Money Laundering An Overview of 18 U. S. C. 1956 and Related Federal Criminal Law.

Money Laundering: An Overview of 18 U.S.C. § 1956 and Related Federal Criminal Law

This report provides an outline of penalties for the elements of the Federal Money Laundering Law and the violation. The most important is Article 1956 of the United States Law Collection 18. Article 1956 prohibits four types of money laundering. In other words, it is specified, or to be conducted under one or more of the three jurisdictions (that is, money laundering with certain financial transactions, rondaling with international remittance, decoy investigation). Promotion, concealment, structuring, and tax evasion laundering of the revenue generated by the original sin (basic crime) of the federal, state, and foreign sin (basic crime). Article 1877 of the United States Law Collection, which is an attached method, prohibits deposit or expenditure of $ 10, 000 out of the revenue of preliminary crimes. The violation of Article 1956 will be sentenced to a forbidden sentence of less than 20 years. Article 1957 is a forbidden imprisonment for up to 10 years. The property involved in both sins is subject to confiscation. Both crime may be involved in other federal criminal laws. The Federal Blackmail and Corruption Organization (RICO) provisions are to acquire or execute the business of companies (their activities affect the stat e-o f-th e-art business or foreign commercial transactions) through a series of federal crime or state crime. It is prohibited. This report provides an overview of the federal elements and laundering method and the penalty for violations. The most important is Article 1956 of the United States Law Collection 18. Article 1956 prohibits four types of money laundering. In other words, it is specified, or to be conducted under one or more of the three jurisdictions (that is, money laundering with certain financial transactions, rondaling with international remittance, decoy investigation). Promotion, concealment, structuring, and tax evasion laundering of the revenue generated by the original sin (basic crime) of the federal, state, and foreign sin (basic crime). Article 1877 of the United States Law Collection, which is an attached method, prohibits deposit or expenditure of $ 10, 000 out of the revenue of preliminary crimes. The violation of Article 1956 will be sentenced to a forbidden sentence of less than 20 years. Article 1957 is a forbidden imprisonment for up to 10 years. The property involved in both sins is subject to confiscation. Both crime may be involved in other federal criminal laws. The Federal Blackmail and Corruption Organization (RICO) provisions are to acquire or execute the business of companies (their activities affect the stat e-o f-th e-art business or foreign commercial transactions) through a series of federal crime or state crime. It is prohibited. This report provides an outline of penalties for the elements of the Federal Money Laundering Law and the violation. The most important is Article 1956 of the United States Law Collection 18. Article 1956 prohibits four types of money laundering. In other words, it is specified, or to be conducted under one or more of the three jurisdictions (that is, money laundering with certain financial transactions, rondaling with international remittance, decoy investigation). Promotion, concealment, structuring, and tax evasion laundering of the revenue generated by the original sin (basic crime) of the federal, state, and foreign sin (basic crime). Article 1877 of the United States Law Collection, which is an attached method, prohibits deposit or expenditure of $ 10, 000 out of the revenue of preliminary crimes. The violation of Article 1956 will be sentenced to a forbidden sentence of less than 20 years. Article 1957 is a forbidden imprisonment for up to 10 years. The property involved in both sins is subject to confiscation. Both crime may be involved in other federal criminal laws. The Federal Blackmail and Corruption Organization (RICO) provisions are to acquire or execute the business of companies (their activities affect the stat e-o f-th e-art business or foreign commercial transactions) through a series of federal crime or state crime. It is prohibited.

Article 1956 is prohibited from attempts to try international transport of contaminated revenue, but is not the attribute of transportation, although it is not the attribute of transportation, but concealment is not the attributes of transportation. Limited when it is a purpose (mere smuggling is not prohibited). In the second case, the defendant's "revenue" often refers to profits, not the total income realized by crime. The Federal Congress defined the "revenue" for money laundering as a property that is acquired or maintained as a result of crimes, including total income. P. I. 111-21, 123 Stat. 1618 (2009) (S. 386) (111th Cong.).

At the end of this report includes the text of the laws, the state of the state's money laundering and the laws related to remittance, and the list of the Federal Criminal Class with the highest sentence. This report is published in the CRS RS22401 "Money Laundering: Article 18 of the United States Code, Article 18 and Related Federation of Penal Code", which is posted in a pilot, ful l-text quotation, or omitted form. It is done. The related CRS report includes the CRS Report R44776 "Fighting Money Laundering: Overview for Congress" (Rena S. Miller, Liana W. Rosen), CRS Regal Side Bar WSLG1127 "Finsen" Reviews (M. Maulen Murphy) is available (obtained in response to the request of Congress clients).

Review history November 30, 2017 February 8, 2012 March 14th Metadata Reference type CRS report Source: Everycrsreport. com, North Texas Government Documents Department Raw metadata: JSON

Money Laundering: An Overview of 18 U.S.C. § 1956 and Related Federal Criminal Law

Updated November 30, 2017 (RL33315)

At the beginning
Article 18 of the United States Law Collection Article 18
Promotion
Financial transaction
International transmission or transfer
Chibri
hide
Financial transaction
International remittance
Chibri
Smartphing requirements
Financial transaction
International remittance
Chibri
tax evasion
Financial transaction
Conspiracy, attempted, assistance, inciting
result
Prison
Fine and civil punishment
Confiscation
Meeting place
Article 18 of the United States Code 18
data
Conspiracy, attempted, assistance, inciting
result
Prison
fine
Confiscation
U. S. Code 18, Article 1952: Travel Law
Distribution, promotion, violence
Trips, etc.
Illegal act
Conspiracy, assistance
result
U. S. Law Collection Article 5322: Report obligation
Article 31 of the United States Law Collection Article 5324: Ant i-structural acts
U. S. Law Collection 31 Article 5332: Smuggling of loose cache
U. S. Law Collection 18, Article 1960: Remittance trader
Unauthorized impact and corruption organization (RICO)
Attached documents
Specific illegal acts (quotes for crime by category: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18, Article 1957)
State fund washing method (quoted)
State Fund Law (quoted)
Selected federal funding cleaning method (text)
Financial Product Casting Article 186
Article 1957 of the United States Law Collection 18. Participation in financial transactions in property derived from specific tort
Travel Law: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Travel or transportation in Japan and abroad that assists blackmail
U. S. Law Collection Article 5322: Report obligation
Article 31 of the United States Law 31. Structure of transactions that prohibit reporting obligations
U. S. Law Collection Article 5332 Slow cash smuggling
Article 1960 of the United States Law Collection 18. Prohibition of unauthorized remittance operations
Rico: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Prohibited act
Article 1961 of the United States Law Collection 18. Definition
Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment
Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil relief distribution, promotion, violence

Summary

Trips, etc.

Illegal act

Conspiracy, assistance

Introduction

result

U. S. Law Collection Article 5322: Report obligation
Article 31 of the United States Law Collection Article 5324: Ant i-structural acts
U. S. Law Collection 31 Article 5332: Smuggling of loose cache
U. S. Law Collection 18, Article 1960: Remittance trader
Unauthorized impact and corruption organization (RICO)
Attached documents
Specific illegal acts (quotes for crime by category: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18, Article 1957)
State fund washing method (quoted)
State Fund Law (quoted)
Selected federal funding cleaning method (text)
Financial Product Casting Article 186
Article 1957 of the United States Law Collection 18. Participation in financial transactions in property derived from specific tort

Travel Law: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Travel or transportation in Japan and abroad that assists blackmail

18 U.S.C. § 1956

Article 31 of the United States Law Collection Article 5322: Report requirements

Article 31 of the United States Law 31. Structure of transactions that prohibit reporting obligations

U. S. Law Collection Article 5332 Slow cash smuggling

Promotion

Financial Transactions

Article 1960 of the United States Law Collection 18. Prohibition of unauthorized remittance operations

Rico: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Prohibited act

Article 1961 of the United States Law Collection 18. Definition

Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil relief distribution, promotion, violence

Trips, etc.

Illegal act

Conspiracy, assistance

result

U. S. Law Collection Article 5322: Report obligation

Article 31 of the United States Law Collection Article 5324: Ant i-structural acts

U. S. Law Collection 31 Article 5332: Smuggling of loose cache

U. S. Law Collection 18, Article 1960: Remittance trader

Unauthorized impact and corruption organization (RICO)

Attached documents

Specific illegal acts (quotes for crimes by category: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection Article 1956, Article 1957)

International Transmission or Transportation

State fund washing method (quoted)

State Fund Law (quoted)

Selected federal funding cleaning method (text)

Financial Product Casting Article 186

Article 1957 of the United States Law Collection 18. Participation in financial transactions in property derived from specific tort

Travel Law: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Travel or transportation in Japan and abroad that assists blackmail

Article 31 of the United States Law Collection Article 5322: Report requirements

Article 31 of the United States Law 31. Structure of transactions that prohibit reporting obligations

Stings

U. S. Law Collection Article 5332 Slow cash smuggling

Article 1960 of the United States Law Collection 18. Prohibition of unauthorized remittance operations

Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil relief distribution, promotion, violence

Article 1963 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil rescue

This report provides an summary of the federal money laundering method and the outline of penalties for violating them. The most important is Article 1956 of the United States Law Collection 18. Article 1956 prohibits the promotion, concealment, structured, and tax evasion of the four types of money laundering-designated federal, state and foreign sin (criminal criminal). These are those that contribute to one or more of the three jurisdictions (ie, the following three), or are planned under three or more jurisdictions (that is, three). be. Legalization related to specific financial transactions, legalization related to international remittances, decoy investigation). Article 18 of the United States Code, which is an accompanying law, is prohibited from depositing or expenditure of $ 10 or more of the revenue of category crimes. The violation of Article 1956 is forbidden for less than 20 years. Article 1957 has been forbidden for up to 10 years. The property related to each case is subject to confiscation. Both crime may be involved in other federal laws. The Federal Relations and Corruption Organization (RICO) provisions prohibit the business of the business (which affects inte r-state or foreign commercial transactions) by being formed based on the following series of federal law or state law. Or it is implemented. This report provides an element of the Federal Money Laundering Law and the overview of penalties for violating them. The most important is Article 1956 of the United States Law Collection 18. Article 1956 prohibits the promotion, concealment, structured, and tax evasion of the four types of money laundering-designated federal, state and foreign sin (criminal criminal). These are those that contribute to one or more of the three jurisdictions (ie, the following three), or are planned under three or more jurisdictions (that is, three). be. Legalization related to specific financial transactions, legalization related to international remittances, decoy investigation). Article 18 of the United States Code, which is an accompanying law, is prohibited from depositing or expenditure of $ 10 or more of the revenue of category crimes. The violation of Article 1956 is forbidden for less than 20 years. Article 1957 has been forbidden for up to 10 years. The property related to each case is subject to confiscation. Both crime may be involved in other federal laws. The Federal Collection Organization (RICO) provisions prohibit the business of the business (which affects the inte r-state or foreign commercial transactions) by being formed based on the following series of federal law or state law. Or it is implemented. This report provides an summary of the federal money laundering method and the outline of penalties for violating them. The most important is Article 1956 of the United States Law Collection 18. Article 1956 prohibits the promotion, concealment, structuring, and tax evasion of four types of money laundering-designated federal, state and foreign sin (criminal offense). These are those that contribute to one or more of the three jurisdictions (ie, the following three), or are planned under three or more jurisdictions (that is, three). be. Legalization related to specific financial transactions, legalization related to international remittances, decoy investigation). Article 18 of the United States Code, which is an accompanying law, is prohibited from depositing or expenditure of $ 10 or more of the revenue of category crimes. The violation of Article 1956 is forbidden for less than 20 years. Article 1957 has been forbidden for up to 10 years. Properties related to each case are subject to confiscation. Both crime may be involved in other federal laws. The Federal Relations and Corruption Organization (RICO) provisions prohibit the business of the business (which affects inte r-state or foreign commercial transactions) by being formed based on the following series of federal law or state law. Or it is implemented.

Article 1956 is prohibited from planning international transport to conceal the owner, source, nature, or final location of contaminated revenue, but this is not the attribute of transportation, but for the purpose of concealment. The Supreme Court explains in Cuellar V. United States, 553 U. S. 550 (2008), which is limited (mere smuggling is not prohibited). In the second precedent, the court reported that the "product" of a crime often refers to profits, not the total income realized by crime. The Federal Congress defined the "revenue" for money laundering as a property acquired or retained as a result of preliminary crimes, including total revenue. P. L. 111-21, 123 Stat. 1618 (2009) (S. 386) (111 Congress).

At the end of this report includes the text of the laws and regulations, the quotes of the state's money laundering and the laws of fund transfer, the federal predicate crime and the list of the highest sentence. This report is listed as a footnote, full sentence quotation, or an appendix, and is listed as the CRS Report RS22401 "Money Laundering: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection Article 186 and the Related Federation of Penal Code". There is. Related CRS reports include the CRS Report R44776 "Fighting Money Laundering: Overview for Congress" ([Author Name Scrubd] and [Author Name Scrubd]), and CRS Regal Side Bar WSLG1127 "Fincen" There is an ant i-terrorist / ant i-money laundering information shared institution "([author name Scrubd]) (if requested can be provided to Congress clients).

Money laundering is generally understood as a process of removing dirt from crime products 1. 1, but in the Federal Criminal Code, it has more meaning. In Article 18 of the United States Code, which is the main federal money laundering method, in Article 18 and 1957 and Article 1957, the other hundreds of other federal criminal law Includes the flow of funds between the federal, state, and foreign crimes. 2 That's the following:

Concealment

Involved in financial transactions related to specific crime for the purpose of hiding the nature, source, and ownership of the produced product.

Financial Transactions

Being involved in financial transactions related to specific crime for the purpose of promoting further crime 4

Transferring funds generated by certain criminal activities to, from, or through the United States for the purpose of furthering criminal activities, or for the purpose of concealing the nature, source, or ownership of the proceeds of crime, or for the purpose of evading reporting requirements.

Article 1961 of the United States Law Collection 18. Definition

Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil relief distribution, promotion, violence

Trips, etc.

Illegal act

Transferring proceeds or funds in furtherance of criminal activities in the course of a money transmission.

Money transfer in the course of an illegal money transmission business.

Smuggling undeclared cash across U. S. borders.

Failure to comply with Treasury Department regulations on anti-money laundering. 14

International Transportation or Transmission

Money laundering is punishable by severe penalties depending on its form. Penalties often include lengthy prison sentences as well as the forfeiture of laundered property, property involved in laundering money, and property traceable to money laundering. Below is a summary of the elements and other legal features and consequences of violations of Sections 1956 and 1957, as well as selected relevant Federal criminal statutes.

State Fund Law (quoted)

Selected federal funding cleaning method (text)

Financial Product Casting Article 186

Article 1957 of the United States Law Collection 18. Participation in financial transactions in property derived from specific tort

Travel Law: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Travel or transportation in Japan and abroad that assists blackmail

B. the proceeds of any illegal activity,

2. A.

B. such a financial transaction that is intended to be carried out

3. actually involves the proceeds of a specific illegal activity,

4. is carried out with the intent to facilitate the commission of a specific illegal activity. 19

The element of knowledge is subject to a specific definition and allows a conviction without the need to prove that the defendant knew the exact elements of the original crime or even its nature. It is sufficient for the defendant to know that the property is derived from some criminal activity and that the property is in fact the proceeds of a category crime. 20 The element of knowledge cannot be defeated by ignoring reality. Here and throughout § 1956, knowledge can be inferred from facts that indicate a high probability of criminal activity. 21 Section 1956(a)(2) prohibits the international transfer or transmission (or attempt to transfer or transmit) of funds (1) with the intent to further a category crime, (2) with the knowledge that the funds are the proceeds of a category crime, with the intent to conceal the legitimacy of the funds, or (3) with the knowledge that the funds are the proceeds of a category crime, with the intent to avoid reporting a claim. 17

Stings

Section 1956(a)(3) covers sting operations ("stings"). It prohibits financial transactions (or attempted transactions) that the defendant believes to involve criminal proceeds and that are intended to (1) further a category crime, (2) conceal the source or ownership of the proceeds, or (3) avoid reporting a claim. 18

Of the three advertising crimes, only the financial transaction crime in § 1956(a)(1)(a)(i) requires the use of proceeds of a category crime to further a category crime. The § 1956 international crime and sting crimes require only the intent to further a category crime, regardless of the source of the proceeds. § 1956(a)(1)(a)(i) applies to anyone who:

A. property involved in a financial transaction

B. the proceeds of any illegal activity,

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil relief distribution, promotion, violence

B. attempts to carry out

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil rescue

4. is carried out with the intent to facilitate the commission of a specific illegal activity. 19

The element of knowledge is subject to a specific definition and a conviction can be obtained without the need to prove that the defendant knew the exact elements or even the nature of the original offense. It is sufficient that the defendant knew that the property was derived from some criminal activity and that the property was in fact the proceeds of a category crime. 20

The element of knowledge cannot be defeated by blindness to reality. Here and throughout § 1956, knowledge can be inferred from facts that show a high probability of criminal activity. 21

Section 1956(a)(2) prohibits the international transfer or remittance (or attempt to transfer or remit) of funds (1) with the intent to further a category crime, (2) with the knowledge that the funds are the proceeds of a category crime, with the intent to conceal the legitimization of the funds, or (3) with the knowledge that the funds are the proceeds of a category crime, with the intent to avoid reporting the claim. 17

Section 1956(a)(3) covers sting operations ("stings"). It prohibits financial transactions (or attempted transactions) that the defendant believes to be related to criminal proceeds and that are intended to (1) further a category crime, (2) conceal the source or ownership of the proceeds, or (3) avoid reporting a claim. 18

Evading Reporting Requirements (Smurfing)

Of the three advertising crimes, only the financial transaction crime of section 1956(a)(1)(a)(i) requires the use of the proceeds of a category crime to further a category crime. The international and sting crimes of section 1956 require only the intent to further a category crime, regardless of the source of the proceeds. Section 1956(a)(1)(a)(i) applies to anyone:

Financial Transactions

A. property involved in a financial transaction

Rico: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Prohibited act

Article 1961 of the United States Law Collection 18. Definition

Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil relief distribution, promotion, violence

Trips, etc.

