Virginia: April Sports Betting Declined in Line with Nationwide Trend

Gambling is very popular as a way for the state to increase revenue. Many states have found and expanded new forms of gambling and have found ways to increase revenue from these activities. In particular, after the economic recession and subsequent deterioration, the state tends to expand their gambling in anticipation of more revenues.

In the short term, the state will surely increase additional income due to gambling activities and the expansion of facilities. However, in the long run, history shows that gaming activities slow down or even decrease in the growth of state income. In short, profits worsen. Such a deterioration pattern is considered to be due to competition with other states over a limited market, competition between gaming (alternatives) in different forms, or other factors. Despite the deterioration, each state is often gaining momentum because each state approves new formal gambling, opens new facilities, and imposes higher gambling taxes. As a result, shor t-term revenue and lon g-term deterioration occur.

In addition to the lon g-term sluggish gambling income, the expansion of gambling activities of hig h-amount taxpayers is substantially decreasing (or not extending) income from low and mediu m-income households. To occupy the part, there is a problem of fairness. The relevant profile problem may be the effect of the state approved by the state to expand it into a native American casino since 1988. These can be reduced by the ownership of commercial casinos.

Finally, the research literature suggests that the expansion of the gaming business has social and economic costs, but the knowledge of these points is different, and the cost of these policies and other policies. It is unknown whether it is strong enough to deal with weaknesses. < SPAN> gambling is very popular as a way for the state to increase revenue. Many states have found and expanded new forms of gambling and have found ways to increase revenue from these activities. In particular, after the economic recession and subsequent deterioration, the state tends to expand their gambling in anticipation of more revenues.

Availability of State-Sanctioned Gambling Activities in the United States

In the short term, the state will surely increase additional income due to gambling activities and the expansion of facilities. However, in the long run, history shows that gaming activities slow down or even decrease in the growth of state income. In short, profits worsen. Such a deterioration pattern is considered to be due to competition with other states over a limited market, competition between gaming (alternatives) in different forms, or other factors. Despite the deterioration, each state is often gaining momentum because each state approves new formal gambling, opens new facilities, and imposes higher gambling taxes. As a result, shor t-term revenue and lon g-term deterioration occur.

In addition to the lon g-term sluggish gambling income, the expansion of gambling activities of hig h-amount taxpayers is substantially decreasing (or not extending) income from low and mediu m-income households. To occupy the part, there is a problem of fairness. The relevant harmful issue may be the effect of the state approved by the state to expand to the Native American casinos that have existed since 1988. These can be reduced by the ownership of commercial casinos.

Finally, the research literature suggests that the expansion of the gaming business has social and economic costs, but the knowledge of these points is different, and the cost of these policies and other policies. It is unknown whether it is strong enough to deal with weaknesses. Gambling is very popular as a way for the state to increase revenue. Many states have found and expanded new forms of gambling and have found ways to increase revenue from these activities. In particular, after the economic recession and subsequent economic deterioration, the state tends to expand their gambling in anticipation of more revenues.

In the short term, the state will surely increase additional income due to gambling activities and the expansion of facilities. However, in the long run, history shows that gaming activities slow down or even decrease in the growth of state income. In short, profits worsen. Such a deterioration pattern is considered to be due to competition with other states over a limited market, competition between gaming (alternatives) in different forms, or other factors. Despite the deterioration, each state is often gaining momentum because each state approves new formal gambling, opens new facilities, and imposes higher gambling taxes. As a result, shor t-term revenue and lon g-term deterioration occur.

In addition to the lon g-term sluggish gambling income, the expansion of gambling activities of hig h-amount taxpayers is substantially decreasing (or not extending) income from low and mediu m-income households. To occupy the part, there is a problem of fairness. The relevant profile problem may be the effect of the state approved by the state to expand it into a native American casino since 1988. These can be reduced by the ownership of commercial casinos.

Finally, the research literature suggests that the expansion of the gaming business has social and economic costs, but the knowledge of these points is different, and the cost of these policies and other policies. It is unknown whether it is strong enough to deal with weaknesses.

Why Do States Legalize and Expand Gambling?

State-sanctioned legal gambling has expanded gradually and continuously over the past 40 years. All states except Hawaii and Utah collect revenue from one or more forms of gambling, including lotteries, commercial casinos, horse racing tracks, bicycle racing tracks, Native American casinos, and less common types of gambling. Currently, 44 states operate lotteries, 19 states have legalized commercial casino operations, 13 states have race tracks, and more than 40 states allow gambling. In addition, Native American casinos are legal in 29 states. Figure 1 shows a timeline of the expansion of gambling for the three major types: lotteries, commercial casinos, and race tracks. The dates shown in Figure 1 are the dates of legalization, not the dates of operation. Generally, legalization of any type of gambling requires months to years of discussion. Furthermore, it takes months to years for a legalized gambling activity to become fully operational. As shown in Figure 1, lottery operations expanded before the 1990s, mainly in response to the 1973 recession and the double-dip recession of the 1980s. Casino and racetrack operations began in the 1990s, mainly in response to the past three recessions. In addition, IGRA and the legalization of tribal gaming in 1988 prompted some state governments to consider legalizing commercial casinos.

New Hampshire was the first to legalize modern lotteries in 1964, followed by New York in 1967. Overall, Northeastern states were the earliest to adopt lottery operations, while southern states were latecomers. By 1990, 32 states had legalized lotteries. Between 1990 and 2000, five states legalized lottery operations, and by 2001, seven states had legalized lotteries. Arkansas and Wyoming were the last states to legalize lotteries in 2008 and 2013, respectively. State-sanctioned legal gambling has expanded gradually and continuously over the past 40 years. All states except Hawaii and Utah collect revenue from one or more forms of gambling, including lotteries, commercial casinos, horse and bicycle racing tracks, Native American casinos, and less common types of gambling. Currently, 44 states operate lotteries, 19 states have legalized commercial casino operations, 13 states have race tracks, and more than 40 states allow gambling. In addition, Native American casinos are legal in 29 states. Figure 1 shows the timeline of the expansion of gambling for the three major types: lotteries, commercial casinos, and racinos. The dates shown in Figure 1 are the dates of legalization, not the dates of operation. Generally, legalization of any type of gambling requires months to years of discussion. Furthermore, it takes months to years for legalized gambling activities to become fully operational.

