | Horse betting |
| Denmark | 5. 8 (31) | 0 (0) | 1. 1 (5) | 0. 3 (1) |
| Sweden | Sweden | 10. 8 (1111) | 11. 5 (916) | 11. 6 (926) |
| 9. 7 (399) α | ||||
| Denmark | 2019. | 2020. | 2021. | 2022. |
| Denmark | 0 (0) | 35. 7 (204) | 47. 4 (189) | 44. 8 (177) |
| Sweden | Finland | 55. 3 (344) | 61. 4 (303) | 70. 5 (251) |
| 69. 8 (523) | ||||
| Denmark | – | – | – | – |
| Denmark | 66. 0 (5261) | 68. 6 (5491) | 70. 2 (2870) α | Online sports betting |
| Sweden | 48. 6 (284) | 38. 5 (163) | 47. 7 (189) | 47. 8 (228) |
| Finland | 4. 6 (28) | 8. 4 (41) | 12. 1 (40) | 16, 9 (126) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 19. 3 (1540) | 21. 5 (1730) | 20, 9 (855) α | Ground sports betting |
| Denmark | 23, 0 (132) | 17, 4 (73) | 13. 3 (52) | 4, 8 (20) |
| Sweden | 1. 1 (7) | 2. 2 (10) | 1. 3 (5) | 2. 3 (17) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 8, 5 (673) | 8, 8 (710) | 8, 8 (359) α | Terrestrial EGM other than casinos |
| Denmark | 14. 1 (80) | 11, 6 (55) | 6. 4 (25) | 13 (60) |
| Sweden | 44, 4 (281) | 24. 2 (139) | 11, 6 (37) | 10, 3 (77) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 15. 2 (1201) | 13, 8 (1106) | 16 (657) α | poker |
| Denmark | 12, 7 (74) | 12, 7 (53) | 10, 0 (39) | 12, 3 (57) |
| Sweden | 0, 4 (3) | 0, 5 (2) | 0, 2 (1) | 6, 7 (50) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 16. 4 (1302) | 14. 4 (1153) | 15, 3 (629) α | lottery |
| Denmark | 3. 4 (20) | 4. 1 (17) | 2. 7 (11) | 0, 9 (4) |
| Sweden | 2. 1 (13) | 3, 8 (19) | 4, 7 (16) | 14. 2 (107) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 17. 5 (1390) | 17. 4 (1406) | 17. 0 (701) α | Casino |
| Denmark | 5. 8 (31) | 3. 9 (19) | 3. 5 (14) | 3. 8 (18) |
| Sweden | 0. 4 (3) | 0. 5 (3) | 0. 6 (2) | 1. 9 (14) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 7. 2 (572) | 7. 5 (601) | 7. 9 (321) α | Other |
| Denmark | 1. 5 (8) | 5. 7 (21) | 5. 0 (19) | 2. 7 (12) |
| Sweden | 0. 5 (3) | 0. 6 (3) | 1. 5 (5) | 0. 6 (4) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 13. 1 (1041) | 13. 9 (1121) | 14. 3 (585) α | Horse betting |
| Denmark | 5. 8 (31) | 0 (0) | 1. 1 (5) | 0. 3 (1) |
| Sweden | Sweden | 10. 8 (1111) | 11. 5 (916) | 11. 6 (926) |
| 9. 7 (399) α | ||||
| Denmark | 2019. | 2020. | 2021. | 2022. |
| Denmark | 0 (0) | 35. 7 (204) | 47. 4 (189) | 44. 8 (177) |
| Sweden | Finland | 55. 3 (344) | 61. 4 (303) | 70. 5 (251) |
| 69. 8 (523) | ||||
| Denmark | – | – | – | – |
| Denmark | 66. 0 (5261) | 68. 6 (5491) | 70. 2 (2870) α | Online sports betting |
| Sweden | 48. 6 (284) | 38. 5 (163) | 47. 7 (189) | 47. 8 (228) |
38. 5 (163)
47, 7 (189)47, 8 (228)
| Finland | 4. 6 (28) | 8. 4 (41) | 12. 1 (40) | 16, 9 (126) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 19. 3 (1540) | 21. 5 (1730) | 20, 9 (855) α | Ground sports betting |
| Denmark | 23, 0 (132) | 17, 4 (73) | 13. 3 (52) | 4, 8 (20) |
| Sweden | 1. 1 (7) | 2. 2 (10) | 1. 3 (5) | 2. 3 (17) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 8, 5 (673) | 8, 8 (710) | 8, 8 (359) α | Terrestrial EGM other than casinos |
| Denmark | 14. 1 (80) | 11, 6 (55) | 6. 4 (25) | 13 (60) |