Illegal act

The list of foreign crimes recognized as a crime of Article 1956 is wider than the list of national crimes, especially all or a part. Through Article 321956, the defendant "conducts" financial transactions is when transactions start, complete, start or complete. 22 The elements of "financial transactions" have two obvious elements. It is a transaction and a financial transaction. Both elements are defined by law. The eligible "transaction" can take almost all forms, including the disposal of those that make up the revenue of the original crime, and include an unofficial disposal to hand over cash to others. 24. The components of “finance” provide a judicial base for crimes in Article 1956 (A) (1) (a) (II) and other crimes in Article 1956 (a) (1). Professional transactions are not involved in financial institutions that affect the transfer of funds in a way that affects stat e-t o-state or foreign trade, or are engaged in stat e-o f-state or foreign trade, or affects their activities. Not. 25 In each case, the impact on the stat e-o f-state or foreign trade may be minimal to meet the jurisdiction requirements. 26

Most of the crimes of Article 1956 are related to the actions deemed to be executed or executed at least one prosecuted crime list ("specified torticurgy"). The prohibited transactions must be designed to be involved in the revenue of categor y-specific crimes and promote categor y-specific crimes. There are three types of 28 category crimes: state crimes, foreign crimes, and federal crimes. The list of state crimes is relatively short, all of the state crimes that fall under the RICO crime of 29, that is, "murder, kidnapping, arson, robbery, bribery, blackmail transaction, all kinds of acts ... Or, it is an act or intimidation related to the buying and selling of obscene materials, the buying and selling of specified chemicals (defined in Article 102 of the Regulatory Drug Act), which is composed of "intimidation". It is forbidden for more than a year. 31

International Transportation or Transmission

The list of foreign crimes recognized as a crime of Article 1956 is wider than the list of national crimes, especially all or a part. 32

State Fund Law (quoted)

Selected federal funding cleaning method (text)

Financial Product Casting Article 186

Article 1957 of the United States Law Collection 18. Participation in financial transactions in property derived from specific tort

Travel Law: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Travel or transportation in Japan and abroad that assists blackmail

1. A. Those who performed transportation, transmission, transfer, or following the following actions.

Β. If you try to transport, send or transfer.

2. Financial products or funds

Stings

3. A. From locations in the United States to outside the United States or outside the United States.

Β. From outside the United States or via outside the United States, to the United States.

Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil relief distribution, promotion, violence

Article 1963 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil rescue

Article 1956 (A) (1) (b) (i) The concealment of the following occurs in the following cases:

A. It is a property related to financial transactions.

Tax Evasion

B. Being the revenue of some illegal act,

Financial Transactions

2. A. Instructions, or

Rico: Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Prohibited act

Article 1961 of the United States Law Collection 18. Definition

Article 18 of the United States Law Collection 18. Criminal punishment

Article 1964 of the United States Law Collection 18. Civil relief distribution, promotion, violence

Trips, etc.

Illegal act

A. It is a property related to financial transactions.

B. Being the revenue of some illegal act,

Conspiracy, Attempt, Aiding and Abetting

2. A. Instructions, or

B. I tried to do such financial transactions.

Perform such financial transactions

3. We are actually involved in the profits of specific illegal activities. The generous law definition of "financial transactions", including "sales, transfer, delivery, and other disposal" associated with the use of financial products or financial institutions, is also equally applied to the whole 1956 articles. 51 The "expression" is limited to "what is made by law executive officers or others under the instructions of the federal government officials who have the authority to investigate or prosecute the violation of this Article." I am. 52 In other provisions based on other clause in 1956, the court has determined that the statement is not needed. It is sufficient for a reasonable person to guess the fact that the funds to be washed are the product of prior crime. 53 The same interpretation is applied here. 54 Appropriate states, federal, and foreign prerequisites are the same for all 1956 crimes, including a decoy investigation promotion in 1956 (a) (3) (a).

Consequences

The indictment of the decoy investigation in Article 1956 (A) (3) may seem to cause claims of the decoy defense. As a general rule, "If the government invites individuals to violate the law, and the decoy's defend is a problem, the prosecutor performs criminal acts before the defendant first comes into contact with a government investigator. The proof of the defendant must be proven beyond rational suspicion, "(1) the defendant's personality or reputation, is it first suggested? (3) Whether the defendant participated in the activity for the profit, (4) whether the defendant was reluctant, (5) the nature of the government's invitation. " 57, however, this defense does not seem to be very successful in the 1956 (a) (3) case.

Imprisonment

Similar to the money loaning ring for advertising, there are three types of hidden money loan dading: concealment related to financial transactions, concealment of remittance or transferring to overseas, and concealment related to decoy investigations. 59

Fines and Civil Penalties

Article 1956 (A) (1) (b) (i) The concealment of the following occurs in the following cases:

Forfeiture

A. It is a property related to financial transactions.

B. Being the revenue of some illegal act,

2. A. Instructions, or

B. I tried to do such financial transactions.

Venue

Perform such financial transactions

18 U.S.C. § 1957

Elements

3. We are actually involved in the profits of specific illegal activities.

4. Knowing that all or part of the transaction is designed to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership or control of the proceeds of a particular unlawful activity. 60 Thus, the defendant must know that the transaction intended to conceal involves criminal proceeds, but need not know the exact crime or its details. 62 The total proceeds of a class of crime serves as the qualifying "proceeds" for concealment, as well as advertising crimes. 63 Conduct that amounts to "committing or attempting to commit" a prohibited transaction, whether for the purpose of concealment or advertising, "includes initiating, speculating, participating in the initiation of a transaction, or completing a transaction." 64 The broader definition of "financial transaction" in § 1956(c)(4) ("sale, transfer, delivery, or other disposition" involving a financial instrument or financial institution) applies throughout the section. 65 As with promotion charges, the government must prove multiple financial transactions; it must prove that the defendant used the funds without doing anything more. 66

The crime of concealment requires that a "plan" be concealed. It is the purpose of the plan, not its effect, that makes this element culpable. 67 A financial transaction in which neither the defendant nor the property involved affords clearly enhanced confidentiality protection cannot be said to satisfy the intent to conceal a crime. 68 However, the fact that the defendant did not attempt to conceal his identity is no defense if the transaction was intended to conceal the nature, location, or source of the property. 69

In general, evidence that may be considered in determining whether a transaction was made with the intent to conceal includes: [misleading] statements by the defendant indicating an intent to conceal, unusual secrecy surrounding the transaction, structuring the transaction to avoid attention, and using a third party to deposit illicit proceeds into the bank account of a legitimate business to conceal the series of unusual financial transactions that accumulate in the transaction. 70 Although the government does not always have to prove that a transaction was made to create the appearance of legitimate wealth, attempts to create such an appearance often signal a money laundering violation. 71

The international concealment offense of section 1956(a)(2)(B)(i) punishes:

1. A. any person who transmits, transfers, or conveys, or:

B. any attempt to transmit, transmit, or transport;

2. any financial instrument or fund;

3. A. from a place in the United States to a place outside the United States or through a place outside the United States;

B. from a place outside the United States to a place in the United States or through a place outside the United States;

4. 5. With knowledge that it is derived from some illegal activity. 6. With knowledge that the transfer, transmission, or communication is intended to conceal or disguise: 7. The proceeds of a specified illegal activity. 72 Many of the elements of the international concealment offense in section 1956(a)(2)(B) are subject to standard definitions and interpretations. The section prohibits the deceptive laundering of the proceeds of state, federal, and foreign substantive crimes, 73 but only when the proceeds are in the form of "monetary instruments or funds." 74 There is no consensus as to whether the international money laundering prohibition in section 1956(a)(2)(B) extends to international transactions consisting of a series of related transfers. 75

However, the Supreme Court has made clear that the prohibition on concealment applies to the purpose of the transfer, not the method of transfer. 76 The Court in Regalado Cuellar held that evidence that the defendant intended to transmit cash from the United States was insufficient to support a prosecution that he violated § 1956(a)(2)(b)(i) to conceal the ownership, source, nature, or ultimate location of the funds. § 77 similarly clarified that the violation is not limited to cases where the government can prove that the transfer was intended to give the appearance of legitimate wealth. 78 Quirk's drafting calls into question the first knowledge element of the international transfer crime in § 1956(a)(2)(b) ("knowing that the funds ... are involved in any illegal activity"). Elsewhere, the statute uses the phrase "knowing that the property is a financial transaction." 80 The Act further states that the phrase "knowingly possessing an interest in a financial transaction" means that a defendant does not have to know that the "unlawful conduct" that produces the proceeds is a money laundering crime. A defendant need only know that a state, federal, or foreign crime produces the proceeds. 81 The Act does not provide a comparable caveat with respect to the phrase "knowingly possessing an interest in a financial transaction." There is no equivalent warning in the phrase "knowingly transferring funds that contain...". However, at least one court has held that the same warning applies to international torts under § 1956(a)(2)(b) despite the difference in terminology. 82

The concealment offense under Sting's § 1956(a)(3)(b) is very similar to the advertising offense and arises when the offender:

1. with the intent to conceal or disguise

2. property believed to be the proceeds of a particular unlawful activity

Conspiracy, Attempt, Aiding and Abetting

3. A. conduct or

Β. exerts an effort

Consequences

Imprisonment

financial transaction

Fines

4. represents ownership of

Forfeiture

Α. the proceeds of a particular unlawful activity, or

18 U.S.C. § 1952: Travel Act

Β. property used to carry out or further a particular unlawful activity. 83

With regard to the concealment element of § 1956(a)(3)(B), the exchange of low-denomination bills for high-denomination bills may indicate an intent to conceal the location of the proceeds of a preliminary crime, since high-denomination bills are easier to conceal than low-denomination bills of the same denomination. 84 Other indicators of intent to conceal include (1) "extraordinary secrecy surrounding the transaction," (2) "structuring the transaction to avoid attention," (3) "depositing illicit funds into a legitimate business," (4) "highly irregular characteristics of the transaction," (5) "use of a third party to conceal the true ownership of the funds," and (6) "unusual financial transactions."85 Such a stinging prohibition is based on a belief, not knowledge, that the proceeds involved are from a preliminary crime. 86 However, a defendant is not at liberty to turn a blind eye to statements that the proceeds are from a preliminary crime. 87

The "financial transaction" element of this crime, like other offenses under section 1956, requires either a transaction affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or a transaction involving the use of a financial institution, or a transaction whose activities affect interstate or foreign commerce. 88

To satisfy the "financial institution" element of the "financial transaction" element of the crime, the government need only prove that the transaction involved the "use of a financial institution" in connection with interstate or foreign commerce, and need not prove that a financial institution was an integral or substantial part of the transaction. 89

To satisfy the "transaction" element, the government need only have a minimal effect on interstate commerce. 90

The typical element does not require the undercover agent to tell the defendant in so many words that the transaction contains the product of a prior offense. It is sufficient to "inform the defendant of circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to conclude that the property is the product of [a preliminary offense]." 91

He is trying to cooperate with financial institutions as an early initiative to compete with money laundering. Financial institutions must report a large amount of cash transactions to the government. 92 Money Laundering company sends a horde of subordinates ("Smurf") from banks to banks to avoid disclosure of their activities, so that one transaction does not exceed the report requirements of financial institutions. Or engaged in structured transactions. However, according to the amount of the case law, structural prosecution is most often raised based on Article 5324 of the United States Law 31, which is described later.

The most common structural crime is accompanied by financial transactions, and Article 1956 (A) (1) (B) (II) is prohibited:

Α. Properties involved in financial transactions

B. Prohibition of equity in transactions accompanied by financial transactions. Things that represent the profits of some illegal acts,

2. A.

Β. Try to go

Such financial transactions

3. In fact, the revenue of a specific illegal act is included.

4. The purpose of the state or federal transaction reporting obligation to avoid the obligation to report. 95

Distribution, Facilitation, and Violence

Participation in intentional elements is the government's responsibility to prove that the defendant had recognized the obligation to report. The definition of Article 1956 applies to any crime, including the crime structure of Article 1956 (A) (1) (B) (II). While knowing that the property involved in financial transactions is equivalent to the revenue of some illegal acts, you must know that criminals are derived from some violations of the state law, federal law, or foreign law. That means, but you don't have to know that it comes from a category crime. 97 "Acts" include the start of transactions or involvement. 98 "Financial Transactions" is the disposal of financial institutions that affect versatile or foreign trade, or engage in ocean trade or foreign trade, or affect their activities. It is. "Specific illegal acts", which must actually generate profits involved in transactions, are the same state, federal, and foreign crimes that arise in Article 1956, which is responsible for other crimes. 100 They are trying to cooperate with financial institutions as an early initiative to compete with money laundering. Financial institutions must report a large amount of cash transactions to the government. 92 Money Laundering company sends a horde of subordinates ("Smurf") from banks to banks to avoid disclosure of their activities, so that one transaction does not exceed the report requirements of financial institutions. Or engaged in structured transactions. However, according to the amount of the case law, structural prosecution is most often raised based on Article 5324 of the United States Law 31, which is described later.

The most common structural crime is accompanied by financial transactions, and Article 1956 (A) (1) (B) (II) is prohibited:

Α. Properties involved in financial transactions

B. Prohibition of equity in transactions accompanied by financial transactions. Things that represent the profits of some illegal acts,

2. A.

Travel, etc.

Β. Try to go

Unlawful Activity

Such financial transactions

3. In fact, the revenue of a specific illegal act is included.

4. The purpose of the state or federal transaction reporting obligation to avoid the obligation to report. 95

Conspiracy, Aiding and Abetting

Participation in intentional elements is the government's responsibility to prove that the defendant had recognized the obligation to report. The definition of Article 1956 applies to any crime, including the crime structure of Article 1956 (A) (1) (B) (II). While knowing that the property involved in financial transactions is equivalent to the revenue of some illegal acts, you must know that criminals are derived from some violations of the state law, federal law, or foreign law. That means, but you don't have to know that it comes from a category crime. 97 "Acts" include the start of transactions or involvement. 98 "Financial Transactions" is the disposal of financial institutions that affect versatile or foreign trade, or engage in ocean trade or foreign trade, or affect their activities. It is. "Specific illegal acts", which must actually generate profits involved in transactions, are the same state, federal, and foreign crimes that arise in Article 1956, which is responsible for other crimes. He is trying to cooperate with financial institutions as an early initiative to compete with 100 money laundering. Financial institutions must report a large amount of cash transactions to the government. 92 Money Laundering company sends a horde of subordinates ("Smurf") from banks to banks to avoid disclosure of their activities, so that one transaction does not exceed the report requirements of financial institutions. Or engaged in structured transactions. However, according to the amount of the case law, structural prosecution is most often raised based on Article 5324 of the United States Law 31, which is described later.

Consequences

The most common structural crime is accompanied by financial transactions, and Article 1956 (A) (1) (B) (II) is prohibited:

31 U.S.C. § 5322: Reporting Requirements

Α. Properties involved in financial transactions

B. Prohibition of equity in transactions accompanied by financial transactions. Things that represent the profits of some illegal acts,

2. A.

Β. Try to go

Such financial transactions

3. In fact, the revenue of a specific illegal act is included.

4. The purpose of the state or federal transaction reporting obligation to avoid the obligation to report. 95

The international smurfing offense in § 1956(a)(2)(B)(ii) is unusual in that it does not require the existence of the product of a predicate offense, so long as the funds are the product of a crime. This offense punishes:

1. A. Any person who sends, transmits, or conveys, or

B. Any attempt to send, transmit, or convey.

2. Money or funds

3. A. From a place in the United States to a place outside the United States or through a place outside the United States.

B. From a place outside the United States to a place in the United States or through a place outside the United States.

4. With knowledge that it is the proceeds of any unlawful activity.

31 U.S.C. § 5324: Anti-Structuring

5. With knowledge that the transfer, transmission, or conveyance is intended to evade state or federal transaction reporting requirements. 101

The unlawful activity that produces the proceeds of the offense is clearly a violation of any felony state, federal, or foreign law and need not be a predicate offense. 102

31 U.S.C. § 5332: Bulk Cash Smuggling

In contrast, the sting structure has the elements of a predicate offense:

18 U.S.C. § 1960: Money Transmitters

1. To evade state or federal transaction reporting requirements.

2. A. Directing or

B. Attempting to effect

3. Financial transactions

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO)

A. Proceeds of a specific illegal activity.

B. Property used in the conduct or furtherance of a specific illegal activity.

103

The element of representation can be met by the undercover agent "suggesting" that the property involved in the transaction is derived from the predicate offense.

104

The tax evasion money laundering offense must involve a financial transaction (18 U. S. C. 1956(a)(1)(A)(ii)).

Money laundering for tax evasion occurs when:

A. Property involved in a financial transaction,

B. Proceeds of some illegal activity,

2. A. Directing or

B. Attempting to effect such a financial transaction.

Such a financial transaction

3. Actual involvement with the proceeds of a specific illegal activity.

4. With the intent to engage in conduct that violates U. S. C. 7201 (tax evasion or conspiracy to evade tax) or 7206 (tax evasion or false reporting). 105

Attachments

Specified Unlawful Activities (Citations to Predicate Offenses: 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956, 1957)(Maximum Terms of Imprisonment Noted)

When prosecuting for tax evasion or money laundering, the government must prove that the defendant acted willfully and not intentionally, but does not have to prove that the defendant knew that his conduct violated tax law. 106

The international smurfing offense in § 1956(a)(2)(B)(ii) is unusual in that it does not require the existence of a product of the predicate offense, so long as the funds are the product of the crime. This offense punishes:

1. A. Any person who transmits, conveys, or conveys, or

B. Any attempt to convey, transmit, or convey.

2. Money or funds

3. A. From a place in the United States to a place outside the United States or through a place outside the United States.

