Post-Brexit Guide What s been the impact and how did it happen Euronews

Post-Brexit Guide: What's been the impact — and how did it happen?

Euronews' latest commentary looks at the far-reaching implications of Britain's departure from the EU and the events leading up to Brexit.

This updated article was previously titled "A post-Brexit guide: Where are we now - and how did we get here?

The impacts of the UK's departure from the European Union (EU) are far-reaching, affecting businesses and the economy as well as people and many aspects of their lives on both sides of the English Channel.

This guide looks at the impact of Brexit to date, almost three years after the UK left the EU and two years after the new relationship came into force. It reviews the long negotiation process, the difficult historical relationship between the UK and Europe, and adds a note on how the EU works.

PART ONE: BREXIT'S IMPACT

The UK's departure from the EU, now a 27-nation economic and political partnership, put an end to nearly half a century of the UK's membership of the EU and the institutions that preceded it.
"Brexit" is short for "Britain" and "exit," and marks the biggest constitutional upheaval the UK has experienced since joining the then six-nation European Economic Community in 1973. It also marks the first time the European bloc has lost a member state.

Brexit: 10 stories to understand what has happened since the UK left the EU

The UK and Brexit: Unfinished business

Boris Johnson, the last British Prime Minister, ran a successful campaign on a promise to "get Brexit done". However, although the UK left the EU on mutually agreed terms following a trade and future linkage deal with the EU, the UK itself and Brussels are still fighting over post-Brexit relations.

A breakthrough in the long-running dispute over the Northern Ireland trade deal (which has also been beset by a difficult divorce process) has raised hopes that UK-EU relations will become warmer after two years of tension after Brexit, and that it will also put an end to political paralysis in the UK. The government of British Chancellor Rishi Sunak managed to reach a new agreement with the EU in February 2023. Unionists, who were strongly opposed to the original treaty, agreed to review its terms.

There are more evidence that Brexit will have a negative effect on the British economy, and the UK is needed to scrutinize new trade conditions with the continent. As a result of the UK's choice, new border management and immigration restrictions have been introduced, and trade and labor supply are confused. In particular, companies have questioned the UK government's aim to take advantage of the newly acquired autonomous rights by taking a different path from the EU rules.

Opinion polls suggest that more voters have regretted the British withdrawal. However, there is little desire to review the formal relationship with the UK EU, especially among major political parties.

With the arrival of Risi Snack in the Downing Street, the political turmoil that has destroyed his predecessor Boris Johnson and Liz Truss has recovered. However, the impact of Brexit continues to shake the ruling conservative party, and the influence of the ant i-EU har d-line, which could resist the compromise with the EU, is still strong.

In the latter half of 2022, the atmosphere of London and Brussels became warm, but important problems remained unresolved. It is noteworthy that Brussels is clear that the British Party, which has been consistently received in public opinion polls, and the next British election, which will be implemented by January 2025, is clear. I would have done it.

The friction between the United Kingdom and the EU was relieved to some extent by recognizing the need for European integration with Ukraine. However, for many Europeans, the weakening of the European continent to deal with global issues such as Russian wars, economic recession after pandemic, climate change, and threats by China and Iran. It was brought by.

On the other hand, in Scotland, the tension after Bregujit continued, and the majority of the EU remained, but the UK Supreme Court was banned by the UK Supreme Court to ask for independence without approval from London.

Bleegjit schedule

[...]
January 31, 2020: Britain leaves the EU based on the divorce agreement due to negotiations, but most of the agreements have not changed during the 1 1-month "migration period".
December 24, 2020: The UK and the EU will reach a las t-minute agreement on the relationship between trade and the future of the EU after several months of negotiations. The evidence that Brexit has a negative effect on British economy has increased, and the UK has been forced to scrutinize new trade conditions with the continent. As a result of the UK's choice, new border management and immigration restrictions have been introduced, and trade and labor supply are confused. In particular, companies have questioned the UK government's aim to take advantage of the newly acquired autonomous rights by taking a different path from the EU rules.
Opinion polls suggest that more voters have regretted the British withdrawal. However, there is little desire to review the formal relationship with the UK EU, especially among major political parties.

The economy and trade

Bleegjit schedule

[...]

January 31, 2020: Britain leaves the EU based on the divorce agreement due to negotiations, but most of the agreements have not changed during the 1 1-month "migration period".