| Sweden | 44, 4 (281) | 24. 2 (139) | 11, 6 (37) | 10, 3 (77) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 15. 2 (1201) | 13, 8 (1106) | 16 (657) α | poker |
| Denmark | 12, 7 (74) | 12, 7 (53) | 10, 0 (39) | 12, 3 (57) |
| Sweden | 0, 4 (3) | 0, 5 (2) | 0, 2 (1) | 6, 7 (50) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 16. 4 (1302) | 14. 4 (1153) | 15, 3 (629) α | lottery |
| Denmark | 3. 4 (20) | 4. 1 (17) | 2. 7 (11) | 0, 9 (4) |
| Sweden | 2. 1 (13) | 3, 8 (19) | 4, 7 (16) | 14. 2 (107) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 17. 5 (1390) | 17. 4 (1406) | 17. 0 (701) α | Casino |
| Denmark | 5. 8 (31) | 3. 9 (19) | 3. 5 (14) | 3. 8 (18) |
| Sweden | 0. 4 (3) | 0. 5 (3) | 0. 6 (2) | 1. 9 (14) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 7. 2 (572) | 7. 5 (601) | 7. 9 (321) α | Other |
| Denmark | 1. 5 (8) | 5. 7 (21) | 5. 0 (19) | 2. 7 (12) |
| Sweden | 0. 5 (3) | 0. 6 (3) | 1. 5 (5) | 0. 6 (4) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 13. 1 (1041) | 13. 9 (1121) | 14. 3 (585) α | Horse betting |
| Denmark | 5. 8 (31) | 0 (0) | 1. 1 (5) | 0. 3 (1) |
| Sweden | Sweden | 10. 8 (1111) | 11. 5 (916) | 11. 6 (926) |
| 9. 7 (399) α | ||||
| Denmark | 2019. | 2020. | 2021. | 2022. |
| Denmark | 0 (0) | 35. 7 (204) | 47. 4 (189) | 44. 8 (177) |
| Sweden | Finland | 55. 3 (344) | 61. 4 (303) | 70. 5 (251) |
| 69. 8 (523) | ||||
| Denmark | – | – | – | – |
| Denmark | 66. 0 (5261) | 68. 6 (5491) | 70. 2 (2870) α | Online sports betting |
| Sweden | 48. 6 (284) | 38. 5 (163) | 47. 7 (189) | 47. 8 (228) |
| Finland | 4. 6 (28) | 8. 4 (41) | 12. 1 (40) | 16, 9 (126) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 19. 3 (1540) | 21. 5 (1730) | 20, 9 (855) α | Ground sports betting |
| Denmark | 23, 0 (132) | 17, 4 (73) | 13. 3 (52) | 4, 8 (20) |
| Sweden | 1. 1 (7) | 2. 2 (10) | 1. 3 (5) | 2. 3 (17) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 8, 5 (673) | 8, 8 (710) | 8, 8 (359) α | Terrestrial EGM other than casinos |
| Denmark | 14. 1 (80) | 11, 6 (55) | 6. 4 (25) | 13 (60) |
| Sweden | 44, 4 (281) | 24. 2 (139) | 11, 6 (37) | 10, 3 (77) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 15. 2 (1201) | 13, 8 (1106) | 16 (657) α | poker |
| Denmark | 12, 7 (74) | 12, 7 (53) | 10, 0 (39) | 12, 3 (57) |
| Sweden | 0, 4 (3) | 0, 5 (2) | 0, 2 (1) | 6, 7 (50) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 16. 4 (1302) | 14. 4 (1153) | 15, 3 (629) α | lottery |
| Denmark | 3. 4 (20) | 4. 1 (17) | 2. 7 (11) | 0, 9 (4) |
| Sweden | 2. 1 (13) | 3, 8 (19) | 4, 7 (16) | 14. 2 (107) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 17. 5 (1390) | 17. 4 (1406) | 17. 0 (701) α | Casino |
| Denmark | 5. 8 (31) | 3. 9 (19) | 3. 5 (14) | 3. 8 (18) |
| Sweden | 0. 4 (3) | 0. 5 (3) | 0. 6 (2) | 1. 9 (14) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 7. 2 (572) | 7. 5 (601) | 7. 9 (321) α | Other |
| Denmark | 1. 5 (8) | 5. 7 (21) | 5. 0 (19) | 2. 7 (12) |
| Sweden | 0. 5 (3) | 0. 6 (3) | 1. 5 (5) | 0. 6 (4) |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 13. 1 (1041) | 13. 9 (1121) | 14. 3 (585) α | Horse betting |
| Denmark | 5. 8 (31) | 0 (0) | 1. 1 (5) | 0. 3 (1) |
