Sustainability Free Full-Text Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era Sustainable Strategies for Industry s

Tourism in a Post-COVID-19 Era: Sustainable Strategies for Industry’s Recovery

In connection with the outbreak of COVID-19, some industries were seriously influenced by T (travel and sightseeing) are definitely one of these industries. While the world is gradually heading for the reconstruction stage, T & amp; T (travel / sightseeing) is delayed in its recovery process; T is delayed in reconstruction, but the main cause is the people. It is a more cautious behavior when purchasing a product that is essential for survival, such as T & Amp; T, such as T & Amp; T. In order to discover the recovery path that can be implemented for the T. T. industry and the trend of COVID-19, the trend of consumers and true effects on purchasing behavior, this quantitative survey is two different representative samples of two different times. Developed based on: May 2020 and December 2020 focused on the population of Romania. The main results are that the epidemic of COVID-19 affects travel patterns and customs from the viewpoint of literary and economic factors. Psychological factors and fears of infections are mainly affected by travelers' motivation, conditions and preferences. At least in the middle, people will avoid traveling and crowded places in large numbers. The hygiene and health condition of the destination is an important factor in determining travel. In front of the cautious customers, tourist operators face the following issues:

In connection with the occurrence of keywords COVID-19, T (Travel and Tourism) is definitely one of these industries. While the world is gradually heading for the reconstruction stage, T & amp; T (travel / sightseeing) is delayed in its recovery process; T is delayed in reconstruction, but the main cause is the people. It is a more cautious behavior when purchasing a product that is essential for survival, such as T & Amp; T, such as T & Amp; T. In order to discover the recovery path that can be implemented for the T. T. industry and the trend of COVID-19, the trend of consumers and true effects on purchasing behavior, this quantitative survey is two different representative samples of two different times. Developed based on: May 2020 and December 2020 focused on the population of Romania. The main results are that the epidemic of COVID-19 affects travel patterns and customs from the viewpoint of literary and economic factors. Psychological factors and fears of infections are mainly affected by travelers' motivation, conditions and preferences. At least in the middle, people will avoid traveling and crowded places in large numbers. The hygiene and health condition of the destination is an important factor in determining travel. In front of the cautious customers, tourist operators face the following issues:

1. Introduction

In relation to the occurrence of the keyword COVID-19, T (travel and sightseeing) is definitely one of these industries. While the world is gradually heading for the reconstruction stage, T & amp; T (travel / sightseeing) is delayed in its recovery process; T is delayed in reconstruction, but the main cause is the people. It is a more cautious behavior when purchasing a product that is essential for survival, such as T & Amp; T, such as T & Amp; T. In order to discover the recovery path that can be implemented for the T. T. industry and the trend of COVID-19, the trend of consumers and true effects on purchasing behavior, this quantitative survey is two different representative samples of two different times. Developed based on: May 2020 and December 2020 focused on the population of Romania. The main results are that the epidemic of COVID-19 affects travel patterns and customs from the viewpoint of literary and economic factors. Psychological factors and fears of infections are mainly affected by travelers' motivation, conditions and preferences. At least in the middle, people will avoid traveling and crowded places in large numbers. The hygiene and health condition of the destination is an important factor in determining travel. In front of the cautious customers, tourist operators face the following issues:

keyword

The enormous and serious impact of this pandemic is an unprecedented measure taken by the government to contain its expansion, global spread, and its spread (border closed, travel restrictions, national rock, restaurants and hotels and hotels and hotels. ) In that regard, the cumulative impact has made its own tasks on economic, social, and health. As a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, most tourist destinations were forced to suspend operations in 2020 due to closing measures, banned travel, cancellation of reservations, and local logistics. As a result of such a situation, the tourism industry is one of the most seriously affected sections in that there is almost no available alternative means for income, employment, and maintaining business during lockout. It is. Combining the negative migration effects that this department has on other support industries with its economic importance, and registered global employment loss will help the COVID-19 will reduce the impact on tourism-related industries and support recovery. Powerful support is required to do [1].