December 24, 2020: The UK and the EU will reach a las t-minute agreement on the relationship between trade and the future of the EU after several months of negotiations. There are more evidence that Brexit will have a negative effect on the British economy, and the UK is needed to scrutinize new trade conditions with the continent. As a result of the UK's choice, new border management and immigration restrictions have been introduced, and trade and labor supply are confused. In particular, companies have questioned the UK government's aim to take advantage of the newly acquired autonomous rights by taking a different path from the EU rules.
Opinion polls suggest that more voters have regretted the British withdrawal. However, there is little desire to review the formal relationship with the UK EU, especially among major political parties.

Bleegjit schedule
[...]
January 31, 2020: Britain leaves the EU based on the divorce agreement due to negotiations, but most of the agreements have not changed during the 1 1-month "migration period".
December 24, 2020: The UK and the EU will reach a las t-minute agreement on the relationship between trade and the future of the EU after several months of negotiations.
December 31, 2020: The migration period ended, and on January 1, 2021, the conditions for a new life outside the EU in the UK came into effect.
Like other countries, there are various factors behind the British economic difficulties, such as Covid 19, Russia's Ukrainian War, and the effects of the continued energy crisis, but Economist's economist has worsened it. Almost consensus is obtained in between.

Citizens' rights: residency and travel

According to an official forecast by an independent analyst by the government, the new trade relationship between the UK and the EU is "reduced productivity by 4 % compared to the EU remaining."
In 2022, a series of reports that the UK has been underestimated compared to other countries since the pandemic (global trend) began.

According to the official announcement, the British economy is the only G7 countries. A report published by the European Reform Center in December 2022 is the latest, indicating how Bregjits have hit British GDP, investment, and trade. The view is that Bregjit's impact on the UK's high inflation rate is related to the rise in food prices.

Boris Johnson concluded a trade agreement with the EU in late 2020, but there is no barrier to the United States in trade, and British companies "have more businesses with European friends. You will be able to do it. "

The trading agreement between the EU and British, which came into effect in 2021, has acknowledged the market access with unpotent taxes, but has not granted services, and on issues such as future competition, fisheries rights, and security. Cooperation is also eligible.

The withdrawal of the UK Single Market and Customs Alliance has greatly reduced new border procedures and regulations. The EU had previously emphasized that these had more government office work and "longer delivery", but the warnings seemed to be real.

Import prices have increased, especially due to the fall of the pound after the Brexit referendum.

Advertising < Span> December 31, 2020: The migration period ended, and on January 1, 2021, the conditions for a new life outside the EU in the UK came into effect.

According to an official forecast by an independent analyst by the government, the new trade relationship between the UK and the EU is "reduced productivity by 4 % compared to the EU remaining in the EU."

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According to the official announcement, the British economy is the only G7 countries. A report published by the European Reform Center in December 2022 is the latest, indicating how Bregjits have hit British GDP, investment, and trade. The view is that Bregjit's impact on the UK's high inflation rate is related to the rise in food prices.
Boris Johnson concluded a trade agreement with the EU in late 2020, but there is no barrier to the United States in trade, and British companies "have more businesses with European friends. You will be able to do it. "
In fact, multiple reports have detailed that the imports and expansion of the UK and the EU have dropped dramatically, and many small and mediu m-sized enterprises have completely stopped trade. According to a report from the British Chamber of Commerce in December 2022, the trade agreement has not yet been achieved for more than thre e-quarters of companies.
The trading agreement between the EU and British that came into effect in 2021 has acknowledged the market access with unpotent tax, but has not granted services, and on issues such as future competition, fishing rights, and security. Cooperation is also eligible.
The withdrawal of the UK Single Market and Customs Alliance has greatly reduced new border procedures and regulations. The EU had previously emphasized that these had more government office work and "longer delivery", but the warnings seemed to be real.

Immigration and labour shortages

Import prices have increased, especially due to the fall of the pound after the Brexit referendum.

Advertising December 31, 2020: The migration period ended, and on January 1, 2021, the conditions for new life outside the EU in the UK came into effect.

Like other countries, there are various factors behind the British economic difficulties, such as Covid 19, Russia's Ukrainian War, and the effects of the continued energy crisis, but Economist's economist has worsened it. Almost consensus is obtained in between.