As shown in Figure 1, lottery operations expanded before the 1990s, mainly in response to the 1973 recession and the double-dip recession of the 1980s. Casino and racetrack operations began in the 1990s, mainly in response to the last three recessions. Furthermore, IGRA and the legalization of tribal gaming in 1988 prompted some state governments to consider legalizing commercial casinos.

New Hampshire was the first to legalize modern lotteries in 1964, followed by New York in 1967. Overall, Northeastern states adopted lottery operations earliest, while southern states were latecomers. By 1990, 32 states had legalized lotteries. Between 1990 and 2000, five states legalized lottery operations, and by 2001, seven states had done so. Arkansas and Wyoming were the last states to legalize lotteries, in 2008 and 2013, respectively. State-sanctioned legal gambling has expanded gradually and continuously over the past four decades. All states except Hawaii and Utah collect revenue from one or more forms of gambling, including lotteries, commercial casinos, horse and bicycle racing tracks, Native American casinos, and less common types of gambling. Currently, 44 states operate lotteries, 19 states have legalized commercial casino operations, 13 states have race tracks, and more than 40 states allow gambling. In addition, Native American casinos are legal in 29 states. Figure 1 shows the timeline of gambling expansion for the three major types: lotteries, commercial casinos, and racinos. The dates shown in Figure 1 are the dates of legalization, not the dates of operation. Generally, legalization of any type of gambling requires months to years of discussion. Furthermore, it takes months to years for legalized gambling activities to become fully operational.

As Figure 1 shows, lottery operations expanded before the 1990s, mainly in response to the 1973 recession and the double-dip recession of the 1980s. Casino and racetrack operations began in the 1990s, mainly in response to the previous three recessions. Furthermore, the IGRA and the legalization of tribal gaming in 1988 prompted several state governments to consider legalizing commercial casinos.

• New Hampshire was the first to legalize the modern lottery in 1964, followed by New York in 1967. Overall, Northeastern states were the earliest to adopt lotteries, while southern states were latecomers. By 1990, 32 states had legalized lotteries. Between 1990 and 2000, five states legalized lotteries, and by 2001, seven states had legalized lotteries. Arkansas and Wyoming were the last states to legalize lotteries, in 2008 and 2013, respectively.
• Commercial casino and horse racing gambling currently operates in nearly half of the United States. As of 2015, 19 states have legalized casino operations and 14 have legalized racino operations. Most states with casinos and racetracks are located in the Midwest and Northeast. Nevada was the first state to legalize casino operations in 1931, followed by New Jersey in 1976. South Dakota and Iowa followed suit in 1989. Between 1990 and 2007, nine other states legalized casinos. Six more states have legalized casinos since 2008, mainly in response to financial strains caused by the Great Recession.
• The expansion of lotteries and casinos has led to a decline in betting revenues. As a result, many racetracks have transformed into hybrids of casinos and racetracks, known as racinos. In other words, a race track is a horse racing track that installs electronic gambling devices such as slot machines and VLTs. In recent years, some states have begun to offer table games in hopes of earning more revenue. Rhode Island was the first state to legalize horse racing in 1992, and eleven other states followed suit between 1994 and 2007. In 2008, two more states legalized and opened race tracks. Overall, casinos and race tracks are more prevalent in the Northeast and Midwest, and much less prevalent in the West. Only three Western states (Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico) operate either a casino or a race track. Seven states operate both facilities: Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Maine legalized racinos in 2004 and casinos in 2010, but converted its only racino facility into a casino in 2012.
• Desperate financial situations often lead to desperate legislative measures, including the legalization or expansion of gambling. However, financial difficulties are not the only motivation for the introduction of gambling.

Many researchers have verified factors that lead to legalization and introduction of gambling. Factors that have the most impact on gambling legalization include efforts to increase revenue in response to the deterioration of financial situation in the state, efforts to stimulate economic growth, agree with political interests that support gambling, and gambling income. Efforts to address competition. In the midst of the fiscal crisis, the state often legalized and expanded gaming activities to secure new tax revenue without increasing income tax and consumption tax. When the state's finances worsen, the lawmakers focus on gaming to attract tourists and detain gaming residents into the state.

State voters and members of the Diet may also look at casinos and racino, hoping to promote economic growth and activate exhausted economy. However, whether or not the operation of casinos and racing chino will lead to economic growth is 4. 4. Some studies have concluded that casinos and race shino will create employment and improve the regional economy. I am. 5 On the other hand, other studies say that casinos and lacesino are not a substantial economic growth just by changing the combination of employment and income between industries.

The Impact of Gambling on State and Local Finances

Politics and profit organizations are also factors in the introduction and expansion of gambling. Some researchers argue that casino industry, state politicians, and interests are often the same. 7. The gambling industry is a major donor to politicians and political parties and plays an important role in political processes. However, according to Pierce and Miller, states with many fundamentalists are difficult to approve gaming: "... legalized gambling offers surprisingly diverse politics. From the casino company and the horse industry, legalized gambling realizes both the popularity of the public and the profit group politics. Ta. Factors that have the most impact on gambling legalization include efforts to increase revenue in response to the deterioration of financial situation in the state, efforts to stimulate economic growth, agree with political interests that support gambling, and gambling income. Efforts to address competition. In the midst of the fiscal crisis, the state often legalized and expanded gaming activities to secure new tax revenue without increasing income tax and consumption tax. When the state's finances worsen, the lawmakers focus on gaming to attract tourists and detain gaming residents into the state.

State voters and members of the Diet may also look at casinos and racino, hoping to promote economic growth and activate exhausted economy. However, whether or not the operation of casinos and racing chino will lead to economic growth is 4. 4. Some studies have concluded that casinos and race shino will create employment and improve the regional economy. I am. 5 On the other hand, other studies say that casinos and lacesino are not a substantial economic growth just by changing the combination of employment and income between industries.

Politics and profit organizations are also factors in the introduction and expansion of gambling. Some researchers argue that casino industry, state politicians, and interests are often the same. 7. The gambling industry is a major donor to politicians and political parties and plays an important role in political processes. However, according to Pierce and Miller, states with many fundamentalists are difficult to approve gaming: "... legalized gambling offers surprisingly diverse politics. Legalized gambling, from the casino company and the horse industry, has revealed both the legalization and introduction of gambling. Factors that have the most impact on gambling legalization include efforts to increase revenue in response to the deterioration of financial situation in the state, efforts to stimulate economic growth, agree with political interests that support gambling, and gambling income. Efforts to address competition. In the midst of the fiscal crisis, the state often legalized and expanded gaming activities to secure new tax revenue without increasing income tax and consumption tax. When the state's finances worsen, the lawmakers focus on gaming to attract tourists and detain gaming residents into the state.