Before pandemic, the world as a whole, this industry was 10. 6 % (employment of 334 million), 10. 4 % of global GDP ($ 9. 0 trillion), and $ 1. 7 trillion (World Service) 27. 4 % of exports) [2]. As a result of the widely restricted travel restrictions in accordance with pandemic, the number of international tourists in May 2020 decreased by 98 % compared to the same month in 2019. Domestic tourists consumption decreased by 45 %, and overseas tourists consumption decreased by 69, 4 %. [2] According to a report jointly by the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) with Oxford Economics, in 2020, the sector lost $ 4, 500 billion to $ 4. 7 billion, contributing to the global GDP. It was estimated to be 49 and 1 % from 6 % to 5 and 5 %, losing 62 million employment (-18, 5 %). At present, direct employment of 100 to 120 million tourism is in danger, and employment loss is still concerned. In some cases, employment is currently being covered by the government's employment maintenance program and may be lost if the industry is not completely recovered (for example, the European Commission "" to reduce unemployment risks in an emergency. Support (SPAN> The enormous and serious impact of this pandemic is an unprecedented measure by the government to contain its expansion, global spread, and its spread (national lock, national lock) In terms of restaurants and hotels, most tourist destinations have become a cumulative impact on the cumulative impact on their own. As a result of the suspension of business in 2020, such a situation was forced to suspend the business in 2020 due to the closing measures, travel ban, reservation cancellation, and local logistics. This is one of the most seriously influenced departments, which is the most affected sector in the fact that there are few alternatives to be used to maintain business. Combining gender and registered global employment losses requires powerful support to help COVID-19 on tourism-related industries and to support recovery. [1]

Before Pandemic, the world as a whole, this industry was 10. 6 % (employment of 334 million), 10. 4 % ($ 9. 0 trillion) of the global GDP, and $ 1. 7 trillion (World Service Service (World Service) (World Service) 27. 4 % of exports) [2]. As a result of the widely restricted travel restrictions in accordance with pandemic, the number of international tourists in May 2020 decreased by 98 % compared to the same month in 2019. Domestic tourists consumption decreased by 45 %, and overseas tourists consumption decreased by 69, 4 %. [2] According to a report jointly by the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) with Oxford Economics, in 2020, the sector lost $ 4, 500 billion to $ 4. 7 billion, contributing to the global GDP. It was estimated to be 49 and 1 % from 6 % to 5 and 5 %, losing 62 million employment (-18, 5 %). At present, direct employment of 100 to 120 million tourism is in danger, and employment loss is still concerned. In some cases, employment is currently being covered by the government's employment maintenance program and may be lost if the industry is not completely recovered (for example, the European Commission "" to reduce unemployment risks in an emergency. Support (The enormous and serious impact of this pandemic is the unprecedented measures taken by the government to contain its expansion, global spread, and its spread (border closure, travel restrictions, national rock, restaurants, etc.) In terms of hotel closure), the cumulative impact has caused a great deal of business with its own economic, social and health. As a result of the suspension of business in 2020, such a situation was forced to do business in 2020 due to the cancellation of travel, cancellation of reservations, and local logistics. This is one of the most seriously influenced sector in that there is almost no alternative means for the use, and its negative multiplier and its economic importance. Combining global employment losses requires powerful support to help COVID-19 affect the tourism-related industries and support recovery. [1]

In addition, the barometer of the United Nations World World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) suggests a loss of 300 million visitors and $ 320 billion overseas, which is more than three times the loss experienced during the 2009 economic crisis. 。 Overall, the number of international travelers in the world in 2020 has decreased by 1 billion from the previous year. [3] For example, as shown in Table 1, in all G20 countries, T & Tamp; T's ant i-GDP ratio has decreased significantly, and the decrease in Spain, the UK, China, Turkey, Canada, and Italy have decreased by more than 50 %. [2] T & amp; amp; Overall shift to domestic expenditures on products is clear. On the other hand, in terms of domestic demand, the impact of switching spending was extremely low.