In fact, multiple reports have detailed that the imports and expansion of the UK and the EU have dropped dramatically, and many small and mediu m-sized enterprises have completely stopped trade. According to a report from the British Chamber of Commerce in December 2022, the trade agreement has not yet been achieved for more than thre e-quarters of companies.

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Britain's withdrawal from the UK has been successful on the European continent, but the UK has not yet imposed ful l-scale imports from the EU. The EU's report published in February 2022 states that there are variations throughout Europe, and the northern and western areas are most affected.
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Northern Ireland

BREXIT will decrease British competitiveness and report that workers will be poor in the next 10 years.

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Brexit ends the right of "free movement" between the UK and the EU (not the absolute right for the EU citizens to move to other EU countries, but conditional). However, the divorce agreement protects the existing rights of Europeans living in the UK and the British on the continent, which had already been enjoyed at the time of Bregjitt.

Until the end of the migration period, people living in their home countries have the same rights for their lives, employment, school, welfare and services.

The UK has given more than 6 million people with families living in the country, along with the EU, EU (European economic region) and the Swiss national settlement program.

Kings College London researchers emphasized in a series of bureaucratic inconsistencies related to the application process in the December 2022 report.

British people staying in the EU until the end of 2020 have the right to stay, but they must prepare appropriate documents. This is different for EU countries, and some countries take more stricter approaches than others. Some complaints have been refused access to basic rights because there are no appropriate documents. < SPAN> The UK's withdrawal from the UK has been successful in the European continent, but the UK has not yet imposed full regulations on imports from the EU. The EU's report published in February 2022 states that there are variations throughout Europe, and the northern and western areas are most affected.

Brexit damage: EU withdrawal is a more directly hit British economy than Cobid?

BREXIT will decrease British competitiveness and report that workers will be poor in the next 10 years.
One year from Brexit: What is the impact on European export companies?
Liz Truss wants "growth, growth, and growth". See how Brexit destroyed her goals
Brexit ends the right of "free movement" between the UK and the EU (not the absolute right for the EU citizens to move to other EU countries, but conditional). However, the divorce agreement protects the existing rights of Europeans living in the UK and the British on the continent, which had already been enjoyed at the time of Bregjitt.
Until the end of the migration period, people living in their home countries have the same rights for their lives, employment, school, welfare and services.
The UK has given more than 6 million people with families living in the country, along with the EU, EU (European economic region) and the Swiss national settlement program.

Trade deals with non-EU countries

However, a considerable minority faced a serious problem. Hundreds of thousands of applicants were involved in delays, and there was a problem in securing family rights. On the other hand, many people argue that it is difficult to prove their status because they do not issue physical documents alone.

Kings College London researchers emphasized in a series of bureaucratic inconsistencies related to the application process in the December 2022 report.

What is the responsibility for Brexit on the Budget for the UK Autumn Black Hall?

Bregjit: Jeremy Hunt, Britain and EU's trade barrier, but refuses to resume a single market
BREXIT will decrease British competitiveness and report that workers will be poor in the next 10 years.
One year from Brexit: What is the impact on European export companies?
Liz Truss wants "growth, growth, and growth". See how Brexit destroyed her goals

Dismantling EU laws and regulations

Brexit ends the right of "free movement" between the UK and the EU (not the absolute right for the EU citizens to move to other EU countries, but conditional). However, the divorce agreement protects the existing rights of Europeans living in the UK and the British on the continent, which had already been enjoyed at the time of Bregjitt.

Until the end of the migration period, people living in their home countries have the same rights for their lives, employment, school, welfare and services.

Kings College London researchers emphasized in a series of bureaucratic inconsistencies related to the application process in the December 2022 report.

Second, the Brexit Agreement guarantees the rights of the British residents in individual accepting countries, but does not automatically give the right to move to other EU countries. For this reason, there are cases where the movement between EU member countries causes problems.
A survey has shown that there is a particular problem if the family of the "mixing status", especially the partner, is British and the other is European.
British people who do not have the EU have now been influenced by the rules of only 90 days in 180 days that visitors from outside the EU can visit the Schengen agreement.