State voters and members of the Diet may also look at casinos and racino, hoping to promote economic growth and activate exhausted economy. However, whether or not the operation of casinos and racing chino will lead to economic growth is 4. 4. Some studies have concluded that casinos and race shino will create employment and improve the regional economy. I am. 5 On the other hand, other studies say that casinos and lacesino are not a substantial economic growth just by changing the combination of employment and income between industries.

Politics and profit organizations are also factors in the introduction and expansion of gambling. Some researchers argue that casino industry, state politicians, and interests are often the same. 7. The gambling industry is a major donor to politicians and political parties and plays an important role in political processes. However, according to Pierce and Miller, states with many fundamentalists are difficult to approve gaming: "... legalized gambling offers surprisingly diverse politics. From the casino company and the horse industry, the legalized gambling realizes both public politics and profit groups.

The rapid expansion of gambling activities and geographical diffusion have intensified competition across the borders over the gambling market. State politicians and legislators often legalize gambling acts in order to respond to competition across states, and in the hope that residents and gambling tax will be kept in the state. Inte r-state competition is especially important for the legalization of casinos and racetracks, especially for later states. ETZEL classified the state into four major categories:

Category I: A state where there is no gambling, has less loss to the neighboring state, and has low economic costs.

Category II: Gambling states have a large loss to neighboring states and high economic costs.

Category III: Gambling states have a high percentage of tourists and have a large economic profit.

Lotteries

Category IV: A state with gambling, low in tourists and unstable economic interests.

According to ETZEL, "Many of the early gaming states are category III, and the new gaming states are going to be the same, but as the legal casino spreads, the number of states in the category IV has increased, and the casino has increased. The possibility that the overall economic effect will be positive is low, "in other words, each state has expanded its gambling in the hope of imitating the success of the early introduction, but if gambling expands. The more likely it is to expand the gambling market due to the rapid expansion of gambling and gambling. Politicians and legislators often legalize gambling in order to respond to the states, and in anticipation of residents and gambling taxes in the state. In the case of legalization of the racetrack, it is especially important for the later state:

Category I: A state where there is no gambling, has less loss to the neighboring state, and has low economic costs.

Category II: Gambling states have a large loss to neighboring states and high economic costs.

Category III: Gambling states have a high percentage of tourists and have a large economic profit.

Casinos and Racinos

Category IV: A state with gambling, low in tourists and unstable economic interests.

According to ETZEL, "Many of the early gaming states are category III, and the new gaming states are going to be the same, but as the legal casino spreads, the number of states in the category IV has increased, and the casino has increased. The possibility that the overall economic effect will be positive is low, "in other words, each state has expanded its gambling in the hope of imitating the success of the early introduction, but if gambling expands. Competition is more likely to impair financial and revenue, and the gambling market is intensifying. In order to respond to the states, in order to accumulate in residents and gambling taxes in the state, the gambling is legalized in the state. In the case of legalization, ETZEL is especially important for the later state:

Category I: A state where there is no gambling, has less loss to the neighboring state, and has low economic costs.

Category II: Gambling states have a large loss to neighboring states and high economic costs.

Commercial Casinos

Category III: Gambling states have a high percentage of tourists and have a large economic profit.

Category IV: Gambling states are low in tourists and have unstable economic interests.

According to ETZEL, "Many of the early gaming states are category III, and the new gaming states are going to be the same, but as the legal casino spreads, the number of states in the category IV has increased, and the casino has increased. The possibility that the overall economic effect will be positive is low, "in other words, each state has expanded its gambling in the hope of imitating the success of the early introduction, but if gambling expands. The more competition, the more likely you are to lose your financial and revenue profits.

During the great recession, income from states and local governments decreased significantly. As a result, many states considered expanding the gaming business for budget balance. Since the great recession, more than 12 states have expanded their gaming. For example, each state has introduced new formal gambling, such as video games, sports betting, card room, wagaming, and fantasy sports betting. Maine, Maryland, Ohio, and West Virginia are legalized in the operation of casinos. In some states, including Delaware, Main, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Lord Island, legal pokers and other table operations at casinos, racetracks, with the expectation of earning more income It is converted. New York and the other nine states have signed a contract to create a lottery in multiple states. Online lottery (selling lottery on the Internet), Igaming, and fantasy sports gambling seem to be the next target for many states. As of the end of FY2015, Igaming was legal only in Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey. In addition to the enacted proposals, gambling expansion proposals failed in several states. For example, in Hawaii, one of the two states without a state gambling, the governor seriously considered gamblin g-legal initiative.

In 2015, state and local governments collected $ 27. 7 billion from major gambling. Tw o-thirds of gambling income are based on lottery businesses. Income from casinos and races accounted for 19 %, 3 % and 12 % of the total gambling income. The income from video games and Paris Mewelbereting accounts for 2 %, 4 %, and 0. 5 % of the total (see Table 1).

The state is also increasing the income from Indian casinos. However, states cannot be taxed directly to Indian casinos, and can only increase their income in accordance with negotiations in negotiations. The income from the Indian casino has not been reported in total and is significantly lower than the income from the commercial casino. Appendix 12 is a available data on government income from Indian casinos. This report focuses on commercial casinos, excluding references, and referring to the casino to commercial casinos. < SPAN> In the Great recession, income from states and local governments decreased significantly. As a result, many states considered expanding the gaming business for budget balance. Since the great recession, more than 12 states have expanded their gaming. For example, each state has introduced new formal gambling, such as video games, sports betting, card room, wagaming, and fantasy sports betting. Maine, Maryland, Ohio, and West Virginia are legalized in the operation of casinos. In some states, including Delaware, Main, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Lord Island, legal pokers and other table operations at casinos, racetracks, with the expectation of earning more income It is converted. New York and the other nine states have signed a contract to create a lottery in multiple states. Online lottery (selling lottery on the Internet), Igaming, and fantasy sports gambling seem to be the next target for many states. As of the end of FY2015, Igaming was legal only in Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey. In addition to the enacted proposals, gambling expansion proposals failed in several states. For example, in Hawaii, one of the two states without a state gambling, the governor seriously considered gamblin g-legal initiative.