Similarly, all European destinations were reduced by 51 % to 85 % of the total number of tourists in 2020, according to ETC reports in the third quarter of 2020. Examining in detail in the country, further dramatic numbers have become more dramatic, faced 84 % of Cyprus, 83 % in Romania, and 77 % of Spain. Nevertheless, it is gradually that the demand for overseas travel will return to the normal pattern, and the level of 2019 is expected to recover by 2023.

As shown in Fig. 1 [6], Romania's specific cases have been seriously influenced by the trust indicator, recorded the first depression in March 2020, and in April 2020. The lowest level was recorded with the economic centement index, employment expectations, and consumer trust. The tourism and customer service business was the most hit industry, and the GDP change rate in the second quarter of 2020 was minus 67, 4%compared to the first quarter. The division of the division to GDP fell from 5, 3 % in 2019 to 3, 69 %. [6]

According to the latest figures of the World Sightseeing Organization (UNWTO), the number of foreign tourists in January has decreased by 87 % compared to 2020, and the outlook for 2021 is still cautious. As of February 1, 32 % of the world's al l-world destinations have been completely closed to foreign tourists, and UNW predicts that the start of world sightseeing in 2021 will be severe. [3] 。 Based on the current trend, UNWTO predicts that the number of foreign tourists in the first quarter of 2021 will decrease by about 85 % compared to the same period in 2019.

Definitely, T & amp; amp; T is an unknown area. T & AMP; T is known for its recovery for many years, facing several global crises, but has never faced a crisis like this time [2, 3, 5]. [7] The analysts of Duffn and Amadeus (AMS) have recovered in 6 to 7 months after past illnesses. However, one of the biggest questions after this industry has evolved dramatically is how the industry will recover and how will it recover. In an estimation of whether the number of foreign tourists returns to the situation before No. 19 infection, various scenarios have been proposed for at least 2-5 years [5] from 6 months [4]. The United Nations World World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) proposes two scenarios for 2021, and is considering the possibility that overseas travel will recover in the latter half of the year (July or September). [3] The UN Tourist Inc. from 2021 to 2024 has shown that it will recover in the latter half of 2021, similar to UNWTO's prediction that foreign tourists will recover in the third quarter of 2021. 3] However, about 20 % of UNWTO's expert groups believe that recovery will only occur in 2022.

2. Contemporary Patterns in the Travel and Tourism Industry

2.1. Consumer Behavior and Business Implications for the Travel and Tourism Industry

With viral pollution and consumer trust, travel restrictions are considered to be the main obstacles to recover international tourism. [3] However, there seems to be some appropriate facilities that should be considered when looking at the future. According to a BCG survey in May 2020, consumers are consistently raising leisure trips, regardless of the country, age group, or income level. [8] more than 60 % answered, "I can expect to travel again." T & amp; amp; T is an unknown area. T & AMP; T is known for its recovery for many years, facing several global crises, but has never faced a crisis like this time [2, 3, 5]. [7] The analysts of Duffn and Amadeus (AMS) have recovered in 6 to 7 months after past illnesses. However, one of the biggest questions after this industry has evolved dramatically is how the industry will recover and how will it recover. In an estimation of whether the number of foreign tourists returns to the situation before No. 19 infection, various scenarios have been proposed for at least 2-5 years [5] from 6 months [4]. The United Nations World World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) proposes two scenarios for 2021, and is considering the possibility that overseas travel will recover in the latter half of the year (July or September). [3] The UN Tourist Inc. from 2021 to 2024 has shown that it will recover in the latter half of 2021, similar to UNWTO's prediction that foreign tourists will recover in the third quarter of 2021. 3] However, about 20 % of UNWTO's expert groups believe that recovery will only occur in 2022.