Services, science and education

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Many European workers have returned to their home countries from the UK, but the strict entry requirements have not made it easier to return. EURONEWS has an impact on various fields, from agriculture to customer service.
According to the new immigration in the UK, the EU nationals are no longer favored, and many lo w-skilled jobs have been paid in front of them. Instead, a new poin t-based system is designed to attract skilled workers. It is estimated that pure immigrants to the UK have increased rapidly, but have decreased among the EU nationals.
A survey conducted by Migration Observatory at Oxford University in August 2022 show evidence that British immigration policies are one of the multiple factors that lead to labor shortages.
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PART TWO: The REFERENDUM and the BREXIT DEALS

'Taking back control': The background to Brexit

Government immigration advisors say that BREXIT also promotes unstable labor markets, along with the activation of economic activity, high vacancy, increase in inflation, and Russia's Ukrainian War.

According to the annual report published by the Immigration Advisory Committee in December 2022, the end of free movement within the EU is especially "the most dependent on the EU workers, such as customer service, curator, government, manufacturing, and agriculture. "It brought a labor supply shock to the British economy."

The Mac tried many times to improve the wages, secure employees, and to make maximum measures to use the employee, but in many cases. It emphasizes that it was not effective.

Business leaders have called for the government to alleviate immigration rules, but the Immigration Committee is at risk of exploiting immigration workers, so "open new visa routes without a strong economic basis. You should resist the voice. "

However, the committee blamed the government's "lack of integrated thinking", which does not have "consistent comprehensive skills and employment strategies", and to "deal with the shortage by working on the root cause". Is a sustainable lon g-term policy. .

Post-Brexit TRADE AND FUTURE COOPERATION AGREEMENT

Survey results that Brexit intensified the shortage of British doctors

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After Brexit, the voices of the British farmers said that they were "struggling to respond."

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Northern Ireland is a part of the UK, but has continued to maintain a certain rule of the EU to maintain the border with the EU member Irish Republic. Northern Ireland is still a single EU market, which is the interest of North Ireland manufacturers, which can access both the EU and the UK market.
Northern Ireland's union strongly opposed the original Protocol, because the "Irish Sea Border", which restricts trade with the United Kingdom, exists in the UK.
Survey has shown that the growth rate in Northern Ireland is higher than other areas in the UK, but new trade friction with the UK has a significant adverse effect.
"Windsor Framework" published by Prime Minister Lisi Snack and Chairman of the European Committee of Ursla von Dea Lien, the relationship developed through the trivial conflict between Boris Johnson and Liz Truss. is.

Trade and competition

Subsequent data sharing agreements also helped. The British government promises to withdraw the North Ireland Protocol bill. The bill was introduced by the Johnson administration and urged to overturn the initial treaty if necessary, which led to the EU.

In the new agreement, the "Green Lane" will be introduced only to products transported from the UK to Northern Ireland, and regulations on products from the south to the Republic will be alleviated. British drugs can be distributed freely in Northern Ireland. Collections, sausages, potato seeds, and plants shipped from the UK should be eliminated.

The "Stormont Brake", named after the Northern Ireland split parliament, aims to deal with "lack of democracy" by giving North Ireland the right to say the EU's new rules. The British government welcomes this measure as granting the possibility of veto, but its use is strict.

The bet is high. Solving the deadlock in North Ireland will also realize other areas where friction is occurring between London and Brussels, for example, the UK science field to the EU research program "Horizon", which had been stalled due to the issue of Protocol. There is a possibility. In addition, cooperation in fields such as immigration, energy, defense, and cyber security may be improved.
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The 25th anniversary of the Belfast / Good Friday Agreement in April 2023 made the hearts of people. The Belfast Congress has been postponed, but cannot be postponed indefinitely. All stakeholders will have to take into account the price of not being compromised.
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Since 2021, Britain has become free to pursue its own trade policies, and supporters often defend the ability to conclude trade agreements with other countries.
However, to this day, the trade agreement with the United States, which has been promised by several people, has not been concluded, and the goal of free trade agreements with India has not been achieved.
Agreements have been concluded with dozens of countries other than the EU, but most of them have benefited from the UK as the former EU member, but have not been applied after withdrawal. It is.
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The British government praised the initial agreement that had hit Japan as "historical", but there is almost no difference from the EU agreement that the UK has lost access rights, and according to the official figures, in 2022. The export to Japan actually decreased.

Agreement with Australia has criticized even the British agricultural world and former conservative ministers, with too many concessions in return. According to the government's own evaluation, only 0. 08 % of the lon g-term GDP by 2035 will be raised.