In 2015, state and local governments collected $ 27. 7 billion from major gambling. Tw o-thirds of gambling income are based on lottery businesses. Income from casinos and races accounted for 19 %, 3 % and 12 % of the total gambling income. The income from video games and Paris Mewelbereting accounts for 2 %, 4 %, and 0. 5 % of the total (see Table 1).

The state is also increasing the income from Indian casinos. However, states cannot be taxed directly to Indian casinos, and can only increase their income in accordance with negotiations in negotiations. The income from the Indian casino has not been reported in total and is significantly lower than the income from the commercial casino. Appendix 12 is a available data on government income from Indian casinos. This report focuses on commercial casinos, excluding references, and referring to the casino to commercial casinos. During the great recession, income from states and local governments decreased significantly. As a result, many states considered expanding the gaming business for budget balance. Since the great recession, more than 12 states have expanded their gaming. For example, each state has introduced new formal gambling, such as video games, sports betting, card room, wagaming, and fantasy sports betting. Maine, Maryland, Ohio, and West Virginia are legalized in the operation of casinos. In some states, including Delaware, Main, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Lord Island, legal pokers and other table operations at casinos, racetracks, with the expectation of earning more income It is converted. New York and the other nine states have signed a contract to create a lottery in multiple states. Online lottery (selling lottery on the Internet), Igaming, and fantasy sports gambling seem to be the next target for many states. As of the end of FY2015, Igaming was legal only in Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey. In addition to the enacted proposals, gambling expansion proposals failed in several states. For example, in Hawaii, one of the two states without a state gambling, the governor seriously considered gamblin g-legal initiative.

In 2015, state and local governments collected $ 27. 7 billion from major gambling. Tw o-thirds of gambling income are based on lottery businesses. Income from casinos and races accounted for 19 %, 3 % and 12 % of the total gambling income. The income from video games and Paris Mewelbereting accounts for 2 %, 4 %, and 0. 5 % of the total (see Table 1).

Racetrack Casinos or Racinos

The state is also increasing the income from Indian casinos. However, states cannot be taxed directly to Indian casinos, and can only increase their income in accordance with negotiations in negotiations. The income from the Indian casino has not been reported in total and is significantly lower than the income from the commercial casino. Appendix 12 is a available data on government income from Indian casinos. This report focuses on commercial casinos, excluding references, and referring to the casino to commercial casinos.

In government budgets, the role of gambling income is relatively small. In most states, gambling is 2. 0 to 2. 5 percent of state -'s own general income. Nevada, Lord Island, and West Virginia have much states that are much more dependent on gambling income. Analyzing three related indicators, such as the ratio of the state to the whole country, the income per person aged 18 or older, and the income per $ 1, 000 in the state (see the Table 1). 。 The share of gambling income nationwide varies greatly from state to state. New York and Pennsylvania account for 11, 5 % and 8, 8 percent of the United States.

Gambling government income is also very different when adjusted by population. In Lord Island and Nevada, their income exceeds $ 400 per adult resident. In 24 states, gambling income per person aged 18 or older was less than $ 100, and in 15 states was less than $ 200. The difference in the state reflects the difference in the degree of gambling sightseeing, the difference in tax system, the difference in gambling preference, and other factors. In the United States, gambling income per $ 1, 000 is $ 1. 8. The indicators have the highest gambling income in West Virginia and Nevada, $ 8. 3 and $ 7. 7, respectively.

The gambling income of five states in California, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Pennsylvania has a relatively high percentage of 5. 0 % or more, but this figure is mainly these state population and economic activity. Is due to relatively many. In fact, in California and Florida, gambling income per capita falls below the United States. On the other hand, the four small states in Delaware, Lord Island, South Dakota, and West Virginia have a relatively low percentage of Japan, but their gambling income per person and individual income per person has greatly exceeded the national average. I am. < SPAN> In government budgets, the role of gambling income is relatively small. In most states, gambling is 2. 0 to 2. 5 percent of state -'s own general income. Nevada, Lord Island, and West Virginia have much states that are much more dependent on gambling income. Analyzing three related indicators, such as the ratio of the state to the whole country, the income per person aged 18 or older, and the income per $ 1, 000 in the state (see the Table 1). 。 The share of gambling income nationwide varies greatly from state to state. New York and Pennsylvania account for 11, 5 % and 8, 8 percent of the United States.

Gambling government income is also very different when adjusted by population. In Lord Island and Nevada, their income exceeds $ 400 per adult resident. In 24 states, gambling income per person aged 18 or older was less than $ 100, and in 15 states was less than $ 200. The difference in the state reflects the difference in the degree of gambling sightseeing, the difference in tax system, the difference in gambling preference, and other factors. In the United States, gambling income per $ 1, 000 is $ 1. 8. The indicators have the highest gambling income in West Virginia and Nevada, $ 8. 3 and $ 7. 7, respectively.

The gambling income of five states in California, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Pennsylvania has a relatively high percentage of 5. 0 % or more, but this figure is mainly these state population and economic activity. Is due to relatively many. In fact, in California and Florida, gambling income per capita falls below the United States. On the other hand, the four small states in Delaware, Lord Island, South Dakota, and West Virginia have a relatively low percentage of Japan, but their gambling income per person and individual income per person has greatly exceeded the national average. I am. In government budgets, the role of gambling income is relatively small. In most states, gambling is 2. 0 to 2. 5 percent of the state's unique general income. Nevada, Lord Island, and West Virginia have much states that are much more dependent on gambling income. Analyzing three related indicators, such as the ratio of the state to the whole country, the income per person aged 18 or older, and the income per $ 1, 000 in the state (see the Table 1). 。 The share of gambling income nationwide varies greatly from state to state. New York and Pennsylvania account for 11, 5 % and 8, 8 percent of the United States.

Native American Casinos

Gambling government income is also very different when adjusted by population. In Lord Island and Nevada, their income exceeds $ 400 per adult resident. In 24 states, gambling income per person aged 18 or older was less than $ 100, and in 15 states was less than $ 200. The difference in the state reflects the difference in the degree of gambling sightseeing, the difference in tax system, the difference in gambling preference, and other factors. In the United States, gambling income per $ 1, 000 is $ 1. 8. The indicators have the highest gambling income in West Virginia and Nevada, $ 8. 3, respectively, and $ 7. 7, respectively.