B. From a place outside the United States or through a place outside the United States to a place in the United States.

4. Knowing that it is the proceeds of some illegal activity.

5. Knowing that the transfer, transmission, or communication is intended to evade state or federal transaction reporting requirements. 101

The illegal activity that produces the proceeds of the crime is clearly a violation of any felony state, federal, or foreign law and does not need to be a predicate offense. 102

In contrast, the sting structure has the elements of a predicate offense:

1. To evade state or federal transaction reporting requirements.

2. A. Directing or

B. Attempting to make

3. Financial transactions

A. Proceeds of a specific illegal activity.

B. Property used in the conduct or furtherance of a specific illegal activity. 103

The elements of representation can be met by the undercover agent "suggesting" that the property involved in the transaction is derived from a predicate offense. 104

The tax evasion money laundering crime must involve a financial transaction (18 U. S. C. 1956(a)(1)(A)(ii)).

Money laundering for the purpose of tax evasion occurs when:

A. property involved in a financial transaction,

B. the proceeds of any illegal activity,

2. A. directing or

B. attempting to effect such a financial transaction,

3. actual involvement with the proceeds of a particular illegal activity,

4. with the intent to engage in conduct that violates U. S. C. 7201 (tax evasion or conspiracy to evade tax) or 7206 (tax evasion or false reporting). 105

When prosecuting tax evasion or money laundering, the government must prove that the defendant acted willfully and not knowingly, but it does not have to prove that the defendant knew that his conduct violated tax law. 106 The international smurfing offense of 1956(a)(2)(B)(ii) is unusual in that it does not require the existence of the product of a predicate offense, so long as the funds are the product of a crime. This offense punishes:

1. A. Any person who transmits, conveys, or conveys, or

B. Any attempt to convey, transmit, or convey.

2. Money or funds

3. A. From a place in the United States to a place outside the United States or through a place outside the United States.

B. From a place outside the United States to a place in the United States or through a place outside the United States.

4. With knowledge that it is the proceeds of any unlawful activity.

5. With knowledge that the transfer, transmission, or conveyance is intended to evade state or federal transaction reporting requirements. 101

The unlawful activity that produces the proceeds of the offense is clearly a violation of any felony state, federal, or foreign law and need not be a predicate offense. 102

In contrast, the sting structure has the elements of a predicate offense:

1. To evade state or federal transaction reporting requirements.

2. A. Directing or

B. Attempting to effect

3. Financial transactions

A. Proceeds of a specific illegal activity.

B. Property used in the conduct or furtherance of a specific illegal activity.

103

The element of representation can be met by the undercover agent "suggesting" that the property involved in the transaction is derived from the predicate offense.

104

The tax evasion money laundering offense must involve a financial transaction (18 U. S. C. 1956(a)(1)(A)(ii)).

Money laundering for tax evasion occurs when:

A. Property involved in a financial transaction,

B. Proceeds of some illegal activity,

2. A. Directing or

B. Attempting to effect such a financial transaction.

Such a financial transaction

3. Actual involvement with the proceeds of a specific illegal activity.

4. With the intent to engage in conduct that violates U. S. C. 7201 (tax evasion or conspiracy to evade tax) or 7206 (tax evasion or false reporting). 105

When prosecuting for tax evasion or money laundering, the government must prove that the defendant acted willfully and without intent, but it does not have to prove that the defendant knew that his or her conduct violated tax law. 106

The 10 criminal prohibitions in Article 1956 are illegal for both the completed crime and its attempted. In the case of 107 attempts, it is not necessary to prove the elements of the original sin. All you need is the intention to violate the original sin and the "substantial step" for that purpose. 108

Federal crime conspiracy is another federal crime that can be sentenced to five years or less. 109 Furthermore, Article 1956 (H) shows that "those who committed the crime prescribed in this section or Article 1957 and committed the same punishment as the punishment as stipulated in the execution of the crime, which was the purpose of conspiracy. I will. " 110 If you read it casually, it may seem that Article 1956 (H) has just changed punishment to meet other punishments against Article 1956 violations. However, Article 1956 (H) has created another crime. 111 This distinction is important because the general violation of conspiracy is not completed until one of the conspirators does it until an obvious act to promote a plan. 112 Article 1956 (H) has no requirements for such an obvious act. 113 Contributions that violate Article 1956 include the prospect of the foreseeable crime that the conspiracy promoted and committed the plan. 114

The conspiceration of conspiracy in trying to violate any of the substance crimes, because the phrase of Article 1956 (H) and the substantive crime of Article 1956 contain an attempted factor, and to violate any of the substance crimes. It raises sex. Although the precedent is sparse, the court seems to recognize that the "attempted collusion" may configure a crime that can be prosecuted in a general problem and in Article 1956 cases. 。 115 However, the precedent does not discuss the exact element of this crime. Attempts usually require the intention of committing the original crime and the substantial proof for their goals. The attempted collusion requires obviously less, whether or not there is no obvious requirements. The 10 criminal prohibitions in Article 1956 are illegal for both the completed crime and its attempted. In the case of 107 attempts, it is not necessary to prove the elements of the original sin. All you need is the intention to violate the original sin and the "substantial step" for that purpose. 108

Federal crime conspiracy is another federal crime that can be sentenced to 5 years in prison. 109 Furthermore, Article 1956 (H) shows that "those who committed the crime prescribed in this section or Article 1957 and committed the same punishment as the punishment as stipulated in the execution of the crime, which was the purpose of conspiracy. I will. " 110 If you read it casually, it may seem that Article 1956 (H) has just changed punishment to meet other punishments against Article 1956 violations. However, Article 1956 (H) has created another crime. 111 This distinction is important because the general violation of conspiracy is not completed until one of the conspirators does it until an obvious act to promote a plan. 112 Article 1956 (H) has no requirements for such an obvious act. 113 Contributions that violate Article 1956 include the prospect of the foreseeable crime that the conspiracy promoted and committed the plan. 114

The conspiceration of conspiracy in trying to violate any of the substance crimes, because the phrase of Article 1956 (H) and the substantive crime of Article 1956 contain an attempted factor, and to violate any of the substance crimes. It raises sex. Although the precedent is sparse, the court seems to recognize that the "attempted collusion" may configure a crime that can be prosecuted in a general problem and in Article 1956 cases. 。 115 However, the precedent does not discuss the exact element of this crime. Attempts usually require the intention of committing the original crime and the substantial proof for their goals. The attempted collusion requires obviously less, whether or not there is no obvious requirements. The 10 criminal prohibitions in Article 1956 are illegal for both the completed crime and its attempted. In the case of 107 attempts, it is not necessary to prove the elements of the original sin. All you need is the intention to violate the original sin and the "substantial step" for that purpose. 108

As a general problem, those who order, advice, and assist a federal crime are similarly punished and are punished. 116 "In order to assist others to commit crimes, the defendants are involved in the business in some way, as they want to realize themselves, and do their business by their own actions. It is necessary to try to succeed.

As a result of the guilty conviction of the money laundering crime, imprisonment, fine, refund, confiscation, and civil punishment may be imposed.

Article 1956 violations are sentenced to prison for less than 20 years. The 11 8-o f-th e-prison sentence guidelines reflected the fact that Article 1956 is a felony for 20 years, and that the article is mainly applied when drug trafficking or organizational crime is a prerequisite. 119 Since then, the Prison Committee was concerned about applying the initial guidelines to an incident, including a fraudulent crime, such as fraud. 120 later, the guidelines were revised, and some category crime was raised 122. Defendants who have been sentenced to be sentenced will be given a maximum thre e-year surveillance release period and will be prisoned in the event. one two three

Article 1956 (A) (1) and (a) (A) (2) violations of financial institutions, state, or abroad are twice the value of $ 500. 000 or twice the value of property involved in violations. The following fine is punished. 124 Violation of the decoy investigation is punished by a fine of $ 250. 000 ($ 500. 000 in the case of an organization) or a fine of less than twice the amount involved in the violation. 125 A person who violates the provisions of Article 1956 is subject to civil punishment with a higher price of $ 10, 000 or the value of the property involved in violations. 126

Confiscation is the seizure of property by the government as a result of the property’s proximity to some criminal activity. 127 The government’s claim against the property may be secured by default or through legal proceedings, usually civilly, in rem (against the property itself) or as part of a criminal proceeding against the owner of the property. 128 The proceeds of the confiscation are generally distributed among the law enforcement agencies involved in the investigation and prosecution of the loss. 129

Section 1956 provides two very clear avenues for civil or criminal confiscation. First, without proving that a money laundering offense has occurred, the “proceeds” of an offense that falls within the scope of Section 1956 (and property traceable to such proceeds) may be subject to confiscation without actually violating Section 1956. 131 Second, property that is “involved” in a money laundering offense (or property that is included in such involved property) may be seized. It is clear that the property involved includes more than just the proceeds of a crime. "Property subject to forfeiture under 18 U. S. C. § 133.

In theory, both sides of a property transaction can be sunk for forfeiture: the proceeds of the defendant's crime and any checks, real estate, jewelry, or sports cars purchased with the proceeds in a legalized transaction. In practice, however, property entanglements are interpreted to mean unauthorized property attached to the proceeds of a criminal offense as part of a legalized transaction. 134 Property acquired in exchange for the proceeds, or in exchange for the proceeds and other involved property, is a loss as traceable property. The government can seize the property of either side of a transaction, but not both. 135

Article 8 of the Constitution has prohibited excessive fines. The fine is excessive if the criminal's illegal act is significantly disproportionate. 136 The excessive claims may impose restrictions on the tolerance of confiscation for no n-compliance under the ant i-money laundering report, but is usually due to the severity of crime and their sinfulness based on Article 137 and 1956. 138 is not considered excessive.

The Constitution has been charged in a prosecuted crime, guaranteeing the right to be trials by a jury in the crime. 139 UNITED STATES V. Cabrales 140, the defendant was filed in Florida for the crime of cleaning the drug trafficking organizations in Missouri. The Supreme Court has announced that the constitution has demanded that money laundering is required to be judged in the state and districts where the money laundering was performed. A trial in a state where the prerequisites of drug trafficking occurred are not allowed alternatives. 141 However, the court participates in the transportation of a drug trafficking scheme, or in transporting funded property, and the transportation destination is the found of funding from a crime (Missouri). (Florida) suggested that a trial in Florida would be allowed. The 142 Federal Congress was revised immediately in the court's ruling in the court, based on the court's ruling. 143

Article 1956 is not a separate crime of a mere expenditure or deposit of contaminated money, unless there is an element of advertising, concealment, and tax evasion. Article 1957 is so. 144 is polluted by the source of property involved in transactions, otherwise innocent transactions. Article 1957 elements that use almost the same definition as Article 145 Article 1957 are targeted for the following:

1. a. In the United States,

B. Person in the United States, the right of the special maritime jurisdiction or the territory jurisdiction,

C. If the defendant is an American, outside the United States,

B. Those who tried to do the following acts

4. Money trading

5. A. In the versatile or foreign trade of the United States, or affects, or

B. When US citizens went outside the United States.

6. In property derived from crime

A. It is worth more than $ 10, 000 and

B. Things derived from specific illegal activities. 146 Article 8 of the Constitution's revision prohibits excessive fines. The fine is excessive if the criminal's illegal act is significantly disproportionate. 136 The excessive claims may impose restrictions on the tolerance of confiscation for no n-compliance under the ant i-money laundering report, but is usually due to the severity of crime and their sinfulness based on Article 137 and 1956. 138 is not considered excessive.

1. a. In the United States,

B. Person in the United States, the right of the special maritime jurisdiction or the territory jurisdiction,

C. If the defendant is an American, outside the United States,

B. Those who tried to do the following acts

4. Money trading

5. A. In the versatile or foreign trade of the United States, or affects, or

B. When US citizens went outside the United States.

6. In property derived from crime

A. It is worth more than $ 10, 000 and

B. Things derived from specific illegal activities. 146 Article 8 of the Constitution's Fix of the Constitution prohibits excessive fines. The fine is excessive if the criminal's illegal act is significantly disproportionate. 136 The excessive claims may impose restrictions on the tolerance of confiscation for no n-compliance under the ant i-money laundering report, but is usually due to the severity of crime and their sinfulness based on Article 137 and 1956. 138 is not considered excessive.

1. a. In the United States,

B. Person in the United States, the right of the special maritime jurisdiction or the territory jurisdiction,

C. If the defendant is an American, outside the United States,

B. Those who tried to do the following acts

4. Money trading

5. A. In the versatile or foreign trade of the United States, or affects, or

B. When US citizens went outside the United States.

6. In property derived from crime

A. It is worth more than $ 10, 000 and

B. Things derived from specific illegal activities. 146

Courts often simplify the elements of the crime. Thus, it is said that "to be guilty of money laundering, a defendant must (1) knowingly engage in or attempt to engage in a financial transaction, (2) know that the funds involved in the transaction are derived from or derived from criminal activity, (3) use criminal funds in the transaction in excess of $10, 000, and (4) use funds derived from a specific illegal activity." 147

The core of the violation of Section 1957 is a financial transaction. A financial transaction under Section 1957 is any transaction that involves the deposit, withdrawal, or transfer of funds or that affects interstate or foreign commerce and involves a financial institution. 148 Financial institutions include banks and credit unions, as well as car dealers, jewelers, casinos, brokers, travel agencies, and pawn shops. 149 Section 1957 only applies if the transaction involves more than $10, 000. 150 The government's jurisdiction is the same as that which must be endured under § 1956 (transaction or influence affecting interstate or foreign commerce), requiring proof that the effect on commerce is insignificant. 151 The government must prove that the defendant knew that the funds or other property in the transaction were "property derived from crime,"152 i. e., proceeds or funds derived from the proceeds of criminal activity. 153 The government does not need to show that the defendant knew that the proceeds were the product of "specific unlawful activity,"154 but the proceeds must actually be derived from specific unlawful activity (a type of crime). 155 Proceeds may consist of gross evidence of criminal activity (not just its profits), 156 and in most circuits, proceeds are no less profits because they proceeded with informal funds. 157 § 1957 has an exception for attorney's fees. It excludes "transactions necessary to preserve the right of individual agency guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment" from the "monetary transaction" element of the crime. 158 However, this exception does not extend beyond the compensation for a person's services covered by the Sixth Amendment. 159 It creates a safe harbor against prosecution under § 1957, but is not a defense to the charges of soliciting, concealing, or evading money laundering under § 1956. 160

Section 1957 prohibits attempts to violate its provisions. 161 As a general rule, an attempt requires proof of an intent to commit the underlying crime and of taking substantial steps toward its completion. 162 The general rule applies with respect to attempts to commit crimes under section 1956, 163 and there is good reason to believe it also applies with respect to attempts to commit crimes under section 1957.

Section 1956(h) prohibits conspiracies to violate section 1957. 164 To be convicted of conspiracy to violate § 1957, the government must prove that "(1) there was an agreement between two or more persons to launder money, and (2) the defendant entered into the agreement with knowledge of that purpose and with the intent to further that unlawful purpose." 165 Section 1956(h) creates a crime that does not require proof of overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy. 166 In addition to the conspiracy charges, conspirators are liable for any foreseeable crimes they commit in furtherance of the scheme. 167 A person who aids or abets money laundering is liable as if he or she had committed the crime itself. 168 Violation of § 1957 and conspiracy to violate § 1957 are punishable by imprisonment of up to 10 years. 169 In accordance with the recommendations of the Sentencing Guidelines, many offenders would not be ineligible for probation even if they received a portion of their divided sentence. 170 Probation is possible and, if executed, should be for a period of less than one year or more than five years. 171 If incarcerated, the offender may also be subject to supervised release of up to three years to be served upon release. 172

Violation of Article 1957 and conspiracy to violate Article 1957 are punishable by a fine of not more than $250. 000 ($500. 000 for organizations) or twice the amount of the transaction, whichever is greater. 173 Violators of Article 1957 are also subject to a civil penalty of not more than $10, 000 or the value of the property involved in the violation, whichever is greater. 174

Property involved in a violation of Article 1957 or that is traceable to property involved in a violation of Article 1957 is subject to forfeiture in civil or criminal proceedings, and the applicable laws are essentially the same as for Article 1956. 175

The Travel Law, Article 18 of the United States Code, one of the oldest members of the money laundering family. Article 1956 and 1957 punishes transactions, including promoting, concealment, expenditure and deposit, while traveling law (or using facilities between states). The travel law (1) distributing revenue (2) If there is an outretical act that promotes the intention, or (3) the intention of performing some violence that promotes the intention, or (3) Punish travel between foreign countries (or the use of transit facilities between states or foreign trade facilities). The first two variations are similar to Article 1956 concealment and suggestions, and is slightly far from the filing or expenditure in Article 1957. The components of the vicious crime of the Travel Law are only related to money laundering, so it is mentioned only in this passage.

The following things include the components of the Travel Law:

1. A. Travel, or foreign commercial transactions, or

Β. Use the versatile trade or foreign trade facilities.

C. Use the post office.

Α. Distribute the revenue of illegal acts.

I. Business with illegal gambling, side jobs, drug transactions, and prostitution.

Forcible, bribery, arson. lingering

III. An act that can withstand money laundering. lingering

Β. Violence to promote illegal acts. lingering

v. To promote, manage, establish, and continue illegal activities.

Illegal activity

Α. To distribute or distribute the revenue.

Β. Do such a violent act or try to do it.

C. Promotion, managing, establishing, continuing, or promoting such illegal acts 176

The court often omits the description of the elements of the Travel Law and only describes it when either distribution or advertising is a problem:

Distribution-The basic elements of violations based on Article 1952 (A) are as follows: "(1) Travel by versatile or foreign trade, (2) Specific intentions to distribute the profits of illegal acts, and ( 3) Inturable obstruction to promote the intentions, "Travel Law, Article 18 of the United States Code, is one of the oldest members of the money laundering. Article and 1957 punishes transactions, including promoting, concealed, expenditure, and deposits, while the Travel Law punishes travel to state or foreign countries (or use facilities between states). , (1) Distributing (1), (2) If there is a pale act that promotes its intentions, or (3) the intention of performing some violence that promotes the intention, it The first two variations (or the use of transit facilities between the state or foreign trade) are similar to the concealment of Article 1957, and the filing in Article 1957 is somewhat. The components of the vicious crime of the travel law are only related to money laundering.

The following things include the components of the Travel Law:

1. A. Travel, or foreign commercial transactions, or

Β. Use the versatile trade or foreign trade facilities.