| Sweden | Sweden | 10. 8 (1111) | 11. 5 (916) | 11. 6 (926) |
| 9. 7 (399) α | ||||
| Denmark | 2019. | 2020. | 2021. | 2022. |
| Denmark | 0 (0) | 35. 7 (204) | 47. 4 (189) | 44. 8 (177) |
| Sweden | Finland | 55. 3 (344) | 61. 4 (303) | 70. 5 (251) |
| 69. 8 (523) | ||||
| Denmark | – | – | – | – |
| Denmark | 66. 0 (5261) | 68. 6 (5491) | 70. 2 (2870) α | Online sports betting |
| Sweden | 48. 6 (284) | 38. 5 (163) | 47. 7 (189) | 47. 8 (228) |
38. 5 (163)
0. 0032 [0. 0018 0. 0045]0. 0007
| . | 4. 64 | Sweden | -0. 0002 [-0. 0020, 0. 0014] | 0. 0008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | Spatial sports betting | Denmark | -0. 0050 [-0. 0055-0. 0037] | |
| Denmark | -10. 40 | Denmark | 0. 0002 [-0. 0007, 0. 0010] | |
| Sweden | 0, 37 | 0, 71 | Sweden | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 79 | Non-casino land-based EGM | Denmark | -0. 0006 [-0. 0020, 0. 0008] |
| Denmark | -0. 84 | Non-casino land-based EGM | Finland | |
| Sweden | 0. 0007 | Denmark | Sweden | -0. 0003 [-0. 0020, 0. 0014] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 74 | Poker | Denmark | |
| Denmark | 0. 0004 | Poker | 0, 35 | Finland a |
| Sweden | -0. 0008 [-0. 0021, 0. 0004] | 0. 0005 | -1, 49 | 0, 14 |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | -0. 0005 [-0. 0012, 0. 0002] | Non-casino land-based EGM | -1, 34 | 0, 18 |
| Denmark | 0. 0029 [0. 0022, 0. 0037] | Non-casino land-based EGM | 8. 15 | |
| Sweden | -0. 0010 [-0. 0018, -0. 0001] | 0. 0004 | -2. 15 | 0, 03 |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | -0. 0005 [-0. 0009, -0. 0001] | Poker | -2, 32 | 0, 02 |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0. 0002 | 0. 0005 | 0, 17 | Sweden |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 35 | Poker | Other | Denmark a |
| Denmark | Sweden | Poker | 0. 0004 | |
| Sweden | 0, 03 | Poker | Denmark B | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0. 0002 | -0. 48 | 0, 64 | Trend [95% CI]. |
| Denmark | T-value. | -0. 48 | Online casino | Denmark |
| Sweden | 0. 0008 | 3. 13 | 0, 02 | 0. 0045 [0. 0030, 0. 0061] |
| 9. 7 (399) α | ||||
| 5. 75 | – | – | – | – |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0. 0010 | Poker | 0, 03 | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| 69. 8 (523) | ||||
| 0. 0004 [-0. 0010, 0. 0018] | – | – | – | – |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0, 56 | -0. 48 | 0. 0032 [0. 0018 0. 0045] | 0. 0007 |
| . | 4. 64 | Sweden | -0. 0002 [-0. 0020, 0. 0014] | 0. 0008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | Spatial sports betting | Denmark | -0. 0050 [-0. 0055-0. 0037] | |
| Denmark | -10. 40 | Denmark | 0. 0002 [-0. 0007, 0. 0010] | |
| Sweden | 0, 37 | 0, 71 | Sweden | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 79 | Non-casino land-based EGM | Denmark | -0. 0006 [-0. 0020, 0. 0008] |
| Denmark | -0. 84 | Non-casino land-based EGM | Finland | |
| Sweden | 0. 0007 | Denmark | Sweden | -0. 0003 [-0. 0020, 0. 0014] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 74 | Poker | Denmark | |
| Denmark | 0. 0004 | Poker | 0, 35 | Finland a |