The gambling income of five states in California, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Pennsylvania has a relatively high percentage of 5. 0 % or more, but this figure is mainly these state population and economic activity. Is due to relatively many. In fact, in California and Florida, gambling income per capita falls below the United States. On the other hand, the four small states in Delaware, Lord Island, South Dakota, and West Virginia have a relatively low percentage of Japan, but their gambling income per person and individual income per person has greatly exceeded the national average. I am.

The Rockefeller Administrative Research Institute has collected and analyzed the main gambling income data. This report defines gambling income as income from various taxes and fees transferred to state and local governments. Lottery, casinos, racin, and Palimi Chewel Waiging Detailed data on each gambling. In addition, we provide video gambling income statistics for five states that allow video gambling operations and report this data individually. Finally, the native American casino revenue statistics are provided for seven states of 29 states, which are native American casinos.

Overall Trends in Tax and Fee Revenues From Major Types of Gambling

Each state has obtained most of the three main sources of gamblin g-related income, a lottery, a lottery, and a racetrack. The casino has grown dramatically in the 1990s. In recent years, most of the growth has been shifted to Leusino, a hybrid of casinos and horse racing. Attorney 2 shows the state revenue from the major gambling sources of 2014 and FY2015, and the Attach 3 shows the rate of changes in gambling income from FY2014 to FY2015. < SPAN> Rockefeller Administrative Research Institute has collected and analyzed the main gambling income data. This report defines gambling income as income from various taxes and fees transferred to state and local governments. Lottery, casinos, racin, and Palimi Chewel Waiging Detailed data on each gambling. In addition, we provide video gambling income statistics for five states that allow video gambling operations and report this data individually. Finally, the native American casino revenue statistics are provided for seven states of 29 states, which are native American casinos.

Each state has obtained most of the three main sources of gamblin g-related income, a lottery, a lottery, and a racetrack. The casino has grown dramatically in the 1990s. In recent years, most of the growth has been shifted to Leusino, a hybrid of casinos and horse racing. Attorney 2 shows the state revenue from the major gambling sources of 2014 and FY2015, and the Attach 3 shows the rate of changes in gambling income from FY2014 to FY2015. The Rockefeller Administrative Research Institute has collected and analyzed the main gambling income data. This report defines gambling income as income from various taxes and fees transferred to state and local governments. Lottery, casinos, racin, and Palimi Chewel Waiging Detailed data on each gambling. In addition, we provide video gambling income statistics for five states that allow video gambling operations and report this data individually. Finally, the native American casino revenue statistics are provided for seven states of 29 states, which are native American casinos.

Each state has obtained most of the three main sources of gamblin g-related income, a lottery, a lottery, and a racetrack. The casino has grown dramatically in the 1990s. In recent years, most of the growth has been shifted to Leusino, a hybrid of casinos and horse racing. Attorney 2 shows the state revenue from the major gambling sources of 2014 and FY2015, and the Attach 3 shows the rate of changes in gambling income from FY2014 to FY2015.

Costs of Gambling

In fiscal year 2015, state revenues from major gaming types increased by 1. 5% compared to fiscal year 2014. Adjusted for inflation, revenues from major gaming sources increased by 0. 2%. Revenues from lottery operations, the largest source of all gaming revenues, increased 0. 6% nationwide in fiscal year 2015. Revenues from commercial casino operations, the second largest source of all gaming revenues, increased by 1. 3%. Revenue collections from racetrack activity and pari-mutuel wagering increased by 4. 2 and 2. 7 percent, respectively. We also provide revenue data collected from video gaming activity in the following five states: Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Montana, and West Virginia. These five states report video gaming revenues separately, while several other states report VLT revenues as part of lottery, racetrack, or casino operations, as already discussed. Video gaming machines in these five states are not necessarily located in casinos or racinos, but are instead located in bars, restaurants, clubs, and hotels. For example, West Virginia operates VLTs in racinos and other video gaming machines (called limited video lotteries) elsewhere. Similarly, revenues from video gaming machines in Delaware (called charitable video solicitations) are reported separately because they are not necessarily found in racinos. 17 In FY2015, video gaming revenues increased by 15. 4%. The rapid growth in video gaming revenues was mainly due to Illinois, where video gaming operations were only legalized in July 2009. Overall gambling revenue growth was uneven across regions. In FY2015, the Mid-Atlantic states had the weakest growth in total gambling revenues at 0. 1%, while the Far West and New England had the strongest growth at 2. 5% and 2. 4%, respectively. Of the 47 states with gambling revenue, 18 saw a decrease from the previous year, while 29 saw an increase.

Although casinos and racers have become the focus of attention in many states, lotteries remain the primary source of gambling revenue for governments, accounting for about two-thirds of all gambling revenue. Currently, 44 states have legalized state lotteries to increase revenue.

Lottery is regulated or operated by the state government. The total income of the lottery is usually assigned to lottery management, lottery prize money and government funds. Most states turn 20 to 30 % of the total income of treasure to state funds. South Dakota and Oregon are outstanding as the largest ratio of the treasures (see Table 4). Lotteries are often used by law. The state is usually recorded in special funds for specific programs such as general funding, education, veteran programs, environmental protection, and natural resources (see the table 4) (see the Table 4).

Problem and Pathological Gambling

Table 5 of the appendix shows the amount of income collection after inflation adjustment from the states from the lottery project in the 2008 to 15 fiscal year, the change rate of lottery income from 2014 to 2015, the complex growth rate of 2008-2015, 19, 2008. It indicates the change rate and dollar of lottery income in 2015. Wyoming has been excluded because Wyoming Lottery Corporation has not yet moved to the state. Lottery Co., Ltd. in Wyoming is a sem i-government agency and did not provide national funds to the lottery Co., Ltd. to start operation. When the Lotary Corporation repays the loan, they probably begin to transfer their income in mi d-2016.