C. Use the post office.

Α. Distribute the revenue of illegal acts.

I. Business with illegal gambling, side jobs, drug transactions, and prostitution.

Forcible, bribery, arson. lingering

III. An act that can withstand money laundering. lingering

Β. Violence to promote illegal acts. lingering

v. To promote, manage, establish, and continue illegal activities.

Illegal activity

Α. To distribute or distribute the revenue.

Β. Do such a violent act or try to do it.

C. Promotion, managing, establishing, continuing, or promoting such illegal acts 176

The court often omits the description of the elements of the Travel Law and only describes it when either distribution or advertising is a problem:

Distribution-The basic elements of violations based on Article 1952 (A) are as follows: "(1) Travel by versatile or foreign trade, (2) Specific intentions to distribute the profits of illegal acts, and ( 3) Inturable obstruction to promote the intentions, "177 Travel Law, Article 1952 is one of the oldest members of the money laundering. While the provisions punish transactions including the promotion, concealment, expenditure and deposit of polluted funds, the Travel Law punishes travel to state or foreign countries (or the use of facilities between state). (1) Distributing revenue (2) If there is an outretical act that promotes the intention, or (3) Travel between the state or foreign countries with the intention of performing some violence that promotes the intention. The first two variations (or the use of a foreign trade facility) are similar to the declaration of concealment and expenditure in Article 1957. However, the components of the vicious crime of the Travel Law are only related to money laundering, so only in this passage.

The following things include the components of the Travel Law:

1. A. Travel, or foreign commercial transactions, or

Β. Use the versatile trade or foreign trade facilities.

C. Use the post office.

Α. Distribute the revenue of illegal acts.

I. Business with illegal gambling, side jobs, drug transactions, and prostitution.

Forcible, bribery, arson. lingering

III. An act that can withstand money laundering. lingering

Β. Violence to promote illegal acts. lingering

v. To promote, manage, establish, and continue illegal activities.

State Money Laundering Laws (Citations)

Illegal activity

Α. To distribute or distribute the revenue.

Β. Do such a violent act or try to do it.

C. Promotion, managing, establishing, continuing, or promoting such illegal acts 176

The court often omits the description of the elements of the Travel Law and only describes it when either distribution or advertising is a problem:

Facilitation - The government must prove that "(1) [the defendant] traveled in interstate or foreign commerce (or used an interstate facility) with the specific intent to (2) promote, control, establish, or continue any illegal activity, and (3) that [the defendant], after the act of traveling in interstate commerce, knowingly performed a willful act in furtherance of that intent."178 A defendant need not be guilty of the illegal act that produced the apportioned proceeds. 179 "Distribution" in § 1952(a)(1) "has the connotation of the distribution of illicit proceeds to parties in an organized crime conspiracy. However, "distribution" also includes distribution to "buy off" criminal associates181 and the interstate transfer of criminal proceeds to a conspiracy to purchase control of a bank to facilitate subsequent legalization. 182 Actual distribution is not required for a conviction. This offense simply includes the intent to distribute, the intent to distribute, the subsequent attempt to distribute, and the subsequent attempt to distribute, i. e., any action (perhaps incomplete or unsuccessful) toward the intent to distribute. 183

The advertising offense is comparable in magnitude. In addition to interstate travel with the necessary intent and the use of interstate facilities, there must be some subsequent overt act or attempt to facilitate the intent to "promote, control, establish, continue, or facilitate the promotion, control, establishment, or continuation" of a type offense, such as an enterprise involving drug trafficking. 184 The overt act does not have to constitute a complete type offense, since the statute condemns the attempt and promotion of type offenses, not the cessation of them. 185

The promotional travel offense includes forms of promoting, controlling, or conspiring to commit type offenses, such as the interstate transportation of controlled substances and the use of a mobile phone (a facility in interstate commerce) to promote (A) type offenses, in addition to those similar to money laundering. 186

The three common crimes are the use of post offices and other facilities for traveling between the state, traveling between the state, or for traveling between the state, or between the state or foreign or foreign countries. If the jurisdiction of the Travel Law includes a commercial or foreign commercial facilities that straddle mail or states, instead of traveling through the state, the facilities of 190 Bank chains that span the state, 187, 188 ATMs, 189 or states. Proved to be used. 191 The government does not need to prove that the defendant himself used the facility or that its use was indispensable for the success of criminal companies. It is sufficient that the defendant caused the use and that the use was useful for the defendant's purpose. 193 "The substantial precedent raised based on Article 18 of the United States Law Collection, which uses a facility that has actually knew the elements of the jurisdiction of the jurisdiction, and the facilities that straddle the state to commit crimes. It is unified in the opinion that it is not necessary to actually agree and prove that it was intended. " 194

Violence in the Travel Law, promoting sales, and promoting sales uses a list of the same prerequisite crime ("tort"). The prerequisite of the travel law is divided into three bandwidth: money laundering crimes, blackmail-bribery-robbery crimes, "business" gambling, prostitution, drug trading, and smuggling crimes. The core crime of money laundering includes a crime related to the report of Article 1956, 1957, and currency transactions. 195

The second category of the Travel Act (Travel Act) is the only crime of blackmail, bribery, and arson that violates the state law or federal law. 196 The term "blackmail", "bribery", and "arson" that appear in the Travel Law are common, and the definitions of commonlaws are more limited, and the state law that prohibits them uses different names. Even if it is, it means that it was generally understood when the travel law was enacted. 197 What is common to three crimes is the use of post offices and other facilities for traveling between the state, traveling between the state, or for traveling between the state, or between the state. If the jurisdiction of the Travel Law includes a commercial or foreign commercial facilities that straddle mail or states, instead of traveling through the state, the facilities of 190 Bank chains that span the state, 187, 188 ATMs, 189 or states. Proved to be used. 191 The government does not need to prove that the defendant himself used the facility or that its use was indispensable for the success of criminal companies. It is sufficient that the defendant caused the use and that the use was useful for the defendant's purpose. 193 "The substantial precedent raised based on Article 18 of the United States Law Collection, which uses a facility that has actually knew the elements of the jurisdiction of the jurisdiction, and the facilities that straddle the state to commit crimes. It is unified in the opinion that it is not necessary to actually agree and prove that it was intended. " 194

The second category of the Travel Act (Travel Act) is the only crime of blackmail, bribery, and arson that violates the state law or federal law. 196 The term "blackmail", "bribery", and "arson" that appear in the Travel Law are common, and the definitions of commonlaws are more limited, and the state law that prohibits them uses different names. Even if it is, it means that it was generally understood when the travel law was enacted. 1973 common crimes are the use of jurisdictions, post offices and other facilities for traveling between the state or foreign or between the state or foreign or foreign countries. If the jurisdiction of the Travel Law includes a commercial or foreign commercial facilities that straddle mail or states, instead of traveling through the state, the facilities of 190 Bank chains that span the state, 187, 188 ATMs, 189 or states. Proved to be used. 191 The government does not need to prove that the defendant himself used the facility or that its use was indispensable for the success of criminal companies. It is sufficient that the defendant caused the use and that the use was useful for the defendant's purpose. 193 "The substantial precedent raised based on Article 18 of the United States Law Collection, which uses a facility that has actually knew the elements of the jurisdiction of the jurisdiction, and the facilities that straddle the state to commit crimes. It is unified in the opinion that it is not necessary to actually agree and prove that it was intended. " 194

The second category of the Travel Act (Travel Act) is the only crime of blackmail, bribery, and arson that violates the state law or federal law. 196 The terms of "blackmail", "bribery", and "arson" that appear in the Travel Law are common, and the definitions of commonlaws are more limited, and the state law that prohibits them uses different names. Even if it is, it means that it was generally understood when the travel law was enacted. 197

The last category of travel operations is more limited. Gambling, prostitution, drug trading, and certain kinds of tax evasion are included only when it is associated with "business activities". 198 The criminal business understood by the Travel Law is "Continuous Business Procedure-Assuming that it had already existed when the obvious act was performed, or that was integrated. It must be shown that you are engaged in specific identified state law or federal law prohibited.

Trying to violate the Travel Law is not a federal crime. 203 The principles of accomplice liability and conspiracy liability mentioned earlier are also applied to the travel law. Ratagarapon is responsible for the crime of the conspiracy committed to promote conspiracy. 204 "In order to support the responsibility of the assistant, the defendant generally knows the activities prohibited by the Travel Law, and must have the intention to assist those activities." 205 The last category is more limited. Gambling, prostitution, drug trading, and certain kinds of tax evasion are included only when it is associated with "business activities". 198 The criminal business understood by the Travel Law is "Continuous Business Procedure-Assuming that it had already existed when the obvious act was performed, or that was integrated. It must be shown that you are engaged in specific identified state law or federal law prohibited.

Trying to violate the Travel Law is not a federal crime. 203 The principles of accomplice liability and conspiracy liability mentioned earlier are also applied to the travel law. Ratagarapon is responsible for the crime of the conspiracy committed to promote conspiracy. 204 "In order to support the assistant responsibility, the defendant generally knows the activities prohibited by the Travel Law, and must have the intention to assist those activities." Is more limited. Gambling, prostitution, drug trading, and certain kinds of tax evasion are included only when it is associated with "business activities". 198 The criminal business understood by the Travel Law is "Continuous Business Procedure-Assuming that it had already existed when the obvious act was performed, or that was integrated. It must be shown that you are engaged in specific identified state law or federal law prohibited.

Crime, travel acts that distribute and promote money laundering (fund washing), Article 1952 (A) (1) and 1952 (A) (3) are sent to forbidden for more than five years. 206 Criminals are fined by $ 250. 000 ($ 500. 000 for tissues) or a significant amount of gain or loss related to crime. 207 If you are imprisoned, the criminal will also be imposed on the release period of up to three years and will be prisoned in the release. Article 208 1952 The property associated with violations is not confiscated only for that fact, but is confiscated by the operation of a law prescribing the violation of Article 209 or the maintenance of the RICO or money launding provisions. It may be eligible. For example, a trip that straddles the state, which is accompanied by the intention of distributing the revenue of drug trafficking and promoting the intention, is violated Article 1952. The revenue is not subject to confiscation, but is subject to confiscation due to the confiscation provisions of the Regulatory Drug Law. In addition, the violation of the Travel Business Law is designated as a crime of RICO, so it falls under Article 1956 and Article 1956.

Article 5322 punishes intentional violations of various reporting obligations for monetary transactions, mainly in Chapter 31 of the United States Code. The application range of this clause leads to violations of the following provisions and the conditions:

-A report of financial institutions on cash transactions of more than $ 1013, 5313, Article 531.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 5314-Report of foreign financial services transactions by people in the United States.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 5316-Reported by those who take $ 10, 000 in cash from the United States or bring in.

-As of the United States Law Collection 31, Article 5318-Suspected transaction reports from financial institutions.

-As of the United States Law Collection 31-Article 5318A-Special record management measures and reports by financial aircraft related concerns on foreign money laundering.

-A report by a financial institution that issues a check-in-payment check with more than $ 3, 000, Article 5325, Article 531. Criminal and travel acts that distribute and promote money laundering (fund washing), Article 1952 (A) (1) and Article 1952 (A) (3) are sentenced to 5 years or more. 206 Criminals are fined by $ 250. 000 ($ 500. 000 for tissues) or a significant amount of gain or loss related to crime. 207 If you are imprisoned, the criminal will also be imposed on the release period of up to three years and will be prisoned in the release. Article 208 1952 The property associated with violations is not confiscated only for that fact, but is confiscated by the operation of a law prescribing the violation of Article 209 or the maintenance of the RICO or money launding provisions. It may be eligible. For example, a trip that straddles the state, which is accompanied by the intention of distributing the revenue of drug trafficking and promoting the intention, is violated Article 1952. The revenue is not subject to confiscation, but is subject to confiscation due to the confiscation provisions of the Regulatory Drug Law. In addition, the violation of the Travel Business Law is designated as a crime of RICO, so it falls under Article 1956 and Article 1956.

Article 5322 punishes the intentional violation of various obligations for monetary transactions, mainly in the United States Code Chapter 31. The application range of this clause leads to violations of the following provisions and the conditions:

-A report of financial institutions on cash transactions of more than $ 1013, 5313, Article 531.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 5314-Report of foreign financial services transactions by people in the United States.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 5316-Reported by those who take $ 10, 000 in cash from the United States or bring in.

State Money Transmission Laws (Citations)

-As of the United States Law Collection 31, Article 5318-Suspected transaction reports from financial institutions.

-As of the United States Law Collection 31-Article 5318A-Special record management measures and reports by financial aircraft related concerns on foreign money laundering.

-A report by a financial institution that issues a check-in-payment check with more than $ 3, 000, Article 5325, Article 531. Crime, travel acts that distribute and promote money laundering (fund washing), Article 1952 (A) (1) and 1952 (A) (3) are sent to forbidden for more than five years. 206 Criminals are fined by $ 250. 000 ($ 500. 000 for tissues) or a significant amount of gain or loss related to crime. 207 If you are imprisoned, the criminal will also be imposed on the release period of up to three years and will be prisoned in the release. Article 208 1952 The property associated with violations is not confiscated only for that fact, but is confiscated by the operation of a law prescribing the violation of Article 209 or the maintenance of the RICO or money launding provisions. It may be eligible. For example, a trip that straddles the state, which is accompanied by the intention of distributing the revenue of drug trafficking and promoting the intentions, is a violation of Article 1952. The revenue is not subject to confiscation, but is subject to confiscation due to the confiscation provisions of the Regulatory Drug Law. In addition, the violation of the Travel Business Law is designated as a crime of RICO, so it falls under Article 1956 and Article 1956.

-A report of financial institutions on cash transactions of more than $ 1013, 5313, Article 531.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 5314-Report of foreign financial services transactions by people in the United States.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 5316-Reported by those who take $ 10, 000 in cash from the United States or bring in.

-As of the United States Law Collection 31, Article 5318-Suspected transaction reports from financial institutions.

-The US Law Collection Part 31 5318a-Special record management measures and reports by financial aircraft related to foreign money laundering.

-A report by a financial institution that issues a check-in-payment check with more than $ 3, 000, Article 5325, Article 531.

- 31 U. S. C. 5326 - Reporting of cash transactions and/or miscellaneous trades or businesses by financial institutions, in accordance with Treasury Department geographical directions.

- 31 U. S. C. 5331 - Reporting of non-financial institution trades and businesses involving cash transactions of $10, 000 or more.

- 12 U. S. C. 1829b - Recordkeeping requirements for federally insured depository institutions. and

- 12 U. S. C. 1953 - Recordkeeping by uninsured banks or similar institutions.

Section 5322 does not cover violations of Section 5315 (relating to reporting of foreign currency transactions), which is subject to the civil penalty provisions of 31 U. S. C. 5321, or Section 5324 (relating to structuring of financial transactions), which is subject to its own criminal penalty provisions.

To establish a "willful" violation of section 5322, the government must prove that the defendant knew that the violation was illegal. 213 A simple violation of section 5322 is punishable by imprisonment for not more than five years, a fine not to exceed $250, 000, or both. 214 A violation committed in the commission of another Federal crime or as part of a pattern of unlawful conduct involving more than $100, 000 in any one year is punishable by imprisonment for not more than 10 years, a fine not to exceed $500, 000 (not to exceed $1 million for violations of special measures (31 U. S. C. 5318A)), or both for violations involving due diligence violations regarding private banking for foreign clients or foreign shell banks (31 U. S. C. 5318(i), (j)). 215

Article 5322 is a travel class crime. This is a crime of RICO, but 216, unlike most RICO's predicate, is not a money laundering crime for Article 1956 or 1957. 217 The property associated with the violation of Article 2 within the applicable range is subject to confiscation. 218 Based on Article 5317 (C), the property is Article 31 of the United States Law Collection Article 5313 (report on cash transactions of $ 10, 000 or more) or the United States Law Collection Article 5316 (from the United States of US $ 10, 000 or more. If you are involved in a violation of receipt or a report on bringing it into the United States), or if you reach the violation, your property will be guaranteed. However, forfeitization may be subject to constitutional restrictions for ove r-go. 219 In the United States, the US Court 220, the Supreme Court of the Supreme Court 31 for violating the United States 31. $ 144 for a $ 144 seizure in violation of Article 5322 of the United States Law 31, allegedly adhered to the report obligation in Article 5316 of Article 5316. It is due to what we did not do, and it is an unconstitutional ove r-finished finance unless the money is derived from other criminal activities or the intention of helping it. The Supreme Court has announced. In the subsequent cases over the omission of the report of the carried forward cash, if the court has a considerable amount of money and the cash is not died in other ways, the confiscation of the amount of money is smaller than the full amount of the un reported cash. You may be ordered. 221 However, in most cases, B

The structure is to arrange financial transactions and report financial transactions to avoid reporting obligations by splitting $ 12, 000 bank deposits into three deposits of $ 4, 000 and avoiding $ 10, 000. One is a transaction that involves a bank, credit union, automobile dealer, jewelry store, casino, and other similar businesses classified as financial institutions. 223 Others are cash trading of $ 10. 000 or more involving no n-financial institutions. 224 When a third party enters or departs more than $ 10. 000 cash. It is not a requirement that 225 funding is derived from criminal acts, or that the defendant knows that the mechanism is illegal. Furthermore, Article 5324 is not a crime factor because it is "focusing on the intentions of the person trying to avoid the obligation to report, and it does not focus on whether it succeeded." 228

The violation is a forbidden sentence of 5 years or less (if it is merged with other federal crimes or as part of an activity plan that includes $ 100. 000 or more), and a fine of $ 250. 000 or less (in the case of an organization). If it is $ 500. 000 or less), if it is merged with other federal crimes, or as part of an activity plan that includes $ 100. 000, the fines will be doubled. 229 Properties involved in the structural violation of this section are subject to confiscation. 230 Such confiscation does not violate the ove r-finished clause in Article 8 of the Constitution, unless the crime is significantly dismissed. 231