| Sweden | -0. 0008 [-0. 0021, 0. 0004] | 0. 0005 | -1, 49 | 0, 14 |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | -0. 0005 [-0. 0012, 0. 0002] | Non-casino land-based EGM | -1, 34 | 0, 18 |
| Denmark | 0. 0029 [0. 0022, 0. 0037] | Non-casino land-based EGM | 8. 15 | |
| Sweden | -0. 0010 [-0. 0018, -0. 0001] | 0. 0004 | -2. 15 | 0, 03 |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | -0. 0005 [-0. 0009, -0. 0001] | Poker | -2, 32 | 0, 02 |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0. 0002 | 0. 0005 | 0, 17 | Sweden |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 35 | Poker | Other | Denmark a |
| Denmark | Sweden | Poker | 0. 0004 | |
| Sweden | 0, 03 | Poker | Denmark B | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0. 0002 | -0. 48 | 0, 64 | Trend [95% CI]. |
| Denmark | T-value. | -0. 48 | Online casino | Denmark |
| Sweden | 0. 0008 | 3. 13 | 0, 02 | 0. 0045 [0. 0030, 0. 0061] |
| 9. 7 (399) α | ||||
| 5. 75 | – | – | – | – |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0. 0010 | Poker | 0, 03 | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| 69. 8 (523) | ||||
| 0. 0004 [-0. 0010, 0. 0018] | – | – | – | – |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0, 56 | -0. 48 | 0. 0032 [0. 0018 0. 0045] | 0. 0007 |
0, 58
0, 56
Finland
0. 0032 [0. 0018 0. 0045]0. 0007
| . | 4. 64 | Sweden | -0. 0002 [-0. 0020, 0. 0014] | 0. 0008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | Spatial sports betting | Denmark | -0. 0050 [-0. 0055-0. 0037] | |
| Denmark | -10. 40 | Denmark | 0. 0002 [-0. 0007, 0. 0010] | |
| Sweden | 0, 37 | 0, 71 | Sweden | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 79 | Non-casino land-based EGM | Denmark | -0. 0006 [-0. 0020, 0. 0008] |
| Denmark | -0. 84 | Non-casino land-based EGM | Finland | |
| Sweden | 0. 0007 | Denmark | Sweden | -0. 0003 [-0. 0020, 0. 0014] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 74 | Poker | Denmark | |
| Denmark | 0. 0004 | Poker | 0, 35 | Finland a |
| Sweden | -0. 0008 [-0. 0021, 0. 0004] | 0. 0005 | -1, 49 | 0, 14 |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | -0. 0005 [-0. 0012, 0. 0002] | Non-casino land-based EGM | -1, 34 | 0, 18 |
| Denmark | 0. 0029 [0. 0022, 0. 0037] | Non-casino land-based EGM | 8. 15 | |
| Sweden | -0. 0010 [-0. 0018, -0. 0001] | 0. 0004 | -2. 15 | 0, 03 |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | -0. 0005 [-0. 0009, -0. 0001] | Poker | -2, 32 | 0, 02 |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0. 0002 | 0. 0005 | 0, 17 | Sweden |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 35 | Poker | Other | Denmark a |
| Denmark | Sweden | Poker | 0. 0004 | |
| Sweden | 0, 03 | Poker | Denmark B | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0. 0002 | -0. 48 | 0, 64 | Trend [95% CI]. |
| Denmark | T-value. | -0. 48 | Online casino | Denmark |
| Sweden | 0. 0008 | 3. 13 | 0, 02 | 0. 0045 [0. 0030, 0. 0061] |
| 9. 7 (399) α | ||||
| 5. 75 | – | – | – | – |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0. 0010 | Poker | 0, 03 | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| 69. 8 (523) | ||||
| 0. 0004 [-0. 0010, 0. 0018] | – | – | – | – |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0, 56 | -0. 48 | 0. 0032 [0. 0018 0. 0045] | 0. 0007 |