The lottery income after inflation has decreased by $ 31 million (0. 7%) from 2014 to FY2015. 27 states experienced a decrease in lottery income, and four states recorded a doubl e-digit decrease. The 16 states reported the increase in lotteries, and Louisiana showed the maximum increase in 6. 9 %, followed by 6. 3 % of Oregon. Michigan reported a maximum increase of $ 43 million and 5. 7 % in FY2015. Annual composite growth varies greatly depending on the state and region. The state of the New England region has declined the most, and the country in the southeastern region has increased the most (see Figure 2). In the whole country, the annual average growth rate from FY2008 to FY2015 was 1. 6 % in name and less than 0. 1 %. < SPAN> Lottery is regulated or operated by the state government. The total income of the lottery is usually assigned to lottery management, lottery prize money and government funds. Most states turn 20 to 30 % of the total income of treasure to state funds. South Dakota and Oregon are outstanding as the largest ratio of the treasures (see Table 4). Lotteries are often used by law. The state is usually recorded in special funds for specific programs such as general funding, education, veteran programs, environmental protection, and natural resources (see the table 4) (see the Table 4).

Table 5 of the appendix shows the amount of income collection after inflation adjustment from the states from the lottery project in the 2008 to 15 fiscal year, the change rate of lottery income from 2014 to 2015, the complex growth rate of 2008-2015, 19, 2008. It indicates the change rate and dollar of lottery income in 2015. Wyoming has been excluded because Wyoming Lottery Corporation has not yet moved to the state. Lottery Co., Ltd. in Wyoming is a sem i-government agency and did not provide national funds to the lottery Co., Ltd. to start operation. When the Lotary Corporation repays the loan, they probably begin to transfer their income in mi d-2016.

Gambling and Bankruptcy

The lottery income after inflation has decreased by $ 31 million (0. 7%) from 2014 to FY2015. 27 states experienced a decrease in lottery income, and four states recorded a doubl e-digit decrease. The 16 states reported the increase in lotteries, and Louisiana showed the maximum increase in 6. 9 %, followed by 6. 3 % of Oregon. Michigan reported a maximum increase of $ 43 million and 5. 7 % in FY2015. Annual composite growth varies greatly depending on the state and region. The state of the New England region has declined the most, and the country in the southeastern region has increased the most (see Figure 2). In the whole country, the annual average growth rate from FY2008 to FY2015 was 1. 6 % in name and less than 0. 1 %. Lottery is regulated or operated by the state government. The total income of the lottery is usually assigned to lottery management, lottery prize money and government funds. Most states turn 20 to 30 % of the total income of treasure to state funds. South Dakota and Oregon are outstanding as the largest ratio of the treasures (see Table 4). Lotteries are often used by law. The state is usually recorded in special funds for specific programs such as general funding, education, veteran programs, environmental protection, and natural resources (see the table 4) (see the Table 4).

Table 5 of the appendix shows the amount of income collection after inflation adjustment from the states from the lottery project in the 2008 to 15 fiscal year, the change rate of lottery income from 2014 to 2015, the complex growth rate of 2008-2015, 19, 2008. It indicates the change rate and dollar of lottery income in 2015. Wyoming has been excluded because Wyoming Lottery Corporation has not yet moved to the state. Lottery Co., Ltd. in Wyoming is a sem i-government agency and did not provide national funds to the lottery Co., Ltd. to start operation. When the Lotary Corporation repays the loan, they probably begin to transfer their income in mi d-2016.

The lottery income after inflation has decreased by $ 31 million (0. 7%) from 2014 to FY2015. 27 states experienced a decrease in lottery income, and four states recorded a doubl e-digit decrease. The 16 states reported the increase in lotteries, and Louisiana showed the maximum increase in 6. 9 %, followed by 6. 3 % of Oregon. Michigan reported a maximum increase of $ 43 million and 5. 7 % in FY2015. Annual composite growth varies greatly depending on the state and region. The state of the New England region has decreased the most, and the country in the southeastern region has increased the most (see Figure 2). In the country as a whole, the annual average growth rate from FY2008 to FY2015 was 1. 6 % in name and less than 0. 1 %.

The annual growth rate after inflation adjustment was negative in 21 countries. State lottery income (excluding income from Delaware, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Lord Island, and West Virginia) is a nam e-based, $ 1. 9 billion between FY2008 and FY2015. 11. 4 % increased. However, the lottery income after inflation adjustment increased 0. 2 % and $ 36. 1 million during the same period.

Gambling and Crime

Commercial casinos and Ratino have been growing in the last 10 years. The report tracked the opening date of all 15 casino, and all the lesino operated in the 13 states of the 17 states with commercial casinos. As of the end of FY2015, there were 160 commercial casinos in 15 states, and there were 55 Lacino in 13 (see Table 2). About 56 % of the 160 casinos have opened in the past 10 years, almost 1/3 and 55 Lacino. As shown in Table 2, before the 1991 fiscal year, there were few casinos other than Nevada in the United States. Approximately 50 % of casinos and racino, other than Nevada and South Dakota, opened in 2001.

Commercial casinos are common in eastern states and few in western states. Figure 3 shows the geographical position of the stat e-b y-state commercial casinos and racing sites. Many states have opened casinos and racing sites near the state border with other states, and uses consumers on the state border. Figure 3 also indicates that some casinos are along the Mississippi River. < SPAN> The annual growth rate after inflation adjustment was negative in 21 countries. State lottery income (excluding income from Delaware, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Lord Island, and West Virginia) is a nam e-based, $ 1. 9 billion between FY2008 and FY2015. 11. 4 % increased. However, the lottery income after inflation adjustment increased 0. 2 % and $ 36. 1 million during the same period.

Commercial casinos and Ratino have been growing in the last 10 years. The report tracked the opening date of all 15 casino, and all the lesino operated in the 13 states of the 17 states with commercial casinos. As of the end of FY2015, there were 160 commercial casinos in 15 states, and there were 55 Lacino in 13 (see Table 2). About 56 % of the 160 casinos have opened in the past 10 years, almost 1/3 and 55 Lacino. As shown in Table 2, before the 1991 fiscal year, there were few casinos other than Nevada in the United States. Approximately 50 % of casinos and racino, other than Nevada and South Dakota, opened in 2001.

Commercial casinos are common in eastern states and few in western states. Figure 3 shows the geographical position of the stat e-b y-state commercial casinos and racing sites. Many states have opened casinos and racing sites near the state border with other states, and uses consumers on the state border. Figure 3 also indicates that some casinos are along the Mississippi River. The annual growth rate after inflation adjustment was negative in 21 countries. State lottery income (excluding the income from Delaware, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Lord Island, and West Virginia) is 1. 9 billion dollars between 2008 and FY2015. 11. 4 % increased. However, the lottery income after inflation adjustment increased 0. 2 % and $ 36. 1 million during the same period.