After the Supreme Court in the Bajakajan incident, the 232 Council was found to be confiscated by $ 300, 000 in cash, although it was not reported by the excessive fined clause under Article 8. The Cash Cash Batch Financial Rules in Article 5332 of the Law Collection 31 was enacted. The provisions are to transport or transport "concealed" cash over the U. S. border, which is more than 10, 000 US dollars, for the purpose of avoiding the report requirements of Article 31 of the United States Law 31. It is forbidden to do. 233 The provisions have been used to prosecute those who have tried to bring unpointed cash to the United States and those who have tried to smuggle cash abroad. 234 The fact that money was neither derived from criminal acts nor criminal purposes may be related to the purpose of Article 8 of the Constitutional Fix, but is not a prisoner of the original sin. 235 The prohibited concealment method seems to include all methods that are not open. 236 This crime is sentenced to sentence of 5 years or less, but is also required to confiscate cash and related property instead of fine. 237 This clause seems to have been enacted to overcome the results of Bajakajan. Initially, it may have been questioned whether this attempt was successful. 239

Article 1960 does not allow unauthorized remittance or own it. 240 "Remittance" is widely defined through no n-exclusive examples, such as checks and telephone remittances, 241, 242 "business", which contains virtual currency such as bitcoin, for profit. The crime is limited to the businesses and businesses that transmit multiple information. 243 violations are fine for five years (if they are merged with other federal crimes or as part of an activity plan that includes $ 100. 000 or more), and a fine of $ 250. 000. (In the case of an organization, $ 500. 000 or less), if it is merged with other federal crimes, or as part of an activity plan that includes $ 100. 000, the fine limit will be doubled. 229 Properties involved in the structural violation of this section are subject to confiscation. 230 Such confiscation does not violate the ove r-finished clause in Article 8 of the Constitution, unless the crime is significantly dismissed. 231

Article 1960 does not allow unauthorized remittance or own it. 240 "Remittance" is widely defined through no n-exclusive examples, such as checks and telephone remittances, 241, 242 "business", which contains virtual currency such as bitcoin, for profit. The crime is limited to the businesses and businesses that transmit multiple information. 243 violations of 5 years or less (if they are merged with other federal crimes or as part of an activity plan, which includes $ 100. 000 or more), and a fine of $ 250. 000 (tissue) In the case of $ 500. 000 or less), if it is merged with other federal crimes, or as part of an activity plan that includes $ 100. 000, the fined limit will be doubled. 229 Properties involved in the structural violation of this section are subject to confiscation. 230 Such confiscation does not violate the ove r-finished clause in Article 8 of the Constitution, unless the crime is significantly dismissed. 231

The Bureau classifies money transmitting operations into three categories. 244 The first category is money transmitting operations operating in states that require licensing and make failure to do so a criminal offense. 246 It is not necessary to prove that the defendant knew that the state in which it operated required a license or that the state prohibited unlicensed money transmitting. 247

The second category of unlicensed transmitting operations is transmitting operations that are operated in a manner that does not comply with Treasury regulations governing such operations. 248 Here, the government does not need to show that the defendant was aware of the federal regulatory requirements, 249 but must show that the defendant knew that it was operating a transmitting operation. 250 The third category is licensed operations that transmit money that they know is derived from or intended to fund criminal activity, even if the transmitter is duly licensed. 251

A violation of Section 1960 is punishable by imprisonment of not more than five years and/or a fine of not more than $250, 000 (not more than $500, 000 for an organization). 252 Property "involved" in a violation of the section is subject to civil and criminal forfeiture. 253 The section has been challenged for its unconstitutional vagueness. 254

As noted above, all RICO offenses are defined to express a predicate offense that suggests the possibility of a RICO offense may also be money laundering. In some cases of money laundering, there is no separate RICO offense, but a list of general RICO offenses makes the charge possible. 256

In other cases, money laundering is one of several categorical offenses in a larger RICO enterprise 257 or the RICO enterprise is primarily dedicated to money laundering. 258

RICO makes it a federal crime for any person to:

1. engage directly or indirectly in the conduct of.

2. the conduct of an enterprise.

3. a business dealing in or affecting the conduct of interstate or foreign commerce.

4. A. the collection of an illegal debt. Β. Through a pattern of racketeering activity (class crime). 259 The Bureau classifies money transmitting operations into three categories. 244 The first is a money transmitting operation operating in a state that requires a license and criminalizes failure to do so. 246 It is not necessary to prove that the defendant knew that the state in which he operated required a license or that the state prohibited unlicensed money transmitting. 247 The second category of unlicensed transmitting operations is a transmitting operation operated in a manner that does not comply with Treasury regulations governing such operations. 248 Here, the government does not need to show that the defendant was aware of the federal regulatory requirements, 249 but must show that the defendant knew that he was conducting a transmitting operation. 250 The third category is a licensed operation that transmits money that it knows is derived from or intended to fund criminal activity, even if the transmitter is duly licensed. 251

A violation of Section 1960 is punishable by imprisonment of up to five years and/or a fine of up to $250, 000 (up to $500, 000 for an organization). 252 Property "involved" in a violation of the section is subject to civil and criminal forfeiture. 253 The section has resisted arguments that it is unconstitutionally vague. 254

As noted above, all RICO offenses are defined to express the crime of the predicate offense such that the possibility of a RICO offense also suggests the possibility of money laundering. In some cases of money laundering, there is no separate RICO offense, but rather a list of general RICO offenses, making the charge possible. 256 In some other cases, money laundering is one of several categorical offenses in a larger RICO enterprise, 257 or the RICO enterprise is primarily dedicated to money laundering. 258

RICO makes it a federal crime for any person to:

1. engage directly or indirectly in the conduct of.

2. the operation of a corporation.

3. a business dealing in or affecting the activity of interstate or foreign commerce.

4. A. engaging in the collection of illegal debts.

B. through a pattern of racketeering activity (class crime). 259The Bureau classifies money transmitting operations into three categories. 244 The first is a money transmitting operation operating in a state that requires a license and criminalizes failure to do so. 246 It is not necessary to prove that the state in which the defendant operated required a license or that the state prohibited unlicensed money transmitting. 247

The second category of unlicensed transmitting operations is a transmitting operation that is operated in a manner that does not comply with Treasury regulations governing such operations. 248 Here, the government does not need to show that the defendant was aware of the federal regulatory requirements, 249 but must show that the defendant was aware that he was conducting a transmitting business. 250 The third category is a licensed business that transmits money that it knows is derived from or intended to fund criminal activity, even if the transmitter is duly licensed. 251

A violation of Section 1960 is punishable by imprisonment of up to five years and/or a fine of up to $250, 000 (up to $500, 000 in the case of an organization). 252 Property "involved" in a violation of the section is subject to civil and criminal forfeiture. 253 The section has been challenged for its unconstitutional vagueness. 254

As noted above, all RICO offenses are defined to express the crime of the predicate offense in a way that suggests the possibility of a RICO offense may also be money laundering. In some cases of money laundering, there is no separate RICO offense, but rather a list of general RICO offenses, making the charge possible. 256 In other cases, money laundering is one of several categorical offenses in a larger RICO enterprise, 257 or the RICO enterprise is primarily dedicated to money laundering. 258

Selected Federal Money Laundering Laws (Text)

18 U.S.C. § 1956. Laundering of monetary instruments

RICO makes it a federal crime for any person to:

1. engage directly or indirectly in the conduct of.

2. the operations of a corporation.

3. any business dealing with or affecting the activity of interstate or foreign commerce.

4. A. engaging in the collection of an illegal debt.

B. through a pattern of racketeering activity (class crime). 259

In other words, "(based on the 1962 (C) Article), defendants who have been convicted of a substantial RICO crime must prove the next factor beyond rational suspicion: (1). Existence, (2) what affects versatile trade, (3) the defendant commanded or participated in corporate activities in connection with the company (5) 260.

The "person" who violated the RICO may be an individual, or may be "any individual or organization that can have legal or beneficial interests to property." 261 The element of "company" is also widely defined, including "all individuals, partnerships, companies, organizations, or other corporations, but not a corporation that are actually related." 262 Despite its wide range, the elements are separate, and a single defendant cannot be charged at the same time as both "individual" and "company" in Article 1962 (C), part of the United States Law. In order for related groups to actually configure RICO companies, the group does not need to have an obvious hierarchical structure or business structure. All that is needed is "at least three structural features, that is, the purpose, the relationship between corporat e-related people, and those stakeholders can pursue the purpose of the company." 264

RICO crime's elements of versatile trading can be proven by evidence that companies have performed their operations in versatile or foreign trade, or that they have been engaged in activities that affect the state trade or foreign trade. 265

The "pattern of extortion activity" elements are fully related to being described as "pattern", and it must be 266, which must be continuous, and at least two prerequisites. 267 based on the standards, the related crimes are characterized by the same or similar purpose, as a result, participants, victims, or execution methods, otherwise it is related to each other, and is an isolated event. do not have. 268 In other words, "(based on (1962 (C))), defendants who have been convicted of a substantial RICO crime must prove the following factors beyond reasonable suspicions: (( 1) The existence of a company, (2) (2) (2) (3) the defendant commanded or participated in corporate activities in connection with the company (5).

4. A. engaging in the collection of an illegal debt.

B. through a pattern of racketeering activity (class crime). 259

The "pattern of extortion activity" elements are fully related to being described as "pattern", and it must be 266, which must be continuous, and at least two prerequisites. 267 based on the standards, the related crimes are characterized by the same or similar purpose, as a result, participants, victims, or execution methods, otherwise it is related to each other, and is an isolated event. do not have. 268 In other words, "(based on 1962 (C) Article) The defendant, who was convicted of a substantial RICO crime, must prove the following factors beyond rational suspicion: (1) Company. The existence of (2) (2) (2) (3) the defendant commanded or participated in corporate activities in connection with the company (5).

The "pattern of extortion activity" elements are fully related to being described as "patterns", and it must be 266, which must be continuous, and at least two prerequisite crimes. 267 Based on the standards, the related crimes are characterized by the same or similar purpose, consequences, participants, victims, or execution methods, and in other cases, in are isolated events in connection with each other. do not have. 268

The "continuity" of criminal crimes shows evidence that relevant crimes have occurred over long periods of the past (closed ends), or that the authorities will have continued in the future. Evidence (open end) can be proved in two ways. 269

The court is reluctant to recognize the continuity necessary for the RICO standards, unless the business is long enough for a closed business (business without the future crime). 270 Open continuity (recognized when there is a threat of future collective crimes), there is almost no time constraints, and the sheep is composed of murder, drug transactions, etc., or part of the company's normal tasks. 271 is often recognized in some cases.

Article 1962 (D) violates the conspiracy that violates the substantial prohibitions of Article 1962. In the case of collusions in violation of Article 1962 (C), 272 prohibit agreements by two or more people to carry out corporate operations through the pattern of RICO violation. This crime is established by an agreement to violate RICO violations.

The RICO violation is a forbidden sentence of less than 20 years (if one of the applicable type crimes is life imprisonment, or less). 274 Violators are also fines up to $ 250. 000 (up to $ 500. 000 in the case of tissues) and forfeit any property associated with violations. 275

-In Article 2024 of the United States Law Collection (Food Stamp Law in 1977 (violations related to the quantity of coupons with at least $ 5, 000 prices)) (from 1 to 20 years) Various until the year).

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 1324 (imported for specific foreigners and warehousing (committed for financial interests)) (various things from 5 years),* 276

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 1327 (to assist or assist a specific foreigner in the United States (crime committed by economic gain)) -* US Law Collection 8 No. 8 Article 1328 of the edition (10 years) (crime committed for economic interests)) (10 years)

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 1328 (to enter foreigners for immoral purposes (committed for economic gain))-*.

The United States Law Collection 15, Article 77a, etc. (Factic in Securities Sales) (5 years) -* --As of the United States Law Collection 15, Article 77A (5 years) -* -* -* 15th edition Article 77a etc. (Scam in securities sales) (5 years)

-The United States Law Collection 15 (Overseas Corruption Act) (5 to 20 years) (5 to 20 years).

-As of the United States Law, Article 1538 (A) (1) (Specific violations of the Endangered Species Law related to items or products of $ 10, 000).

-16 U. S. C. § 4223 (violations of the African Elephant Treaty Act involving articles, articles, or products valued at more than $10, 000);

-16 U. S. C. § 5303a (violations of the Rhino Tiger Protection Act involving articles, articles, or products valued at more than $10, 000).

-18 USC 32 (Destruction of aircraft) (20 years) 277

-18 USC 37 (Violence at international airports) (20 years) 277

-18 USC 81 (Arson in maritime and territorial special jurisdiction) (25 years)*** 278

-18 USC 115 (Influencing, obstructing, or retaliating against a Federal official, threatening or injuring a family member) (various years from 1 to 30 years).

-18 USC 152 (Concealment of property, false promises and claims, bribery) (5 years) (5 years).

-18 USC § 175-178 (Biological Weapons) (5 years to life)*.

-18 USC § 175c (Variola Virus) (varies from 25 years to life imprisonment).

-18 USC § 201 (Bribery) (varies from 2 years to 15 years).

-18 USC § 215 (Kickbacks or gifts to obtain loans) (varies from 1 year to 30 years).

-18 USC § 224 (Sports Bribery) (5 years)-*.

-18 USC § 229-229F (Chemical Weapons) (life)-*.

-18 USC 287 (federal health care crimes related to benefit systems) (5 years).

-18 USC 351 (assault against a member of Congress or an officer of the Cabinet) (varies from 1 year to life);

-18 USC 371 (conspiracy to commit a federal health care crime) (5 years) *** 279

-18 USC 471, 472, 473 (counterfeiting) (20 years) -*** 279

-18 USC 500-503 (certain counterfeiting/counterfeiting crimes) (5 years).

-18 USC 541 (misclassified goods) (2 years).

-18 USC 542 (importing merchandise under false pretenses) (2 years).

-18 USC 544 (smuggling merchandise out of the United States) (2 years).

-18 USC 545 (smuggling merchandise into the United States) (20 years).

-18 USC 549 (removal of merchandise from customs custody) (10 years).

-18 USC 555 (border tunnel) (10-20 years).

-18 USC 641 (public money, property, or records) (varies from 1 to 10 years).

-18 U. S. C. 656 (Theft, embezzlement, or misappropriation by bank officers or employees) (ranges from 1 to 30 years).

-18 U. S. C. 657 (Money lending, credit, and insurance institutions) (varies from 1 to 30 years).

-18 U. S. C. 658 (Property mortgaged or pawned to agricultural credit bureaus) (varies from 1 to 5 years).

-18 U. S. C. 659 (Misdemeanor theft by interstate transportation) (varies from 3 to 10 years)

-18 U. S. C. 664 (embezzlement of pension and welfare funds) (varies from 1 to 10 years) -18 U. S. C. 666 (theft or bribery in connection with federally funded programs) (10 years) -18 U. S. C. 666 (theft or bribery in connection with federally funded programs) (10 years) -18 U. S. C. 669 (federal health care crimes) (varies from 1 to 10 years) -18 U. S. C. 669 (federal health care crimes) (varies from 1 to 10 years) -*** 18 U. S. C. 666 (theft or bribery in connection with federally funded programs) (10 years) -18 U. S. C. 793, 794 18 U. S. C. 798 (Espionage) (sentences vary from 1 year to life imprisonment).

18 U. S. C. 731 (Prohibited Transactions Involving Nuclear Materials) (sentences vary from 10 years to life imprisonment) -***

18 U. S. C. 793, 794, 798 (Espionage) (sentences vary from 1 year to life imprisonment)

18 U. S. C. 832 (Participation in a Foreign Nuclear Weapons Program) (sentences vary from 20 years to life imprisonment) -***

18 U. S. C. 842(m),(n) (Plastic Explosives) (sentences vary from 10 years to life imprisonment) -***

18 U. S. C. 844 (f), (i) (Destruction by explosives or fire of government property or property affecting interstate or foreign commerce) (varies from 20 years to life imprisonment)

-18 U. S. C. 875 (Interstate communications) (varies from 2 years to 20 years).

-18 U. S. C. 891-894 (Extortion credit transactions) (20 years) -*.

-18 U. S. C. 922(1) (Illegal importation of firearms) (5 years) -*.

-18 U. S. C. 924(n) (Trafficking of firearms) (10 years) -*.

-18 U. S. C. 922(1) (Illegal importation of firearms) (5 years)

-18 U. S. C. 930(c) (murder or attempted murder during an assault on a federal facility with a dangerous weapon) (7 years to life imprisonment) **.

-18 U. S. C. 956 (conspiracy to murder, kidnap, injure, or damage certain property in a foreign country) (varies from 35 years to life imprisonment).

-18 U. S. C. 1001 (false statements regarding federal health care) (5 years) -***.

-18 U. S. C. 1005 (false bank statements) (30 years).

18 U. S. C. 1006 (False Statements by Federal Credit Unions) (30 years) -*** -18 U. S. C. 1005 (False Statements by Banks) (30 years

18 U. S. C. 1007 (Fraud of Federal Deposit Insurance Transactions) (30 years) -18 U. S. C. 1007 (Fraud of Federal Deposit Insurance Transactions) (30 years) -Fraud of Federal Deposit Insurance Transactions

18 U. S. C. 1014 (Fraudulent Loan or Credit Application) (30 years) - - -18 U. S. C. 1014 (Fraudulent Loan or Credit Application) (30 years

18 U. S. C. 1028 (Identification Fraud and Related Activities) (Various 1-30 18 USC 1029 (Fraud and related activities on access devices) (varies from 10 to 20 years) -*.

18 USC 1030 (Fraud and computer misuse) (varies from 1 to 20 years).

18 USC 1035 (false statements regarding federal health care) (5 years) -*** 18 USC 1035 (false statements regarding federal health care) (5 years

18 U.S.C. § 1957. Engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity

18 USC 1084 (transmission of gambling information) (2 years) -*** 18 USC 1084 (transmission of gambling information) (2 years

18 USC 1111 (murder) (life imprisonment);

- 18 U. S. C. § 1114 (murder of an officer or officer of the United States) (sentences ranging from eight years to life imprisonment).

-18 USC 1116 (Killing a foreign official, official visitor, or internationally protected person) (7 years to life imprisonment).