With viral pollution and consumer trust, travel restrictions are considered to be the main obstacles to recover international tourism. [3] However, there seems to be some appropriate facilities that should be considered when looking at the future. According to a BCG survey in May 2020, consumers are consistently raising leisure trips, regardless of the country, age group, or income level. [8] more than 60 % answered, "I can expect to travel again." Definitely, T & amp; amp; T is an unknown area. T & AMP; T is known for its recovery for many years, facing several global crises, but has never faced a crisis like this time [2, 3, 5]. [7] The analysts of Duffn and Amadeus (AMS) have recovered in 6 to 7 months after past illnesses. However, one of the biggest questions after this industry has evolved dramatically is how the industry will recover and how will it recover. In an estimation of whether the number of foreign tourists returns to the situation before No. 19 infection, various scenarios have been proposed for at least 2-5 years [5] from 6 months [4]. The United Nations World World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) proposes two scenarios for 2021, and is considering the possibility that overseas travel will recover in the latter half of the year (July or September). [3] The UN Tourist Inc. from 2021 to 2024 has shown that it will recover in the latter half of 2021, similar to UNWTO's prediction that foreign tourists will recover in the third quarter of 2021. 3] However, about 20 % of UNWTO's expert groups believe that recovery will only occur in 2022.

While companies have expressed long-term concerns about preparing and adapting to the future, most companies are still focused on staying focused on the short term, controlling costs, and, where possible, developing new and innovative ways to meet and retain customers. Recent surveys and trend analyses [1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13] show that the COVID-19 health crisis is affecting consumer patterns. Changes are observed in the short term and are expected to persist in the medium and long term. Is it possible that consumer travel patterns will return to pre-observation levels, or will a new normal emerge in consumer travel? What changes can companies and marketers make to their marketing strategies to re-engage travelers?

The present empirical study was conducted to understand the customer sentiments and conditions that must be met to purchase T& T, focusing on the Romanian market; and how they can be strengthened after the crisis to ensure the sustainability of the business model. The central objective of this paper is to provide concrete guidance for hospitality operators and decision makers as they consider the industry's recovery and ensure the sustainability of their business models. To achieve this objective, this paper addresses three objectives: (1) to examine how perceptions of T have changed between the delays of May and December 2020 and the outlook for the coming months; (2) to understand consumers' expectations when considering purchasing such services and the associated criteria for moving from intention to action; and (3) to clarify the impact of T& amp; T on the future of hospitality.

The paper is structured as follows: Section 1 identifies the significance and background of the study and reviews the current state of the research field. Section 2 covers the methodological approach and empirical results, and Section 3 provides a discussion to translate the collected ideas into targeted business and policy support recommendations.

Consumer behavior characteristics are important in the context of all tourism marketing activities that need to be created, promoted and sold in a destination.[14] In order for companies to better target their marketing activities, they must first understand how their customers purchase and use holiday products and services. If they can predict consumers' approaches, they will know when to support them and prioritize their marketing. Furthermore, companies will gain knowledge on how to persuade customers to purchase certain products and services with better planning. There is no doubt that it is necessary to devise effective marketing strategies based on solid knowledge of consumer behavior.

Consumer behavior is a fascinating but difficult field of study. This discussion is particularly important in the tourism industry, where consumer purchasing decisions are emotionally driven. For example, purchasing a holiday involves a large financial commitment on the part of the buyer. The holiday that the customer purchases is arguably the highest point of the year, an opportunity to disconnect from work and gray skies and rejuvenate the spirit. When consumers make a purchasing decision, they are motivated by a variety of internal and external motivators and determinants. It is very difficult to study how these many motivators and determinants affect consumer decision making. These customers may respond differently depending on the type of product or service they purchase. In a typical shopping experience, customers choose what they want, pay for it, and take it home. For example, if they are buying a vacation, customers will be interested in whether they can afford it, deciding where to go and how to pay. They are likely to spend more time and make more careful purchase decisions, especially if the vacation represents a large sum of money.

The tourism industry was hit hard by the lockout and forced closure of stores and hotels in the spring of 2020. Hotels began to reopen in June, but with Covid-19 still in place, many health and medical regulations must be adhered to. Restrictions on travel and transportation between countries and regions have been eased, but some still remain. In addition, the global crisis has caused anxiety about prosperity, and the decline in household incomes has affected customer preferences and choices in the travel industry.