Commercial casinos and Ratino have been growing in the last 10 years. The report tracked the opening days of all 15 casino, and all the lesino operated in the 13 states of the 17 states with commercial casinos. As of the end of FY2015, there were 160 commercial casinos in 15 states, and there were 55 Lacino in 13 (see Table 2). About 56 % of the 160 casinos have opened in the past 10 years, almost 1/3 and 55 Lacino. As shown in Table 2, before the 1991 fiscal year, there were few casinos other than Nevada in the United States. Approximately 50 % of casinos and racino, other than Nevada and South Dakota, opened in 2001.

Commercial casinos are common in eastern states and few in western states. Figure 3 shows the geographical position of the stat e-b y-state commercial casinos and racing sites. Many states have opened casinos and racing sites near the state border with other states, and uses consumers on the state border. Figure 3 also indicates that some casinos are along the Mississippi River.

Figure 4 shows the cumulative change in RPORCENT from the great recession to inflation, and the taxes and commission income of all commercial casinos and lasino by region. 22 Casino and Laucino tax revenue and commission revenue will continue to fall below the priority level in the midwest and western areas, and only slightly higher than the priority level in the southern part. Southern growth is largely due to Maryland, which legalized casinos and lace chino in 2008. In the northeastern part, the profits of casinos and lace chino have increased rapidly since the beginning of the Great recession, but the growth has been softened in the tw o-year fiscal year. The significant increase in casinos and racino's revenue in the northeastern part is due to a single state of Pennsylvania and a single ratino in New York. Pennsylvania legalized the business of casinos and ratino in 2004 and opened five latesino in 2007. In addition, Pennsylvania has opened six additional casinos by the 2008 accounting year. New York casinos have been operated since 2004, but the facilities in New York have just opened in FY2012. FIG. 5 shows changes and delays in the cumulative ratio of casinos and taxes and fees in all industries after inflation adjustment. < SPAN> Figure 4 shows the cumulative change in RPORCENT from the great recession to inflation, and the tax and commission income of all commercial casinos and ratino. 22 Casino and Laucino tax revenue and commission revenue will continue to fall below the priority level in the midwest and western areas, and only slightly higher than the priority level in the southern part. Southern growth is largely due to Maryland, which legalized casinos and lace chino in 2008. In the northeastern part, the profits of casinos and lace chino have increased rapidly since the beginning of the Great recession, but the growth has been softened in the tw o-year fiscal year. The significant increase in casinos and racino's revenue in the northeastern part is due to a single state of Pennsylvania and a single ratino in New York. Pennsylvania legalized the business of casinos and ratino in 2004 and opened five latesino in 2007. In addition, Pennsylvania has opened six additional casinos by the 2008 accounting year. New York casinos have been operated since 2004, but the facilities in New York have just opened in FY2012. FIG. 5 shows changes and delays in the cumulative ratio of casinos and taxes and fees in all industries after inflation adjustment. Figure 4 shows the cumulative change in RPORCENT from the great recession to inflation, and the taxes and commission income of all commercial casinos and lasino by region. 22 Casino and Laucino tax revenue and commission revenue will continue to fall below the priority level in the midwest and western areas, and only slightly higher than the priority level in the southern part. Southern growth is largely due to Maryland, which legalized casinos and lace chino in 2008. In the northeastern part, the profits of casinos and lace chino have increased rapidly since the beginning of the Great recession, but the growth has been softened in the tw o-year fiscal year. The significant increase in casinos and racino's revenue in the northeastern part is due to a single state of Pennsylvania and a single ratino in New York. Pennsylvania legalized the business of casinos and ratino in 2004 and opened five latesino in 2007. In addition, Pennsylvania has opened six additional casinos by the 2008 accounting year. New York casinos have been operated since 2004, but the facilities in New York have just opened in FY2012. FIG. 5 shows changes and delays in the cumulative ratio of casinos and taxes and fees in all industries after inflation adjustment.

The Future of Gambling: Saturation? Substitution?

While it is clear that the expansion of casino and racetrack operations has led to increased overall revenue, much of the expansion appears to have come at the expense of already established operations. This is evident from the casino data in Appendix Table 8. However, the growth is not sustainable, and the data shows that Americans are spending much less on gambling than they used to. Personal consumption behavior, including spending on gambling. In addition, Baby Boomers have saved much less for retirement since the 2008 stock market crash, and Millennials and Gen Xers simply do not gamble as much as Baby Boomers did.

Commercial casinos are operated by corporations and taxed by the state. Currently, 19 states have legalized commercial casinos, and 18 are operating as of the writing of this report (see Appendix Table 6). Of these 19 states, 6 states legalized commercial casinos during or after the Great Recession. Maine, Maryland, Ohio, and West Virginia have legalized casino operations since the start of the Great Recession. In addition, casinos have also been legalized in Massachusetts and New York. Massachusetts legalized casino operations in 2011 and opened its first casino in June 2015. New York legalized casino operations in 2014 and plans to open four destination casino resorts.

As of the end of 2015, approximately 450 casinos were operating in 17 states. Of these, 20 casinos are in states that were newcomers to the casino world and began casino operations during or after the Great Recession. In addition, several states have introduced table games to their casino facilities in hopes of raising more revenue. Despite the geographic expansion of casino operations and efforts to make casinos more attractive, tax revenues from casino operations have not grown as much as many state officials hoped. Three states, Colorado, Mississippi, and New Jersey, closed the doors of some casinos in fiscal year 2015, mainly due to declining revenues and competition from neighboring states.

Nevada, one state, has 60 % of US casino facilities, and in 2015, the tax on casino activities is relatively low, and about the approximate revenue of ful l-scale commercial casinos nationwide. Collected 17 %. Pennsylvania and Indiana have also gained a relatively large share of the entire casino income, 11 % and 9. 5 %, respectively, at the 2015 tax rate. The casino tax rate varies greatly from state to state, from 0. 25 % in Colorado to 67 % of Maryland (see the table 7). The state, such as Nevada and New Jersey, has a much lower tax rate than a state in which commercial casinos, such as Pennsylvania and Maryland, were introduced in a later date. In fact, the state that legalized commercial casinos after 2000 has a high tax rate of 27 % or more.