-18 USC 1201 (Kidnapping) (life);

-18 USC 1203 (Hostage taking) (life)?

-18 USC 1341 (Mail fraud) (varies between 20 and 30 years) -*.

-18 USC 1343 (Wire fraud) (varies between 20 and 30 years) -*?

-18 USC 1344 (Financial institution fraud) (30 years) -*.

-18 U. S. C. § 1347 (federal health care fraud) (sentences range from 20 years to life imprisonment). 18 U. S. C. 1351 (fraud in foreign contracts) (5 years) -* -18 U. S. C.

18 U. S. C. 1361 (willful injury to government property) (varies from 1 to 10 years) -* -18 U. S. C. 1347 (federal health care fraud) (20 years to life imprisonment)

18 U. S. C. 1362 (disruption of communication lines, stations, or systems) (10 years) -** 18 U. S. C. 1362 (disruption of communication lines, stations, or systems) (10 years)

Travel Act: 18 U.S.C. § 1952. Interstate and foreign travel or transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises

18 U. S. C. 1363 (destruction of property in maritime and territorial jurisdiction) (varies from 5 to 20 years).

18 U. S. C. 18 U. S. C. 1366(a) (Destruction of Energy Facilities) (20 years) -** 18 U. S. C. 1366(a) (Destruction of Energy Facilities) (20 years)

-18 U. S. C. 1425 (Illegally Procuring Citizenship or Nationalization) (Various 10-25 years) -*.

-18 U. S. C. 1426 (Copying Naturalization or Citizenship Papers) (10-25 years)

-18 U. S. C. 1427 (Sale of Naturalization or Citizenship Certificates) (Various 10-25 years)***.

-18 U. S. C. 1461-1465 (Obscene Materials) (Various 2-10 years)***.

18 U. S. C. § 1503 (Obstruction of Justice) (varies from 8 years to life imprisonment)*** -18 U. S. C. § 1461-1465 (Obscene Materials) (varies from 2 years to 10 years

-18 U. S. C. § 1510 (Obstruction of Criminal Investigation) (5 years)*** -18 U. S. C. § 1510 (Obstruction of Criminal Investigation) (5 years

-18 U. S. C. § 1511 (Obstruction of State or Local Law Enforcement) (5 years) -* 18 U. S. C. § 1511 (Obstruction of State or Local Law Enforcement) (5 years

-18 U. S. C. § 1512 (Violation of Witness, Victim, or Informant) (3 years to life imprisonment) -* 18 U. S. C. 1512 (violation against witness, victim, or informant) (3 years to life imprisonment)

18 U. S. C. 1513 (retaliation against witness, victim, or informant) (varies from 8 years to life imprisonment) -* 18 U. S. C. 1513 (retaliation against witness, victim, or informant) (varies from 8 years to life imprisonment) -* 18 U. S. C. 1513 (retaliation against witness, victim, or informant) (varies from 3 years to life imprisonment)

18 U. S. C. 1542 (false statements in passport application and use) (varies from 10 years to 25 years)*** - 18 U. S. C. 1542 (false statements in application and use of passports)

-18 U. S. C. § 1543 (false or false use of passports) (various 10-25 years)***

-18 U. S. C. § 1546 (fraudulent use of visas, licenses, and other documents) (various 10-25 years)***

-18 U. S. C. § 1708 (theft by mail) (5 years)

-18 U. S. C. § 1751 (assault against the President) (1 year to life)

-18 U. S. C. § 1831 (economic espionage) (15 years) -*.

31 U.S.C. § 5322: Reporting Requirements

-The United States Law Collection Article 1832 (10 years) -*.

-The United States Law Collection Article 18 (Commercial obstruction, robbery, blackmail) (20 years) -*.

-The United States Law Collection Article 182 (Travel Law (Travel Law)) (5 year s-Lif e-sentence) -* Article 18 of the US Law Collection Article 182 (Travel Law) (5 year s-Life penalty)

Article 18 of the United States Law Collection Article 183 (Transportation of gambling tools) (5 years) -* --As of the United States Law Collection Article 183 (Game tool Transportation) (5 years) (5 years)

31 U.S.C. § 5324. Structuring transactions to evade reporting requirement prohibited

U. S. Law Collection Article 18 (illegal payment for welfare) (3 years) -* -18 U. S. C.

U. S. Law Collection Article 18 (illegal gambling business) (5 years) -* -18 U. S. C.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 186 (legalization of money) (20 years) -* Article 18 of the US Law Collection 18 (Legalization of money) (20 years)

Article 18 of the United States Law Collection Article 18 (Involved in financial transactions derived from specific illegal activities) -* -18 U. S. C.

-In Article 18 of the United States Law Collection Article 18 (Use of State Transportation Facilities in Execution of the Merglin) (10 Year s-Life Secretary) -* Article 18 of the US Law Collection 18 (State Trading in the execution of the commissioned murder) Use of facilities) (10 year s-Life penalty

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 1960 (remittance trader) (5 years) -* 18

-As of the United States Law Collection 18, Article 2113, Article 2114 (Bank / Postal robbery and theft) (various from one year to life).

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 185 (Destruction of National Defense Materials, Facilities, or Public Interest Business) (Various to the end of 20 years)-***.

-The United States Law Collection Article 186 (National Defense Materials, Facilities, Public Interest Business) (10 years) *** --As of the United States Law Collection 18, Article 2251, 2251A, Article 2252A, Article 2252A. And Article 2260 (Sexual Exploration of Children) (10 year s-Life)

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 2251, Article 2251 A, Article 2252, Article 2252 A, and Article 2260 (Sexual Exploration of Children) (10 year s-Life penalty) **.

-The United States Law Collection Article 2280 (violence against sea sailing) (various from 20 years to life imprisonment).

-The United States Law Collection Article 2280A (violence against sea sailing, including mass destruction weapons) (various from 5 years to life) ***.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 2281 (violence against se a-fixed platforms) (within 20 years to life).

-As of the United States Law Collection 18 (additional crime to the Ocean Fixed Platform) (various years from life) *** ***.

-The Article 18 of the United States Law Collection Article 18, Article 2313 (Interprising of theft vehicles) (10 years) -* Article 2312, Article 2313 (Interprising of State), Article 2313 of the US Law Collection (10 years). 10 years

31 U.S.C. § 5332. Bulk cash smuggling

-As of the United States Law Collection 18 Article 2314, Article 2315 (10 years) (10 years).

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 18 (Falcuted Label for Records, Computer Program or Conputor Program document, or other audiences and other audiences, and sell copies (5 years) -* US Law Collection 18 Article 2314 and Article 2315 (10 years) (10 years)

-As of the United States Law Collection 18 (Criminal Copyright Invasion) (Various from 1 to 5 years) ***.

-As of the United States Code, Article 18 (Revilation of live performance and unauthorized fixed of music videos) (5 to 10 years) **.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 18 (Products or services with counterfeit marks) (10 to 20 years) -*.

-As of the United States Law Collection 18 (Security of specific cars or automotive parts) -* -*.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 18 (3 years to life imprisonment for US citizens) (3 years to life imprisonment).

The United States Law Collection Article 18 A (Use of Great Destruction Weapons) (Use of Weapons) -* ----

-The United States Law Collection Article 2332 B (International Terrorism Over the Domestic limit) (from 10 years to life imprisonment).

-The United States Law Collection Part 18 (Bombing Public Places and Facilities) (Unbelievable)- ***.

-As of the United States Law Collection 18 (Missile System designed to destroy aircraft) (indefinitely) (indefinite).

18 U.S.C. § 1960. Prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses

-The United States Law Collection 18 (Radioactive Material Diffusion Equipment) (Life);

-The United States Law Collection Part 18, Article 2332i (Nuclear Terrorism) (Life) ***.

-As of the United States Law Collection 18 (10 years) *** ***.

-As of the United States Law Collection 18, Article 2339A, Article 2339B (Material Support for Terrorists) (15 year s-Permanent sentence).

-As of the United States Law Collection 18, Article 2339 C (Provision of Terrorism) (Various years from 10 to 20 years) -***.

-The United States Law Collection 18 (Foreign Military Training) (10 years) ***.

-As of the United States Law Collection 18 (Torture) (Torture) (various from 20 years to life).

-As of the United States Law Collection 18, Article 2341-2346 (Fudge of forbidden tobacco) (various 3-5 years) -*.

RICO: 18 U.S.C. § 1962. Prohibited activities

-As of the United States Law Collection 18, Article 2421-Article 2424 (Caucasian Slave Trading) (Various 10 years-Life-sent penalty)-*.

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 1590 (Aviation smuggling) (various from 5 to 20 years).

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 841 and others. (Manufacturing, import, receiving, concealment, purchase, sales, or other transactions of regulatory drugs or chemicals)-*.

-The United States Law Collection Article 863 (drug preparation) (3 years)-*.

18 U.S.C. § 1961. Definitions

-The United States Law Collection Article 960A (drug terrorism) (various from two years to life imprisonment) -** U. S. Law Collection No. 22 (drug terrorism) (drug terrorism)

Article 22 of the United States Law, Article 2278 (C) (Weapon Export Management Law) (10 years) ------

Article 22 of the United States Law, Article 924 (violation of the North Korean Sanctions Law) (20 years) ------

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 186 (payment to labor organizations and restrictions on loan) -*.

U. S. Law Collection Article 501 (C) (unauthorized diversion of union funds) (5 years) -* --33 U. S. C.

-As Article 33 of the United States Law Collection Article 1251 and others. (Federal Water Pollution Prevention Law) (1 to 15 years per year) -* -33 U. S. C. § 1251 et Seq.

-As of the United States Law Collection 33, Article 1401 and others. (Method of emotional dumping) (5 years) (5 years).

-As of the United States Law Collection 33 Article 1901 and others. (Ship contamination prevention law) (6 years).

-The United States Law Collection 42, Article 300F and others (3 to 20 years of Eju Safety and Safety Drink Water Law).

U. S. Law Collection Article 42 (A) (1) (1949 Housing Law (Skimming Stock)) (5 years) --As of the United States Law Collection Article 2122 (Personal Review) (Life)

-As of the United States Law Collection 42 Article 2122 (Private firearms) (unusual);

-A. 284 (Nuclear Facilities or Nuclear Fuel Object Act) (20 years to life) of the United States Law Collection (Nuclear Facility or Nuclear Fuel) -*** Article 2284 (Nuclear Facilities or Nuclear Fuel Antiative Act) (Various) 20 year s-Life

-As of the United States Law Collection 42, Article 6901 and others. (Article 42 of the United States Law Collection Article 6901, etc. (Value of resource preservation and recovery method) (Various years from 2 to 15 years) --- 49 U. S. C.

-As of the United States Law Collection 49, Article 46502 (Air Pirate Acting) (Unusual).

-The United States Law Collection Article 46504 (sort) (Sin on assault to crews with dangerous weapons) (various from 20 years to life imprisonment) - **.

-The United States Law Collection Article 46505 (B) (3), (C) (threat to life with explosives or incendiary bombs, in aircraft) (various from 10 to 20 years) ** ** **

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 46506 (when negligence or negligence attempted) (Application of specific criminal law for acts in aircraft) (from 7 years to life imprisonment) ** ** ** **

-As of the United States Law Collection Article 60123 (B) (Destruction of State Gas or Danger Liquid Pipeline) (Various from 5 years) *** -50 U. S. C.

-As of the United States Law Collection 50 Article 1705 (International Emergency Economic Rights Law) (20 years)

-The United States Law Collection 50 Applications. § Article 16 (negotiations with enemy country law) (10 years).

18 U.S.C. § 1963. Criminal penalties

Arizona: ARIZ. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13-2317

Arkansaw: Ark. Code Ann. § 5-42-201-5-42-205

Article 186, Paragraph 9, Article 186, Paragraph 10 of California Penal Code

Colorado: Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-5-309

Connecticut: Connn. § Article 53A-282 to 53A-282.

Delaware: Del. Code Ann. 11, § 951

Florida, Florida: Florida. Florida: Florida Ordinance Article 896. 101 to 896. 108

Georgia: Article 7-1-910 to 7-1-916 of the State Law

Hawaii: Hawaii's Law of the Hawaii State 708A-1 to 708A-3

Idaho: Article 1 8-8201 of the Aidaho Law

Illinois: Ill. Illinois: Ill. Comp. Laws ann.

Indiana: Article 3 5-45-15-1 to Article 3 5-45-15-5

Iowa: Iowa State Law No. 706B.

Kansas, Kansas: Kansas Law § 21-5716

Louisiana: La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14: 230

Michigan: Mich. Michigan: Michigan: Mich. Comp. Laws ann. § 750.

Mississippi: Article 97, paragraph 23, paragraph 23 of the Mississippi Law

Article 574 of Mozambique State Law, Missouri. 105

Montana: Mont. Montana: Mont.

New Jersey: n. J. Stat. § New Jersey: n. J. Stat.

New Mexico: N. MEX. § Article 30-51-1 to 30-51-5

New York: Article 470 of New York Penal Code. From 00 to 470. 25

Oklahoma, Oklahoma: OKLAH. Article 21

Oregon: Ore. Rev. Stat. §164.

Pennsylvania: 18 PA. Disadvantage. Stat. § 5111

Lord Island: R. I. Gen. Laws § 11-9. 1-15

South Carolina: S. C. Code Ann. § 44-53-475

Tennessee: Article 39-14-901 to 39-14-909 Tennessee's Enforcement Ordinance 39-14-901

Texas: Article 34. 01 to 34. 03, 34. 01 to Texas Penal Code.

Utah, Utah, Utah 76-10-1901 to 76-10-1907

Virginia: 18 Virginia Code 2-246, subsections 1 through 5. 5

Washington: Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §§ 9A. 010 through 9A. 04

Alaska: Alaska Code 06.

Arizona: Ariz. §§ 6-1201 through 6-1219

Arkansas: Ark. Arkansas: Ark. §§ Arkansas: Ark. Code Ai.

California: Cal. Flap.

Colorado: Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 11-110-101 through 11-110-206.

Connecticut: Conn. §§ Connecticut: Conn. Gen. Stat.

Delaware: Delaware Stat. 5, §§ 2301 to 2318

DC: DC Code §§ 26-1001 to 26-1027

Florida: Florida §§ 560-101 to 560-408

Georgia: Ga. Code Ann. §§ 7-1-680 to 7-1-698

Hawaii: Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 489D-1 to 489D-34

Idaho: Idaho Stat. §§ 26-2901 to 26-2928

Illinois: Ill. 205 Articles 657/1 to 657/105.

Indiana: 28-8-4-1 to 28-8-4-61

Iowa: 533C. 102 to 904, Iowa Statutes

Kansas: 9-508 to 9-513, Kansas Statutes

Kentucky: Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 286-11-001 to 286-11-067

Louisiana: La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 6:1031 to 6:1054

Maine: i. Rev. Stat. Ann. 32 §§ 6101 to Up to Article 6129. Maryland: Md. §§ 12-401 to 12-431

Massachusetts: Massachusetts Statute §§ 169. 1 to §§ 16

Michigan: Michigan Statute §§ 487. 1001 to 487. 1047

Minnesota: Minn. Stat. §§ 53b. 01 to 53b. 27

Mississippi: Mississippi Statute §§ 75. 15. 1 to 75. 15. 35

Nebraska: Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 8-2701 to 2747

Nevada: Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 671. 010 to 671. 190

18 U.S.C. § 1964. Civil remedies

New Hampshire: N. H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 399-G:1 through 399-G:24

New Jersey: N. J. Stat. §§ 17:15c-1 through 17:15c-27.

New Mexico: N. M. Stat. §§ 58-32-101 to 58-32-808

New York: New York Banking Law §§ 640 to 652-B

North Carolina: N. C. Gen. Stat. § 53-208.

North Dakota: North Dakota Stat. §§ 13-09-01 to 13-09-26

Footnotes

Ohio: Ohio Revised Code §§ 1315-01 to 1315-99

Oklahoma: Oklah. 6 §§ 1511 to 1515

Oregon: Ore. Rev. Stat. § 717.

Pennsylvania: Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 7 §§6101 to 6118

South Carolina: S. C. Code Ann. §§35-11-100 to 35-11-740

South Dakota: S. D. Code Ann. §§51A-17-1 to 51A-17-50

Tennessee: Tenn Code Ann. §§45-7-201 to 45-7-229

Texas: Tex. §§151. 301 to 151. 405

Utah: Utah Stat. §§7-25-101 to 7-25-407

Vermont: Vt. Stat. Ann.

Virginia: Virginia Code 6 §§2-1900 to 6 2-1921

Washington: Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §19.

West Virginia: Virginia Code §32A-2-1 through 32A-2-28

Wyoming: Wyoming Statutes 40-22-101 to 40-22-129

(a) (1) Any person who, knowing that the property involved in the financial transaction is the proceeds of any unlawful activity, enters into or attempts to enter into a financial transaction that actually involves the proceeds of a specified unlawful activity;

(A) (i) with the intent to further the commission of a specified unlawful activity; ή

(ii) with the intent to engage in conduct that constitutes a violation of Section 7201 or 7206 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986;

(B) Knowing that the transaction was designed, in whole or in part, to:

(i) conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of the proceeds of a specified unlawful activity; (ii) To avoid a transaction reporting requirement under state or federal law,

is punishable by a fine of $500, 000 or twice the value of the property involved in the transaction, whichever is greater, or by imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or by both.

For purposes of this section, a financial transaction is considered to involve the proceeds of a specified tort if it is part of a series of parallel or subordinate transactions, any of which includes the proceeds of a specified tort and all of which are part of a scheme or arrangement.

(2) Any person who transfers, transmits, or conveys, or attempts to transfer, transmit, or convey, money or funds from a place in the United States to or through a place outside the United States, or from a place outside the United States to a place in the United States or through a place outside the United States;

(A) with the intent to facilitate the commission of a specified tort, or

(B) with knowledge that the money or funds involved in the transfer, transmission, or conveyance are the proceeds of any tort and with knowledge that the transfer, transmission, or conveyance was made in whole or in part in a scheme.