| . | 4. 64 | Sweden | -0. 0002 [-0. 0020, 0. 0014] | 0. 0008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | Spatial sports betting | Denmark | -0. 0050 [-0. 0055-0. 0037] | |
| Denmark | -10. 40 | Denmark | 0. 0002 [-0. 0007, 0. 0010] | |
| Sweden | 0, 37 | 0, 71 | Sweden | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 79 | Non-casino land-based EGM | Denmark | -0. 0006 [-0. 0020, 0. 0008] |
| Denmark | -0. 84 | Non-casino land-based EGM | Finland | |
| Sweden | 0. 0007 | Denmark | Sweden | -0. 0003 [-0. 0020, 0. 0014] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 74 | Poker | Denmark | |
| Denmark | 0. 0004 | Poker | 0, 35 | Finland a |
| Sweden | -0. 0008 [-0. 0021, 0. 0004] | 0. 0005 | -1, 49 | 0, 14 |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | -0. 0005 [-0. 0012, 0. 0002] | Non-casino land-based EGM | -1, 34 | 0, 18 |
| Denmark | 0. 0029 [0. 0022, 0. 0037] | Non-casino land-based EGM | 8. 15 | |
| Sweden | -0. 0010 [-0. 0018, -0. 0001] | 0. 0004 | -2. 15 | 0, 03 |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | -0. 0005 [-0. 0009, -0. 0001] | Poker | -2, 32 | 0, 02 |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0. 0002 | 0. 0005 | 0, 17 | Sweden |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0, 35 | Poker | Other | Denmark a |
| Denmark | Sweden | Poker | 0. 0004 | |
| Sweden | 0, 03 | Poker | Denmark B | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| Sweden | ||||
| Denmark | 0. 0002 | -0. 48 | 0, 64 | Trend [95% CI]. |
| Denmark | T-value. | -0. 48 | Online casino | Denmark |
| Sweden | 0. 0008 | 3. 13 | 0, 02 | 0. 0045 [0. 0030, 0. 0061] |
| 9. 7 (399) α | ||||
| 5. 75 | – | – | – | – |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0. 0010 | Poker | 0, 03 | -0. 0001 [-0. 0012, 0. 0009] |
| 69. 8 (523) | ||||
| 0. 0004 [-0. 0010, 0. 0018] | – | – | – | – |
| Finland | – | – | – | – |
| Sweden | 0, 56 | -0. 48 | 0. 0032 [0. 0018 0. 0045] | 0. 0007 |
0, 58
0, 56
Finland
< 0.001), and in Finland 55.3% (2019)–69.8% (2022) (trend = 0.0045, P < 0.001). In addition, online betting increased in Finland from 4.6% in 2019 to 16.9% in 2022 (trend = 0.032, P < 0.001). In Sweden and Denmark, the corresponding trends were non-significant.
< 0.001). In Sweden and Finland, the category did not have significant changes. In terms of land-based non-casino EGMs, the Finnish data showed a sharp decline in the proportion of individuals reporting this game type, from 44.4% (2019) to 10.3% (2022) (trend = −0.0094, P < 0.001). In Denmark and Sweden, the patterns for land-based EGMs were stable.
Discussion
Acknowledgements
Funding
Data availability
The results show that an increased share of contacts concern online gambling. Online casino products have become the most harmful category. Interaction terms between the different activities and survey wave were used to identify whether the relationship between the activity and PGSI. Marionneau, Virve and Kristiansen, Søren and Wall, Håkan () Harmful types of gambling: changes and emerging trends in longitudinal helpline data. European.
accepted