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The British government is eager to emphasize the "Bregujit opportunity" brought by the release of the EU rules. However, there are few evidence that the benefits exceed the cost.

The right bill submitted to the parliament is to realize the "amendment or withdrawal" promise that all EU laws will be applied in the UK until the end of 2023. The s o-called "Brexit Freedom bill" has been criticized for being swayed by ideology, and one independent monitoring team described it as "not suitable for the purpose." There are concerns that a huge amount of law, which will be wiped out due to the dangers of a collection of laws, creates a large number of legal loop holes and threaten established rights, such as protection of workers.

The UK government's plans to introduce a new regulatory regime after Brexit to replace so-called "EU red tape" are raising alarms in sectors from food to chemicals that fear they will impose new costs.

The UK's replacement for EU agricultural subsidies has been delayed, but a new regime to manage state aid and replace the EU version is due to come into force in early January 2023.

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Brexit also means that some mobile operators will reintroduce data roaming charges for travellers from the UK to the EU and vice versa.
According to the new immigration in the UK, the EU nationals are no longer favored, and many lo w-skilled jobs have been paid in front of them. Instead, a new poin t-based system is designed to attract skilled workers. It is estimated that pure immigrants to the UK have increased rapidly, but have decreased among the EU nationals.

BREXIT DIVORCE DEAL: The UK's exit terms

The UK has launched legal action against the EU for being unfairly excluded from EU science programs such as Horizon Europe amid the Northern Ireland issue. The February 2023 agreement on a trade deal for Northern Ireland raised hopes that the UK might be able to go back to being a baby.

Brexit has also had an impact on the world of education. The UK, which no longer participates in the EU student exchange program "Erasmus+", has launched its own exchange program. The number of applications from EU students to UK universities has fallen, and the number of school trips between the UK and the EU has also reportedly decreased.

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The UK voted to leave the EU in a June 2016 referendum by a large margin of 52% to 48%. Campaign messages about wanting to "take back control" of borders, money and laws resonated with voters.

The vote followed decades of growing hostility to the European project, which imposed the primacy of EU law in certain areas and whose "freedom of movement" principles had led millions of EU citizens to move to the UK to work and settle.

England (53%) and Wales (52. 5%) voted to leave the EU, while Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain by 62% and 56%, respectively. Other divisions were exposed, including between metropolitan areas and small towns, and between different age groups and social classes.
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The aftermath of the referendum plunged the UK into its worst political and constitutional crisis since the Second World War. Brexit Day was postponed multiple times amid a deadlock in the UK Parliament over the terms of the divorce with the EU.

Arrangements for Northern Ireland agreed in 2019

After the UK finally left the EU on 31 January 2020, London and Brussels raced against time throughout the year to reach an agreement on the future EU-UK relationship to come into force from January 2021. Failure would have meant the two sides would have reverted to basic international trade rules, increasing costs and disruption, and leaving other issues in limbo (see "No Deal" below).

All this in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic and Europe's biggest economic crisis since the Second World War.

Advertisement The deal, the Trade and Future Cooperation Agreement (TCA), was signed on Christmas Eve 2020 too late to go through the traditional ratification process. The TCA was approved by EU leaders and the UK Parliament and provisionally came into force in the New Year. Ratification by the European Parliament will take place at the end of April 2021.

The post-Brexit EU-UK trade and future relationship deal will maintain tariff-free and quota-free access to each other's goods markets. The deal removes the threat of a disastrous "no deal" scenario that could have driven thousands of businesses to the wall.

But the deal came with many promises, and Britain's departure from the EU single market and customs union has brought extra red tape and costs to importers and exporters on both sides of the Channel.

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The UK is beyond the jurisdiction of EU law and the European Court of Justice (ECJ), but can challenge each other in their courts, and can take punitive measures if subsidies distort trade.

The deal also heralded further uncertainty for the UK's vital services industry, as it contained only vague commitments. Financial services were not covered at all, and will be dealt with in a separate process.

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The Political Declaration: Divorce deal pledges for the future

The trade deal provided a five-and-a-half-year transition period for fishing, a sticking point in the negotiations. During this period, EU access to UK waters will be reduced by a quarter, while UK fishing quotas will increase.

Annual negotiations will then take place, but the EU can retaliate if access is further reduced. And the UK, which sells most of its fish to the EU, is likely to continue to need the European market.