Of the remaining states, the 9 states have a fairly low tax rate of less than 22 %. Only two states in Illinois and Indiana have early adapters, which have a high commercial casino tax rate. The highest tax rate in Illinois is 50 % for a casino with a total income of over 200 million after adjustment, and the highest tax rate in Indiana is 40 % at a casino with over 600 million dollars after adjustment. In Illinois, the tax reform has long been revised. Illinois's casino tax rate remained 20%until 1997. In 1998, the Illinois Congress introduced a fiv e-stage tax rate from 15%to 35%. In 2002, the Illinois Congress has revised the commercial casino tax system and added two tax rates, with a maximum tax rate of 50%, to address the lack of revenue due to the economic recession in 2001. In 2003, the casino tax rate was r e-revised and a bracket with a maximum tax rate was added. In 2005, the maximum tax rate was reduced from 70%to 50%. < SPAN> One state, Nevada, has 60 % of US casino facilities, and in 2015, despite its relatively low taxation for casino activities, it from commercial casinos nationwide. Approximately 17 % of revenue. Pennsylvania and Indiana have also gained a relatively large share of the entire casino income, 11 % and 9. 5 %, respectively, at the 2015 tax rate. The casino tax rate varies greatly from state to state, from 0. 25 % in Colorado to 67 % of Maryland (see the table 7). The state, such as Nevada and New Jersey, has a much lower tax rate than a state in which commercial casinos, such as Pennsylvania and Maryland, were introduced in a later date. In fact, the state that legalized commercial casinos after 2000 has a high tax rate of 27 % or more.

Of the remaining states, the 9 states have a fairly low tax rate of less than 22 %. Only two states in Illinois and Indiana have early adapters, which have a high commercial casino tax rate. The highest tax rate in Illinois is 50 % for a casino with a total income of over 200 million after adjustment, and the highest tax rate in Indiana is 40 % at a casino with over 600 million dollars after adjustment. In Illinois, the tax reform has long been revised. Illinois's casino tax rate remained 20%until 1997. In 1998, the Illinois Congress introduced a fiv e-stage tax rate from 15%to 35%. In 2002, the Illinois Congress has revised the commercial casino tax system and added two tax rates, with a maximum tax rate of 50%, to address the lack of revenue due to the economic recession in 2001. In 2003, the casino tax rate was r e-revised and a bracket with a maximum tax rate was added. In 2005, the maximum tax rate was reduced from 70%to 50%. Nevada, one state, has 60 % of US casino facilities, and in 2015, the tax on casino activities is relatively low, and about the approximate revenue of ful l-scale commercial casinos nationwide. Collected 17 %. Pennsylvania and Indiana have also gained a relatively large share of the entire casino income, 11 % and 9. 5 %, respectively, at the 2015 tax rate. The casino tax rate varies greatly from state to state, from 0. 25 % in Colorado to 67 % of Maryland (see the table 7). The state, such as Nevada and New Jersey, has a much lower tax rate than a state in which commercial casinos, such as Pennsylvania and Maryland, were introduced in a later date. In fact, the state that legalized commercial casinos after 2000 has a high tax rate of 27 % or more.

Of the remaining states, the 9 states have a fairly low tax rate of less than 22 %. Only two states in Illinois and Indiana have early adapters, which have a high commercial casino tax rate. The highest tax rate in Illinois is 50 % for a casino with a total income of over 200 million after adjustment, and the highest tax rate in Indiana is 40 % at a casino with over 600 million dollars after adjustment. In Illinois, the tax reform has long been revised. Illinois's casino tax rate remained 20%until 1997. In 1998, the Illinois Congress introduced a fiv e-stage tax rate from 15%to 35%. In 2002, the Illinois Congress has revised the commercial casino tax system and added two tax rates, with a maximum tax rate of 50%, to address the lack of revenue due to the economic recession in 2001. In 2003, the casino tax rate was r e-revised and a bracket with a maximum tax rate was added. In 2005, the maximum tax rate was reduced from 70%to 50%.

The casino tax system has passed the law amendment in Indiana. Before 2002, the casino in Indiana was a uniform tax rate. In 2002, the Indiana Congress introduced a fiv e-stage tax rate from 22. 5%to 35%. In addition, some states include admission fees, gaming equipment usage fees, and other regional fees in addition to the tax rate for the total income after adjustment. In addition, most states have different tax rates for table games and are generally low.

Conclusions

Each state uses tax revenues collected from casinos for various purposes, from supporting gambling addiction problems to education (see the Top 7). Attached 8 is the amount of inflation income from the commercial casino in the 2008 to 15 accounting year, the change in 2014-2015, the annual growth rate from 2008 to 2015, the 2008 to 201 to 2015 to 2015 to 2015. The rate of change is indicated. "The old Casino," Casino, including the state that operated a casino before the 2008 accounting year, "is a new Casino," which opened the casino after 2008.

In 2015, the income from commercial casinos in each state was less than $ 5. 4 billion, almost the same as the 2014 fiscal year. In the fiscal 2015, income decreased in nine of the 17 states with commercial casinos. West Virginia reported 18. 1 % and Indiana was 7. 8 %. The major decrease in the two shines is that casinos and Leysino opened in Ohio in the neighboring state in FY2012. One of the four casinos in Ohio is located in Cincinnati, close to three of the 11 Casinos in Indiana, only 50 miles away from only 25 miles. The biggest growth was Maryland, an increase of 17, 1%. With the excluding Maryland, the remaining 16 states have decreased by 1, 2 %. < SPAN> Casino tax system has passed the law amendment in Indiana. Before 2002, the casino in Indiana was a uniform tax rate. In 2002, the Indiana Congress introduced a fiv e-stage tax rate from 22. 5%to 35%. In addition, some states include admission fees, gaming equipment usage fees, and other regional fees in addition to the tax rate for the total income after adjustment. In addition, most states have different tax rates for table games and are generally low.

Each state uses tax revenues collected from casinos for various purposes, from supporting gambling addiction problems to education (see the Top 7). Attached 8 is the amount of inflation income from the commercial casino in the 2008 to 15 accounting year, the change in 2014-2015, the annual growth rate from 2008 to 2015, the 2008 to 201 to 2015 to 2015 to 2015. The rate of change is indicated. "The old Casino," Casino, including the state that operated a casino before the 2008 accounting year, "is a new Casino," which opened the casino after 2008.