(i) Concealing or disguising the nature, location, source, ownership or control of the proceeds of a specified unlawful activity.

(ii) Avoiding transaction reporting requirements under state or federal law.

Is a fine of $ 500. 000 or less, or the amount of money that is twice the value of the money or funds involved in the transfer, or the forbidden imprisonment of 20 years or less, or both. Regarding the crime prescribed in (b), the accused's knowledge states that the law enforcement officer stipulates that it is true, and the defendant's confession or action is the defendant. It can be proven by prove that such statements are believed to be true.

(3) Those who have the following intentions

(A) Promote the execution of a specific tort.

(B) Hide or disguise the property, location, ownership, ownership, or management right of property, which is considered to be a product of specified illegal activities.

Those who have made a financial transaction or trying to do the property, which are expressed as the product of specified illegal activities, or the property used to execute or promote specified illegal activities, are fined based on this title or 20 years or less. Is punished by both imprisonment or both. In this section and (2) paragraphs, the "shown" is a law executive officer or other, under the instructions of federal authorities who have the authority to investigate or prosecute this Article. It means a tabl e-made table.

(1) General-General (a) paragraph (1) or (a), or transactions in Article 1957, or transfer, transmission, or in paragraphs (2) Those who transmitted or tried to go will be subject to civil punishment in the United States that do not exceed any of the following larger amount.

(A) Properties, funds, or money value, or money, or

(2) Remarks for foreigners. -In the event of a federal civil litigation rules or the national law where foreigners are located, the District Court is a foreign law in order to execute a lawsuit or punishment filed based on this Article. It has jurisdiction against foreigners who have been filed, including a licensed financial institution. is a fine of a fine of $ 500. 000 or less, or the amount of money or the amount of money that is twice the value of money or funds involved in the transfer, or the forbidden sentence of 20 years or less, or both. It will be done. Regarding the crime prescribed in (b), the accused's knowledge states that the law enforcement officer stipulates that it is true, and the defendant's confession or action is the defendant. It can be proven by prove that such statements are believed to be true.

(3) Those who have the following intentions

(A) Promote the execution of a specific tort.

(B) Hide or disguise the property, location, ownership, ownership, or management right of property, which is considered to be a product of specified illegal activities.

(A) Properties, funds, or money value, or money, or

(2) Remarks for foreigners. -In the event of a federal civil litigation rules or the national law where foreigners are located, the District Court is a foreign law in order to execute a lawsuit or punishment filed based on this Article. It has jurisdiction against foreigners who have been filed, including a licensed financial institution. Is a fine of $ 500. 000 or less, or the amount of money that is twice the value of the money or funds involved in the transfer, or the forbidden imprisonment of 20 years or less, or both. Regarding the crime prescribed in (b), the accused's knowledge states that the law executive officer stipulates the matter specified in (b), and the defendant's confession or action is the defendant. It can be proven by prove that such statements are believed to be true.

(3) Those who have the following intentions

(A) Promote the execution of a specific tort.

(B) Hide or disguise the property, location, ownership, ownership, or management right of property, which is considered to be a product of specified illegal activities.

(A) Properties, funds, or money value, or money, or

(A) the alien commits an offense under subsection (a) involving a financial transaction conducted in whole or in part within the United States;

(B) the alien converts for his or her own use property in which the United States has a financial interest pursuant to the entry of a seizure judgment by a United States court.

(C) the alien is a financial institution that maintains a bank account with a financial institution in the United States.

(3) Judicial authority over property.--The court may issue a pretrial restraining order or take other measures necessary to ensure that bank accounts or other property held by the defendant in the United States is available to satisfy a judgment under this section.

(4) Federal receiver.--(A) In general. - The court may appoint a federal receiver pursuant to subparagraph (B) of this subsection to collect, manage, take custody, control, or possession of all of the defendant's assets to satisfy a civil judgment under this subsection, a forfeiture judgment under section 981 or 982, or a criminal judgment under section 1957 or subparagraph (a) of this subsection (including an order for restitution to a victim of a specified tort).

(B) Appointment and powers.--A federal receiver is described in subparagraph (A) and has the following powers:

(i) may be appointed by a court with jurisdiction over the defendant in the case upon application of a federal prosecutor or a federal or state regulatory agency;

(ii) may be an officer of the court, and the powers of a federal receiver shall include those powers set forth in section 754 of title 28 of the United States Code; and

(iii) may have the same powers as a federal prosecutor to require the provision of information regarding the defendant's assets.

(I) to the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. (II) When requested by a foreign country pursuant to a mutual legal assistance treaty, multilateral agreement, or other arrangement for international law enforcement assistance.

(c) As used in this section: (A) the foreign person commits an offense under subsection (a) involving a financial transaction conducted in whole or in part within the United States;

(B) the foreign person converts for his or her own use property in which the United States has a property interest pursuant to the entry of a seizure judgment by a United States court.

(C) the foreign person is a financial institution that maintains a bank account with a financial institution in the United States.

(3) Judicial authority over property.--The court may issue a pretrial restraining order or take other measures necessary to ensure that bank accounts and other property held by the defendant in the United States are available to satisfy a judgment under this section.

(4) Federal receiver.--

(A) In general. - The court may appoint a federal receiver pursuant to subparagraph (B) of this subsection to collect, manage, take custody, control, or possession of all of the defendant's assets to satisfy a civil judgment under this subsection, a forfeiture judgment under section 981 or 982, or a criminal judgment under section 1957 or subparagraph (a) of this subsection (including an order for restitution to a victim of a specified tort).

(B) Appointment and powers.--A federal receiver is described in subparagraph (A) and has the following powers:

(i) may be appointed by a court with jurisdiction over the defendant in the case upon application of a federal prosecutor or a federal or state regulatory agency;

(ii) may be an officer of the court, and the powers of a federal receiver shall include those powers set forth in section 754 of title 28 of the United States Code; and

(iii) may have the same powers as a federal prosecutor to require the provision of information regarding the defendant's assets.

(c) As used in this section: (A) when the foreign person commits an offense under subsection (a) involving a financial transaction conducted in whole or in part within the United States;

(B) when the foreign person converts for his or her own use property in which the United States has a property interest pursuant to the entry of a seizure judgment by a United States court.

(C) when the foreign person is a financial institution that maintains a bank account with a financial institution in the United States.

(4) Federal receiver.--

(3) Those who have the following intentions

(i) may be appointed by a court with jurisdiction over the defendant in the case upon application of a federal prosecutor or a federal or state regulatory agency;

(ii) may be an officer of the court, and the powers of a federal receiver shall include those powers set forth in section 754 of title 28 of the United States Code; and

(iii) may have the same powers as a federal prosecutor to require the provision of information regarding the defendant's assets.

(1) "I knew that the property involved in financial transactions was the profit of some illegal acts" means that property related to the transaction constituts felony under state law, federal law, or foreign law. It means that you knew that it was a revenue of, and whether or not its activity is specified in paragraph (7);

(2) Remarks for foreigners. -In the event of a federal civil litigation rules or the national law where foreigners are located, the District Court is a foreign law in order to execute a lawsuit or punishment filed based on this Article. It has jurisdiction against foreigners who have been filed, including a licensed financial institution. Is a fine of $ 500. 000 or less, or the amount of money that is twice the value of the money or funds involved in the transfer, or the forbidden imprisonment of 20 years or less, or both. Regarding the crime prescribed in (b), the accused's knowledge states that the law executive officer stipulates the matter specified in (b), and the defendant's confession or action is the defendant. It can be proven by prove that such statements are believed to be true.

(3) The term "transaction" includes purchase, sale, loan, quality entry, gift, relocation, delivery, and other disposal, and for financial institutions, deposits, withdrawals, transfers between accounts, exchange of currency, loan. Includes credit, stock, bonds, deposit certificates, and other financial products, use of lenders, and other financial institutions through financial institutions or to financial institutions through financial institutions.

(4) The term "financial transaction" means the following:

(A) Transactions that affect the state or foreign trade in any way or degree.

(i) Remittance and other means accompanied by fund transfer.

(II) with one or multiple financial products.

(III) Relocation of property, vehicles, ships, and aircraft.

(B) Transactions involving financial institutions that are engaged in versatile trade or foreign trade, or affect their activities in any way or degree;

(5) "Financial products" means (i) Currency in the United States or other countries, travelers check, personal check, bank check, money order, or (II) unnecessary or other formal investment securities or transfer. It refers to financial products that transfer their own rights at the time of delivery.

(6) The term "financial institution" includes the following:

(A) Financial institutions defined in the rules promulgated based on Article 5312 (a) (2), or in the United States Code 31 (A) (2).

(B) Foreign banks defined in the 1978 International Bank Law (12 U. S. C. 3101).

(7) "Specified tort" means the following.

(A) Acts or activities that make up the crime mentioned in Article 1961 (1) of this title. However, excluding acts that could be prosecuted based on the title 31 Chapter 53, Section 2; Is that the property involved in the transactions was the profit of some activities that constituting felony under the state law, federal law, or foreign law, and the activity is stipulated in paragraph (7). Whether or not it is done;

(2) The term "act" includes the start, conclusion, or starting or conclusion of transactions.

(4) The term "financial transaction" means the following:

(A) Transactions that affect the state or foreign trade in any way or degree.

(i) Remittance and other means accompanied by fund transfer.

(II) with one or multiple financial products.

(III) Relocation of property, vehicles, ships and aircraft ownership.

(B) Transactions involving financial institutions that are engaged in versatile trade or foreign trade, or affect their activities in any way or degree;

(6) The term "financial institution" includes the following:

(A) Financial institutions defined in the rules promulgated based on Article 5312 (a) (2), or in the United States Code 31 (A) (2).

(B) Foreign banks defined in the 1978 International Bank Law (12 U. S. C. 3101).

(7) "Specified tort" means the following.

(A) Acts or activities that make up the crime mentioned in Article 1961 (1) of this title. However, excluding acts that could be prosecuted based on Title 31 Chapter 53, Section 2; It means that the property involved in transactions has been known in paragraph (7), which is specified in paragraph (7), knowing that the property involved in transactions is a revenue of any activity that constitutes a felony under the state law, federal law, or foreign law. Regardless of whether or not

(2) The term "act" includes the start, conclusion, or starting or conclusion of transactions.

(4) The term "financial transaction" means the following:

(A) Transactions that affect the state or foreign trade in any way or degree.

(i) Remittance and other means accompanied by fund transfer.

(II) with one or multiple financial products.

(III) Relocation of property, vehicles, ships, and aircraft.

(B) Transactions involving financial institutions that are engaged in versatile trade or foreign trade, or affect their activities in any way or degree;

(6) The term "financial institution" includes the following:

(A) Financial institutions defined in the rules promulgated based on Article 5312 (a) (2), or in the United States Code 31 (A) (2).

(B) Foreign banks defined in the 1978 International Bank Law (12 U. S. C. 3101).

(7) "Specified tort" means the following.

(A) Acts or activities that make up the crime mentioned in Article 1961 (1) of this title. However, excluding acts that may be prosecuted based on Title 31 Chapter 53, Section 2;

(B) Any offense against a foreign country in connection with a financial transaction occurring in whole or in part within the United States, including:

(i) The manufacture, importation, sale, or distribution of a controlled substance (as that term is defined in the Controlled Substances Act);

(ii) Murder, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, destruction of property by explosion or fire, or a crime of violence (as defined in section 16);~~(iii) Fraud, or a scheme or attempt to commit fraud, by or against a foreign bank (as defined in section 1(b)(7) of the International Banking Act of 1978);~~(iv) Bribery of a public official, or embezzlement, theft, or misappropriation of public funds by or for the benefit of a public official;

(v) Smuggling or export violations, including:

(I) Items controlled on the United States Munitions List established pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U. S. C. 2778); (Ii) Items controlled under the Export Administration Regulations (15 C. F. R. Parts 730-774).

(A) Properties, funds, or money value, or money, or

Influencing, obstructing, or opposing a Federal official by threatening or injuring a family member in the United States.

(vii) Trafficking in persons, trafficking in children, sexual exploitation of children, or transporting, employing, or harboring any person, including a child, for commercial sex acts.

(C) Conduct that constitutes a continuing criminal enterprise as defined in section 408 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U. S. C. 848).

(B) Any offense against a foreign country with respect to a financial transaction occurring in whole or in part within the United States, including:

(i) The manufacture, importation, sale, or distribution of a controlled substance (as that term is defined in the Controlled Substances Act).

(ii) Murder, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, destruction of property by explosion or fire, or crimes of violence (as defined in section 16).

(iii) Fraud, or schemes or attempts to commit fraud, by or against a foreign bank (as defined in section 1(b)(7) of the International Banking Act of 1978).

(iv) Bribery of a public official, or embezzlement, theft, or misappropriation of public funds by or for the benefit of a public official.

(v) Smuggling or export violations, including:

(I) Items controlled on the United States Munitions List established under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U. S. C. 2778);

(Ii) Items controlled under regulations under the Export Administration Regulations (15 C. F. R. Parts 730-774);

(vi) Offenses for which a multilateral treaty requires the United States to extradite or prosecute suspects found on its territory.

Influencing, obstructing, or opposing a Federal official by threatening or injuring a family member in the United States.

(vii) Trafficking in persons, trafficking in children, sexual exploitation of children, or transporting, employing, or harboring any person, including a child, for commercial sex acts.

(C) Conduct that constitutes a continuing criminal enterprise as defined in section 408 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U. S. C. 848).

(B) Committing a crime against a foreign country in whole or in part with respect to a financial transaction occurring within the United States, including:

(i) The manufacture, importation, sale, or distribution of a controlled substance (as that term is defined in the Controlled Substances Act);

(ii) Murder, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, destruction of property by explosion or fire, or crimes of violence (as defined in section 16);

(iii) Fraud, or a scheme or attempt to commit fraud, by or against a foreign bank (as defined in section 1(b)(7) of the International Banking Act of 1978).

(iv) Bribery of a public official, or embezzlement, theft, or misappropriation of public funds by or for the benefit of a public official.

(v) Smuggling or export violations, including:

(I) Items controlled on the United States Munitions List established under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U. S. C. 2778);

(Ii) Items controlled under regulations under the Export Administration Regulations (15 C. F. R. Parts 730-774);

(vi) Offenses for which the United States is required by multilateral treaties to extradite or prosecute suspects found on its territory;

Influencing, obstructing, or opposing a Federal official by threatening or injuring a family member in the United States;

(vii) Trafficking in persons, trafficking in children, sexual exploitation of children, or transporting, employing, or harboring any person, including a child, for commercial sex activities.

(C) Conduct that constitutes a continuing criminal enterprise as defined in Section 408 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U. S. C. § 848).

18 U. S. C. § 1503 (Obstruction of Justice) (varies from 8 years to life imprisonment)*** -18 U. S. C. § 1461-1465 (Obscene Materials) (varies from 2 years to 10 years

Articles 1114 (relating to the murder of a U. S. law enforcement officer), 1116 (relating to the murder of a foreign official, official guest, or internationally protected person), 1201 (relating to kidnapping), 1203 (relating to hostage taking), 1361 (relating to willful injury to government property), 1363 (relating to the destruction of property in maritime and territorial special jurisdiction), 1708 (relating to theft of mail), 1751 (relating to assassination of the President), 2113 or 2114 (relating to robbery and theft of banks and mail), 2252A (relating to child pornography), 2260 (relating to the production of certain child pornography for importation into the United States), 2280 (relating to violence against maritime navigation), 2281 (relating to violence against fixed offshore platforms), 2252A (relating to child pornography), 2252B (relating to child pornography), 2252C (relating to child pornography), 2252D (relating to child pornography), 2252E (relating to child pornography), 2252F (relating to child pornography), 2252G (relating to child pornography), 2252H (relating to child pornography), 2252I ... 2319 (regarding copyright infringement), 2320 (regarding trafficking in counterfeit goods and services), 2332 (regarding acts of terrorism abroad against U. S. nationals), 2332a (regarding the use of weapons of mass destruction), 2332b (regarding acts of international terrorism across national borders), 2332g (regarding missile systems designed to destroy aircraft), 2332h (regarding radioactive dispersal devices), 2339A or 2339B (regarding providing material support to terrorists), 2339C (regarding terrorist financing), or 2339D (regarding military-type training by foreign terrorist organizations), 49 U. S. C. 46502, the Chemical Trafficking and Illicit Trafficking Act of 1988 (regarding precursor and essential chemicals), or a felony violation of the Chemical Trafficking and Illicit Trafficking Act of 1930 (regarding precursor and essential chemicals). Violation of Section 590 of the Tariff Act of 1970 (19 U. S. C. C. 1590) (concerning smuggling in air cargo), Section 422 of the Controlled Substances Act (concerning the transportation of drug paraphernalia), Section 38(c) of the Arms Export Control Act (concerning criminal violations), Section 11 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (concerning violations), Section 206 of the International Economic Power Emergency Act (concerning penalties), Section 16 of the Trading with the Enemy Act (concerning crimes and penalties), Section 1114 (concerning the murder of a U. S. law enforcement officer), Section 1116 (concerning the murder of a foreign official, official guest, or internationally protected person), Section 1201 (concerning kidnapping), Section 1203 (concerning hostage taking), Section 1361 (concerning intentional injury to government property), Section 1363 (concerning the crime of intentional injury to government property), Section 1364 (concerning the crime of intentional injury to government property), Section 1365 (concerning the crime of intentional injury to government property), Section 1366 (concerning the crime of intentional injury to government property), Section 1367 (concerning the crime of intentional injury to government property), Section 1368 (concerning the crime of intentional injury to government property), Section 1369 ... (crimes related to destruction of property in special maritime and territorial jurisdictions), 1708 (crimes related to theft of mail), 1751 (related to assassination of the President), 2113 or 2114 (related to robbery and theft of banks and mail), 2252A (related to child pornography), 2260 (production of certain child pornography for import into the United States), 2280 (related to violence against maritime navigation), 2281 (related to violence against fixed maritime platforms), 2319 (related to copyright infringement), 2320 (related to trafficking in counterfeit goods and services), 2332 (related to acts of terrorism abroad against U. S. nationals), 2332a (related to the use of weapons of mass destruction), 2332b (related to acts of international terrorism across borders), and 2332g. (relating to missile systems designed to destroy aircraft), 2332h (relating to radioactive dispersal devices), 2339A or 2339B (relating to providing material support to terrorists), 2339C (relating to terrorist financing), or 2339D (relating to military-type training by foreign terrorist organizations), 49 U. S. C. 46502, a felony violation of the Chemical Trafficking and Illicit Trade Act of 1988 (relating to precursor and essential chemicals), 590 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U. S. C. C. 1590) (relating to air cargo smuggling), 422 of the Controlled Substances Act (relating to the transportation of drug paraphernalia), 38(c) of the Arms Export Control Act (relating to criminal violations), 11 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (relating to violations), and 11 of the International Economic Powers Emergency Act. 206 (regarding penalties), violation of Article 16 of the Trading with the Enemy Act (regarding crimes and penalties), 1114 (regarding murder of a U. S. law enforcement officer), 1116 (regarding murder of a foreign official, official guest, or internationally protected person), 1201 (regarding kidnapping), 1203 (hostage taking), 1361 (regarding intentional injury to government property), 1363 (regarding destruction of property in maritime and territorial special jurisdiction), 1708 (regarding theft of mail), 1751 (relating to assassination of the President), 2113 or 2114 (relating to robbery and theft of banks and mail), 2252A (relating to child pornography), 2260 (producing certain child pornography for importation into the United States), and 2280. (relating to violence against maritime navigation), 2281 (relating to violence against fixed offshore platforms), 2319 (relating to copyright infringement), 2320 (relating to trafficking in counterfeit goods and services), 2332 (relating to acts of terrorism abroad against U. S. nationals), 2332a (relating to the use of weapons of mass destruction), 2332b (relating to acts of international terrorism across national borders), 2332g (relating to missile systems intended to destroy aircraft), 2332h (relating to radioactive diffusion devices), 2339A or 2339B (relating to providing material support to terrorists), 2339C (relating to terrorist financing), or 2339D (relating to military-type training by foreign terrorist organizations), 49 U. S. C. 46502, 1988. felony violations of the Chemical Trafficking Act of 1930 (relating to precursor and essential chemicals), Section 590 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U. S. C. C. 1590) (relating to smuggling in air cargo), Section 422 of the Controlled Substances Act (relating to the transportation of drug paraphernalia), Section 38(c) of the Arms Export Control Act (relating to criminal violations), Section 11 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (relating to violations), Section 206 of the International Economic Power Emergency Act (relating to penalties), and Section 16 of the Trading with the Enemy Act (relating to crimes and penalties);