According to recent polls and trend surveys, consumer behavior has been affected by the Cavid 19 health crisis. It has been pointed out that shor t-term changes (for example, online transactions and services during rock and stock yards) and are expected to last in the medium to long term. The EU's departure trip is also expected to be more noticeable than the level before the crisis after the Kobid 19 crisis.

Studies on the impact of COVID-19 on consumer behavior in the travel industry are examining various issues, from irrational travel to expectations for future consumer behavior. [16] Li et al. (2021) analyzed the attitude and the intentions of the pos t-performance and afterwards. The authors concluded that there was a significant change in the planned travel behavior after the actual performance, suggesting the importance of perceptions that were before and after the intention after the production. A similar conclusion on pandemic effects on consumer psychology after crisis and tourism products is that Chen et al. (2020) is mainly pointed to domestic places where customers travel after the performance. Observing things, suggesting that psychological risks associated with travel affect consumers' attitudes and intentions. SIGALA (2020) examines the impact on tourism consumption in three stages (response, recovery, restart) in three stages (corresponding, recovery, restart), and not only for policy proprieters but also for tourist operators. Was made a proposal.

Regarding consumers who buy T & Amp. t, several researchs indicate the role of safety and hygiene standard; some research shows the role of safety and hygiene standards for the purchase of T. I am. CHEBLI and BEN suggest that the trends of COVID-19 as of 2020 had a significant impact on travel planning and behavior in terms of personal safety, trust, fiscal expenditure, and tourism consumption. [20] Similarly, Kourgiantakis et al. (2021) and Jiang and Wen (2020) have concluded that consumers in the tourism are highly evaluating concerns about safety, such as hotel hygiene standards and privacy [21, [21, twenty two]. In addition, Baba et al. (2020) concludes that customers prefer tourism styles with low i n-house contact, such as the natural environment and adventure tourism.

During the epidemic of COVID-19, consumer behavior may be particularly affected by the risks and expectations of purchasing T & TAMP; the degree of uncertainty triggered by crisis is the individual for future consumption patterns. [24, 25, 26], Pantano et al. (2021), consumers consumer-19 or more consumers, especially T & amp; Tamp? T [27].

Khan (2020) has taken up the tourism industry from the perspective of sustainability, and proposes a new type of sightseeing called "natural sightseeing" so that customers can continue to consume tourism products and gain a sense of security [28. ].] Jones and Comfort (2020), Hall et al. (2020), and Burini (2020) also conducted thorough investigations on how Cavid 19's epidemics consumed and how sustainability could be realized in the tourism industry. [29, 30, 31]. In sightseeing research, the term "mobility" [32, 33] refers to the ability to move from a place to another place. In order to achieve this, individuals must deal with various variables such as the following, which is a restriction of traveling related to sightseeing [34]:

Culture: Travel is closely related to the habit that is recognized as not necessarily essential, and the awareness of the world travel culture varies. The development of consumer culture is extremely important for the impact of tourism development.

Family: The obligation to care for the family, especially, affects the decisio n-making of caregivers' travel.

Gender: Gender equality can be a barrier to travel for women and men.

Health: If you cannot use an airplane depending on your health or age [36], you will lose your opportunity.

Revenue: In order for individuals to participate in sightseeing, it must have the appropriate amount of discretionary income that satisfies other basic needs.

Information and Education: All potential travelers need a tourist infrastructure that is easy to access to access the destination and reach the destination.

2.2. Recovery Solutions and Measures for Travel and Tourism

Legal leave: The presence or absence of a nurses will affect the travel pattern. However, there are significant differences in terms of forced leave and holidays.

Location: Transportation may be limited depending on the place of residence. COVID-19, consumer behavior may be particularly affected by the risks and expectations of purchasing T & TAMP; the degree of uncertainty triggered by crisis is the future consumption pattern. [24, 25, 26], Pantano et al. (2021) may change the personal expectations of [24, 25, 26], consumers, especially T & Amp; Tamp? T [27].

Family: The obligation to care for the family, especially, affects the decisio n-making of caregivers' travel.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Methodology

Gender: Gender equality can be a barrier to travel for women and men.