Post-Brexit frictions came to the fore in a dispute between the UK and France in autumn 2021. France is upset that dozens of its fishing boats are being denied access to islands off the coast of England and in the Jersey Channel.

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PART THREE: HOW DID BREXIT HAPPEN?

Brexit follows decades of UK soul-searching over Europe

Police investigations and law executions will continue to be carried out. Britain has participated in several EU security exchange programs, but has not participated in the European arrest or Europain.

"Foreign policy, foreign security, and defense cooperation are not subject to the agreement because the United Kingdom did not want to negotiate this issue," said the European Commission.

A history of UK-EU tension

Defense and security cooperation helps Liz Truss to improve the relationship between Britain Britain and the EU | view!

Director and dispute resolution
A joint partnership committee will be set up under the agreement to supervise the performance of the agreement. The committee is composed of both representatives, holds at least once a year, and has the authority to change part of the agreement if a mistake is found.
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There is a separate arbitration and dispute resolution mechanism that does not include the role of the European judicial court, not based on the EU Law.
Education, energy, science

FROM BREXIT VOTE TO EU EXIT DOOR

Scientific cooperation is continuing, and Britain has participated in the EU's Horizon European program for seven years. It was also to remain in the EU's Copernics Earth Observation Plan and EURATOM nuclear agencies.

Theresa May's deal repeatedly rejected by UK parliament

However, access was cut off in the controversy over the North Ireland Protocol, and in August 2022, the United Kingdom began legal measures against the EU.

The UK has left the EU's student exchange program "Erasmus+" and created a new international study abroad and training program in the UK.

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There were 40. 000 applications for studying abroad in Erasmus in the UK

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Based on the revised divorce agreement concluded by London and Brussels in October 2019, the UK's withdrawal from the British became effective on January 31, 2020.

The unfortunate pr e-version, negotiated under British Prime Minister Teriza May, was severely opposed by the British Congress and was rejected many times. The new agreement was negotiated by Tersa May, Boris Johnson, who won the subsequent elections, and was promptly ratified.

The agreement is composed of withdrawal agreements on withdrawal conditions and political declarations on future relationships.

The agreement also came into effect when the UK left, and set a migration period until December 31, 2020. During this period, many existing arrangements were maintained.

The revised withdrawal has maintained many of the agreements of the Tersa May administration previously negotiated.

The withdrawal clause in this agreement covers problems such as the financial solution of the UK, the provisions of North Ireland, and the rights of the citizens (protecting the rights of the British members and the British rights living on the continent). There is.

This establishes a mechanism to calculate the amount of duty paid by the UK to the EU. The amount is not mentioned, but it is estimated to be more than 40 billion euros. This includes the contributions to be paid during the migration period.

The agreement also protects the rights and social security rights of the EU people living in the UK and the EU in the EU, and maintains free movements until the migration period ends. Those who have already residents are still allowed to stay and can apply for permanent residence five years later.

The main change from the agreement negotiated by the Teriza May administration is the backstop of Ireland, which has been controversial to maintain the opening of the border on Irish Island, which was included in the previous arrangements (see below). It was deleted in the revised arrangement.

The divorce clause comes into effect when the UK leaves the EU at the end of January, based on a ratified agreement, and has the effect of the international treaty.

What is the Bregjit agreement with Boris Johnson's EU?

Bregjit Agreement: What EU citizens living in the UK should know | EURONEWS answers

Bregjit's Agreement: What the EU citizens live in the UK should know | EURONEWS answers | Europeantes Anthers < SPAN> The unfortunate version negotiated under the British Prime Minister Teriza May is severe in the British Congress. I was encountered and rejected many times. The new agreement was negotiated by Tersa May, Boris Johnson, who won the subsequent elections, and was promptly ratified.

The agreement is composed of withdrawal agreements on withdrawal conditions and political declarations on future relationships.

The agreement also came into effect when the UK left, and set a migration period until December 31, 2020. During this period, many existing arrangements were maintained.

The revised withdrawal has maintained many of the agreements of the Tersa May administration previously negotiated.

The divorce clause comes into effect when the UK leaves the EU at the end of January, based on a ratified agreement, and has the effect of the international treaty.