Felony violations of Section 15 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (relating to Supplemental Nutrition Program benefit fraud) where the amount of benefits is at least $5, 000. 00, felony violations of Section 543(a)(1) of the Housing Act of 1949 (relating to stock absorptions), violations of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and Section 92 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U. S. C. 2122) (relating to prohibitions on stock absorptions). (C. 2122) (prohibitions related to atomic weapons) or section 104(a) of the North Korea Sanctions Act of 2016 (prohibitions related to North Korea);

(E) a felony violation of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U. S. C. 1251 et seq.), the Marine Discharge Act (33 U. S. C. 1401 et seq.), the Vessel Pollution Prevention Act (33 U. S. C. 1901 et seq.), the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U. S. C. 300f et seq.), or the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42 U. S. C. 6901 et seq.);

(F) any act or activity that constitutes a crime involving a federal health care offense. (G) Any conduct that would constitute a criminal violation of subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), or (F) of section 9(a) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U. S. C. 1538(a)(1)). (a)(1) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U. S. C. 1538(a)(1)), (b)(1) of the African Elephant Conservation Act (16 U. S. C. 4223), or (c)(7)(a) of the Rhino and Tiger Conservation Act of 1994 (16 U. S. C. 5505(a)), and related activities, if the total value of the threatened fish or wildlife species, products, articles, or substances involved in such violations exceeds $10, 000, as applicable; (8) the term "State" includes any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States; and (9) "Proceeds" means any property gained or acquired, directly or indirectly, or maintained by or through any unlawful activity, including the gross proceeds of such activity. (d) Nothing in this section preempts any provision of Federal, State, or other law that imposes criminal penalties or provides civil remedies beyond those provided in this section.

(In addition, with respect to crimes over which the Department of Homeland Security has jurisdiction, the units of the Department of Justice over which the Department of Homeland Security has jurisdiction and the units of the Department of the Treasury over which the Secretary of the Treasury has jurisdiction may investigate, as appropriate. The powers of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Postal Service shall be exercised pursuant to any agreement entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General. Violations of this section, including those crimes described in subsection (c)(7)(e), may be investigated by units of the Department of Justice as directed by the Attorney General and as directed by the National Enforcement Investigations Center of the Environmental Protection Agency.

(f) Extraterritorial jurisdiction exists over conduct prohibited by this section if:

(1) the conduct was conducted by a U. S. citizen, or, in the case of a noncitizen, any part of the conduct was conducted within the United States;

(2) the transaction or series of related transactions involved more than 10, 000 If the transaction involves funds or financial instruments with a value of more than $1, 000, 000.

(g) Notice of Conviction of Financial Institution.--If a financial institution, or any officer, director, or employee of a financial institution, is convicted of an offense under this section, Section 1957 or 1960 of this title, or Section 5322 or 5324 of Title 31, the Attorney General shall provide written notice of that fact to the appropriate supervisory authority of the financial institution.

(h) Any person who conspires to commit an offense described in this section or Section 1957 shall be subject to the same penalties as those provided for the offense for which the conspiracy was intended.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), a prosecution for an offense described in this section or Section 1957 may be brought:

(A) in the area in which the economic or monetary transaction takes place. (In addition, with respect to crimes over which the Department of Homeland Security has jurisdiction, the units of the Department of Justice over which the Department of Homeland Security has jurisdiction and the units of the Department of the Treasury over which the Secretary of the Treasury has jurisdiction may investigate, as appropriate. The powers of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Postal Service shall be exercised pursuant to any agreement entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General. Violations of this section, including those crimes described in subsection (c)(7)(e), may be investigated by units of the Department of Justice as directed by the Attorney General and as directed by the National Enforcement Investigations Center of the Environmental Protection Agency.

(f) Extraterritorial jurisdiction exists over conduct prohibited by this section if:

(1) the conduct is committed by a citizen of the United States, or, in the case of a noncitizen, any part of the conduct is committed within the United States.

(2) The transaction or series of related transactions involves funds or financial instruments with a value of more than $10, 000.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), a prosecution for an offense described in this section or Section 1957 may be brought in the following cases:

(A) The territory in which the economic or monetary transactions are conducted. (In addition, with respect to crimes over which the Department of Homeland Security has jurisdiction, the units of the Department of Justice over which the Department of Homeland Security has jurisdiction and the units of the Department of the Treasury over which the Secretary of the Treasury has jurisdiction may investigate, as appropriate. The powers of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Postal Service shall be exercised pursuant to any agreement entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General. Violations of this section, including those crimes described in subsection (c)(7)(e), may be investigated by units of the Department of Justice as directed by the Attorney General and as directed by the National Enforcement Investigations Center of the Environmental Protection Agency.

(f) Extraterritorial jurisdiction exists over conduct prohibited by this section if:

(1) the conduct was conducted by a U. S. citizen, or, in the case of a noncitizen, any part of the conduct was conducted within the United States;

(2) the transaction or series of related transactions involved more than 10, 000 If the transaction involves funds or financial instruments with a value of more than $1, 000, 000.

(g) Notice of Conviction of Financial Institution.--If a financial institution, or any officer, director, or employee of a financial institution, is convicted of an offense under this section, section 1957 or 1960 of this title, or section 5322 or 5324 of title 31, the Attorney General shall provide written notice of that fact to the appropriate supervisory agency of the financial institution.

(h) A person who conspires to commit an offense described in this section or section 1957 shall be subject to the same penalties as those provided for the offense for which the conspiracy was intended.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), a prosecution for an offense described in this section or section 1957 may be brought:

(A) in the area in which the economic or monetary transactions are conducted.

(B) If the defendant participates in relocating the revenue of specified illegal activities from the area to the region where the financial or financial transaction is performed, any region may prosecute the basic illegal activity.

(2) Promote attempted crimes or acclaimed accusations based on Article 1957, promoting areas where the area is located in the completed crime based on paragraph 1 (1). It can be performed in other areas where the act is performed.

(3) In this Article, the transfer of funds from a certain place or other means to another place is a single continuous transaction. Those who have performed a part of the transaction (this term is defined in paragraph (C) (2)) may be prosecuted in any region where the transaction is performed.

(A) In any of the situations prescribed in paragraphs (d), it is intentionally involved in or involved in monetary transactions related to criminal property derived from specified tort. The person has received the punishment prescribed in paragraphs (b).

(b) Except in the case of paragraph (1) (1) (1), the punishment for violations based on this section shall be a fine based on the 18th of the United States Code, or both imprisonment or both. If the crime is involved in a medical device before the refund (defined in Article 670), the punishment for the crime is the same as the punishment for crimes based on Article 670, unless the punishment based on this section is larger. 。

(2) The court may impose alternative penalties for those who have been disputeed in paragraph (1) within twice the amount of property derived from crimes involved in transactions.

(c) In the prosecution of a crime based on this Article, the government does not need to prove that the defendant knew that the crime of a crime property would identify the illegal act.

(D) The situation described in the (A) section is as follows.

(1) A crime based on this Article occurs within a specific maritime and territorial jurisdiction in the United States or the United States. (b) If the defendant participates in relocating the revenue of specific illegal activities to the region where economical or financial transactions are carried out, prosecute the basic illegal activity in any area. Can do.

(2) The court may impose alternative penalties for those who have been disputeed in paragraph (1) within twice the amount of property derived from crimes involved in transactions.

(c) In the prosecution of a crime based on this Article, the government does not need to prove that the defendant knew that the crime of a crime property would identify the illegal act.

(D) The situation described in the (A) section is as follows.

(1) A crime based on this Article occurs within a specific maritime and territorial jurisdiction in the United States or the United States. (B) If the defendant participates in relocating the revenue of specified illegal activities from the area to the region where the financial or financial transaction is performed, any region may prosecute the basic illegal activity.

(a) In any of the situations prescribed in paragraphs (d), it is intentionally involved in or involved in monetary trading related to criminal property derived from specific tort. The person has received the punishment prescribed in paragraphs (b).

(2) The court may impose alternative penalties for those who have been disputeed in paragraph (1) within twice the amount of property derived from crimes involved in transactions.

(c) In the prosecution of a crime based on this Article, the government does not need to prove that the defendant knew that the crime of a crime property would identify the illegal act.

(D) The situation described in the (A) section is as follows.

(1) A crime based on this Article occurs within a specific maritime and territorial jurisdiction in the United States or the United States.

(2) Where a violation under this section occurs outside the United States and the District of Columbia but the defendant is a United States person (as defined in section 3077 of this title, but excluding the category described in paragraph (2)(D) of this section).

The powers of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Postal Service shall be exercised pursuant to any agreement entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General.

(f) As used in this section

(1) "Financial transaction" means any deposit, withdrawal, transfer, or exchange by, through, or to a financial institution (as defined in section 1956(c)(5) of this title) of funds or monetary instruments (as defined in section 1956(c)(5) of this title) in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce.

(2) "Property derived from crime" means property that is or is derived from the proceeds of crime.

(a) Any person traveling in interstate or foreign commerce, or using the mails or facilities of interstate or foreign commerce, for the purpose of:

(1) distributing the proceeds of unlawful activity;

(2) committing a crime of violence in furtherance of unlawful activity;

(3) otherwise promoting, controlling, establishing, conducting, or facilitating,

or attempting to promote, control, establish, conduct, or facilitate, any unlawful activity.

(2) Where an offense under this section occurs outside the United States and the District of Columbia, but the defendant is a United States person (as defined in section 3077 of this title, but other than as described in paragraph (2)(D) of this section).

Such powers of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Postal Service shall be exercised pursuant to any agreement entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General.

(f) As used in this section

(2) "Property derived from crime" means property that is or is derived from the proceeds of crime.

(3) The terms "specified criminal activity" and "items" have the meanings given such terms in section 1956 of this title.

(a) Any person traveling in interstate or foreign commerce, or using the mails or any facility of interstate or foreign commerce to:

(1) distribute the proceeds of unlawful activity;

(2) commit a crime of violence in furtherance of unlawful activity;

(3) otherwise promote, administer, establish, conduct, or facilitate,

or attempt to promote, administer, establish, conduct, or facilitate, any unlawful activity; or

(2) when a violation under this section occurs outside the United States and the District of Columbia but the defendant is a United States person (as defined in section 3077 of this title, but other than the category described in paragraph (2)(D) of this section).

These authorities of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Postal Service shall be exercised pursuant to any agreement entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Postal Service, and the Attorney General. (f) As used in this section,

(1) "Financial transaction" means any deposit, withdrawal, transfer, or exchange of funds or monetary instruments (as defined in section 1956(c)(5) of this title) by, through, or to a financial institution (as defined in section 1956(c)(4)(B) of this title) in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce.

(2) "Property derived from crime" means property that is or is derived from the proceeds of crime.

(3) The terms "specified criminal activity" and "goods" have the meanings given such terms in section 1956 of this title.

(a) Any person traveling in interstate or foreign commerce, or using any facility of the mails or interstate or foreign commerce, for the purpose of:

(1) distributing the proceeds of unlawful activity.

(2) Committing a crime of violence in furtherance of an illegal activity;

(3) Otherwise promoting, administering, establishing, conducting, or encouraging,

doing or attempting to do any illegal activity.

(A) The acts described in paragraph (1) or paragraphs (3) are imposed on both finings based on this title, imprisonment of 5 years or less, or both. lingering

(B) The acts described in paragraphs (2) are prosecuted based on this title, and both declared or both are imposed or both of them, and are imposed on a fixe d-term or lif e-saving impact due to the effects of death.

(b) In this section, (i) "illegal activity" means the following.

(1) Gambling, federal goods tax, alcoholic beverages, drugs or drugs (defined in Article 102 (6) of the Regulatory Drug Act), or in business with prostitution, in the state law or US law. What to violate

(2) Acts that violate the state or the US law in which the arson was performed, (3) (3) Under the United States Code, Chapter 53, Section 2, or under Article 1956 or Article 1957. The act of being sued, (II), (II), "State" includes the US State, the Colombia Special Zone, the Federal, territory, or territorial land in the United States.

(D) The violation based on this section contains the acts described in paragraph (1) or (3) of paragraphs (1) or (3), and the medical products before the refund (defined in Article 670). In the case of included, the punishment for the violation shall be the same as the punishment for violations based on Article 670, unless the punishment based on (a) is greater.

(e) (1) This section does not apply to savings and loan promotions performed by the insurance organization or insurance credit union.

(2) In this section

(A) The term "insurance credit union" has the meaning given to the term in Article 101 of the Federal Credit Law (12 U. S. C. 1752);

(B) The term "insurance deposit handling organization" has the meaning given to the term in Paragraph 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Law (12 U. S. C. 1813). (a) paragraph (a) paragraph (1) or paragraph (3) is a fine based on this title, imprisonment of 5 years or less, or both. lingering

(b) In this section, (i) "illegal activity" means the following.

(e) (1) This section does not apply to savings and loan promotions performed by the insurance organization or insurance credit union.

(2) In this section

Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

Last modified: 27.08.2024

Section outlaws four kinds of money laundering—promotional, concealment, structuring, and tax evasion laundering of the proceeds generated by designated. laundering, which is a federal crime. In order to find (name) guilty of this under (State)(Federal) law.] Page 3. 3. Comment. Fifth Circuit § This report provides an overview of the elements of federal criminal money laundering statutes and the sanctions imposed for their violation.

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Money Laundering An Overview of 18 U. S. C. 1956 and Related Federal Criminal Law.

Money Laundering: An Overview of 18 U.S.C. § 1956 and Related Federal Criminal Law

Money Laundering: An Overview of 18 U.S.C. § 1956 and Related Federal Criminal Law

Contents

Summary

Introduction

18 U.S.C. § 1956

Promotion

Financial Transactions

International Transmission or Transportation

Stings

Concealment

Financial Transactions

International Transportation or Transmission

Stings

Evading Reporting Requirements (Smurfing)

Financial Transactions

International Transportation or Transmission

Stings

Tax Evasion

Financial Transactions

Conspiracy, Attempt, Aiding and Abetting

Consequences

Imprisonment

Fines and Civil Penalties

Forfeiture

Venue

18 U.S.C. § 1957

Elements

Conspiracy, Attempt, Aiding and Abetting

Consequences

Imprisonment

Fines

Forfeiture

18 U.S.C. § 1952: Travel Act

Distribution, Facilitation, and Violence

Travel, etc.

Unlawful Activity

Conspiracy, Aiding and Abetting

Consequences

31 U.S.C. § 5322: Reporting Requirements

31 U.S.C. § 5324: Anti-Structuring

31 U.S.C. § 5332: Bulk Cash Smuggling

18 U.S.C. § 1960: Money Transmitters

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO)

Attachments

Specified Unlawful Activities (Citations to Predicate Offenses: 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956, 1957)(Maximum Terms of Imprisonment Noted)

State Money Laundering Laws (Citations)

State Money Transmission Laws (Citations)

Selected Federal Money Laundering Laws (Text)

18 U.S.C. § 1956. Laundering of monetary instruments

18 U.S.C. § 1957. Engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity

Travel Act: 18 U.S.C. § 1952. Interstate and foreign travel or transportation in aid of racketeering enterprises

31 U.S.C. § 5322: Reporting Requirements

31 U.S.C. § 5324. Structuring transactions to evade reporting requirement prohibited

31 U.S.C. § 5332. Bulk cash smuggling

18 U.S.C. § 1960. Prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses

RICO: 18 U.S.C. § 1962. Prohibited activities

18 U.S.C. § 1961. Definitions

18 U.S.C. § 1963. Criminal penalties

18 U.S.C. § 1964. Civil remedies

Footnotes