Health: If you cannot use an airplane depending on your health or age [36], you will lose your opportunity.

Revenue: In order for individuals to participate in sightseeing, it must have the appropriate amount of discretionary income that satisfies other basic needs.

Information and Education: All potential travelers need a tourist infrastructure that is easy to access to access the destination and reach the destination.

Legal leave: The presence or absence of a nurses will affect the travel pattern. However, there are significant differences in terms of forced leave and holidays.

3.2. Results

Location: Transportation may be limited depending on the place of residence. During the epidemic of COVID-19, consumer behavior may be particularly affected by the risks and expectations of purchasing T & TAMP; the degree of uncertainty triggered by crisis is the individual for future consumption patterns. [24, 25, 26], Pantano et al. (2021), consumers consumer-19 or more consumers, especially T & amp; Tamp? T [27].

Family: The obligation to care for the family, especially, affects the decisio n-making of caregivers' travel.

Gender: Gender equality can be a barrier to travel for women and men.

Health: If you cannot use an airplane depending on your health or age [36], you will lose your opportunity.

Revenue: In order for individuals to participate in sightseeing, it must have the appropriate amount of discretionary income that satisfies other basic needs.

Information and Education: All potential travelers access the destination and reach the destination requires a tourist infrastructure that is easy to access.

Legal leave: The presence or absence of a nurses will affect the travel pattern. However, there are significant differences in terms of forced leave and holidays.

Location: Transportation may be limited depending on the place of residence.

4. Discussion

Political rights: One of the necessary things for travel is the government that gives the freedom to go to a specific place. These rights are also guaranteed by international law, state passports and visa programs.

4.1. Willingness to Travel and the Dedicated Budget

Safety and security: concerns about the level of protection and security can affect the selected destination and means of transportation, and even affect the decision whether to use an airplane. Risks such as terrorism, political anxiety, and health threats are considered a safety problem.

time. Eventually, it affects how far people can go and where they want to go.

4.2. Choosing a Destination

Work: Leave should be given to the people, but this means that it is necessary to be obliged by law. According to a survey conducted by Richards [37], tw o-thirds of the respondents have reduced working hours for leisure and sightseeing, so the balance between work and leisure is negative / very negative to their career. [38] I found that I felt it was affecting.

The crisis of the COVID-19 has created an unusual scenario with serious uncertainty about the range and solution of the health crisis. All countries and regions are affected, but the impact is determined by the reported case / number of deaths and sector. Therefore, focus support is required to determine which country or region is most dependent on this sector. The worldwide phenomena, a tourism, has an economic impact on companies, cities, tourist spots, markets, and countries. [34] The main advantage of tourism revenue is that tourists can consume them elsewhere, even if they raise funds in Japan. As a result, it is unlikely that the solution will be universal, and it depends on the specific situation of each place. Political rights: One of the things necessary for travel is a government that gives the freedom to go to a specific place. These rights are also guaranteed by international law, state passports and visa programs.

time. Eventually, it affects how far people can go and where they want to go.

4.3. Criteria to Travel

The crisis of the COVID-19 has created an unusual scenario with serious uncertainty about the range and solution of the health crisis. All countries and regions are affected, but the impact is determined by the reported case / number of deaths and sector. Therefore, focus support is required to determine which country or region is most dependent on this sector. The worldwide phenomenon tourism has an economic impact on companies, cities, sightseeing spots, markets, and countries. [34] The main advantage of tourism revenue is that tourists can consume them elsewhere, even if they raise funds in Japan. As a result, it is unlikely that the solution will be universal, and it depends on the specific situation of each place. Political rights: One of the necessary things for travel is the government that gives the freedom to go to a specific place. These rights are also guaranteed by international law, state passports and visa programs.

time. Eventually, it affects how far people can go and where they want to go.