Bregjit Agreement: What EU citizens living in the UK should know | EURONEWS answers

'Get Brexit done': PM Johnson launches new drive for EU exit door

Bregjit's Agreement: What the EU citizens live in the UK should know | EURONEWS answers | Europeantes Answers Unders' unfortunate pr e-versions, which were negotiated under British Prime Minister Teriza May, were severely opposed by the British Council. It was also rejected. The new agreement was negotiated by Tersa May, Boris Johnson, who won the subsequent elections, and was promptly ratified.

This agreement is composed of withdrawal agreements on withdrawal conditions and political declarations on future relationships.

The revised withdrawal has maintained many of the agreements of the Tersa May administration previously negotiated.

Boris Johnson seals new Brexit deal with EU

The divorce clause comes into effect when the UK leaves the EU at the end of January, based on a ratified agreement, and has the effect of the international treaty.

Bregjit Agreement: What EU citizens living in the UK should know | EURONEWS answers

Brexit Agreement: What EU citizens living in the UK should know ｜ EURONEWS answers ｜ Euro News answer

Brexit means that the border between the North Ireland (part of the UK) and the Ireland Republic (part of the EU), one of the most delicate political borders in the world, is the only land border with the UK. do. All stakeholders agreed through the process that the border should remain open, but the historic and delicate and complex issues have bothered divorce negotiations.

After the migration period in January 2021, North Ireland hoped to leave the EU Credit Alliance with other areas in the UK and pursue independent trade policy. However, it is still under the EU tariff rules and the EU supervision.

Northern Ireland is working with a part of the EU single market to apply the EU method for the added value tax (VAT) rules.

How did Johnson reach a revised deal with the EU?

Northern Ireland was guaranteed an "unlimited access" to the British market. However, the rules, especially for products transported from the United Kingdom to Northern Ireland, have effectively gaps in the Irish Sea.

Customs and regulatory authorities will be checked at the port, not on Ireland. The British government has receded from the claim that Boris Johnson has long been asserted, and has acknowledged that some checks will be made on the product.

In December 2020, the EU and the United Kingdom reached an agreement on how to implement the agreement on the North Ireland, which was included in the divorce agreement. As part of the agreement, the British government agreed to abandon a controversial plan to bypass some of the initial agreements that violate international law.

With the implementation of the Protocol in January 2021, trade between the United Kingdom and the North Ireland was cut off, and further disputes were brought. The Johnson administration has moved so as not to carry out some of the agreements, and then submitted further bills to avoid the treaty.

The UK and the EU remained conflicted in this issue in February 2023, until the Ursla von Dea Lien European Commissioner reached a new agreement in February 2023 (see the previous paragraph).

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Equipment with backstop

Johnson's revision in Northern Ireland refused to take a resignation agreement as a backstop instead of the previous plan. With no trade agreements or alternatives, Teriza May's idea was to remain the entire UK into a tariff alliance with the EU, and North Ireland was even closer to the EU rules. With the elimination of the backstop, this agreement has no longer realized.

The revised agreement was similar to the initial EU proposal for the North Ireland backstop that the Mei administration refused, but it is more complicated and legally an important difference between the North Ireland in the British customs alliance. there were.

The North Ireland Congress can decide whether to maintain a new arrangement, but it is limited to four years of the migration period.

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As part of Bregjit's divorce consultation, the EU and the UK have also announced political declarations on future EU and British relations. This document provides a framework to form the foundation of future trade agreements.

Both sides signed various guarantees about future trade competition and other issues. It also included a commitment to "fair competition conditions" that covers problems such as national assistance, social rights, workers' rights, environment, and climate change.

The declaration is about the future economic relations between the EU and the UK, and the UK has selected a free trade agreement (FTA). However, in return for zero tariffs and allocation, the UK made a "powerful promise" to ensure "open and fair competition".

However, this document was not legally binding, and unlike the divorce agreement, the British withdrawal was effective in the International Treaty. The critics were skeptical, especially in consideration of the Johnson administration, deviating from the EU rules and trying to create an independent trade route.

Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

Last modified: 27.08.2024

The Brexit transition is over. Euronews looks at the key changes to come now the United Kingdom is fully separate from the European Union. Pointing out that the country could not have joined if it was in the EU, Downing Street said the pact "seizes the opportunities" of "new. Euronews' updated explainer examines the far-reaching effects of the UK's departure from the EU and the events that led to Brexit.

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