4.4. Support for Hotels and Restaurants

4.5. Recommendations

The crisis of the COVID-19 has created an unusual scenario with serious uncertainty about the range and solution of the health crisis. All countries and regions are affected, but the impact is determined by the reported case / number of deaths and sector. Therefore, focus support is required to determine which country or region is most dependent on this sector. The worldwide phenomenon tourism has an economic impact on companies, cities, sightseeing spots, markets, and countries. [34] The main advantage of tourism revenue is that tourists can consume them elsewhere, even if they raise funds in Japan. As a result, it is unlikely that the solution will be universal, and it depends on the specific situation of each place.

The COVID-19's health crisis has a different social economic meaning from the global financial crisis of 2008/2009, which started in the bank department. In order to reduce the infection rate and suppress infectious diseases, the EU countries took drastic measures as national blockade, and introduced travel restrictions from the spring of 2020. Such a policy decision was hit to both the demand side and the supply side of the value chain, resulting in a loss of economic retreat, reduction of employment, and loss of revenue. The public health crisis became an economic issue. During the economic blockade, the market of products and services fell significantly, as a result, many supermarkets, hotels and restaurants were closed. Many European countries have caused big unemployment and bankruptcy. Tourism is greatly dependent on both income and employment (in 2019, 9. 5 % of GDP and 10. 1 % of the total employment [2]), so traffic regulations are hindered. In addition, unlike other economic sector, tourism has few options to continue business during the closure period.

The following table shows some knowledge and reconstruction measures in academic papers assumed after the COVID-19 crisis (Table 2). The reconstruction scenario after the health crisis takes into account the fact that the measures proposed by country and location vary.

The role of sightseeing for the EU-27 economy is particularly noteworthy. To better understand the current situation of the EU27, the following table (Table 3) is still implemented in the EU27 countries (May 5, 2021) based on the information provided by the RE-OPEN EU Platform [46]. It focuses on the general measures that have been taken. In addition, it includes the rankings given to the factors that are closely related to the health crisis (further analyzed in this paper) (causing confusion for various citizens and causing anxiety and fear of travel) -indicators Quoted from the "Travel and Tourism Competition Index 2019" created by the Economic Forum [47].

Based on the previous survey projects and their results, and proposals, we invented this survey approach to discover the underlying perception of people during the peak of the Covid-19 crisis in Romania in March to December 2020. did. The design of this survey and the results are described in the following chapter. COVID-19's health crisis has a social and economic meaning different from the global financial crisis of 2008/2009, which started in the banking department. In order to reduce the infection rate and suppress infectious diseases, the EU countries took drastic measures as national blockade, and introduced travel restrictions from the spring of 2020. Such a policy decision was hit to both the demand side and the supply side of the value chain, resulting in a loss of economic retreat, reduction of employment, and loss of revenue. The public health crisis became an economic issue. During the economic blockade, the market of products and services fell significantly, as a result, many supermarkets, hotels and restaurants were closed. Many European countries have caused big unemployment and bankruptcy. Tourism is greatly dependent on both income and employment (in 2019, 9. 5 % of GDP and 10. 1 % of the total employment [2]), so traffic regulations are hindered. In addition, unlike other economic sector, tourism has few options to continue business during the closure period.

5. Conclusions

Based on the previous survey projects and their results, and proposals, we invented this survey approach to discover the underlying perception of people during the peak of the Covid-19 crisis in Romania in March to December 2020. did. The design of this survey and the results are described in the following chapter. The COVID-19's health crisis has a different social economic meaning from the global financial crisis of 2008/2009, which started in the bank department. In order to reduce the infection rate and suppress infectious diseases, the EU countries took drastic measures as national blockade, and introduced travel restrictions from the spring of 2020. Such a policy decision was hit to both the demand side and the supply side of the value chain, resulting in a loss of economic retreat, reduction of employment, and loss of revenue. The public health crisis became an economic issue. During the economic blockade, the market of products and services fell significantly, as a result, many supermarkets, hotels and restaurants were closed. Many European countries have caused big unemployment and bankruptcy. Tourism is greatly dependent on both income and employment (in 2019, 9. 5 % of GDP and 10. 1 % of the total employment [2]), so traffic regulations are hindered. In addition, unlike other economic sector, tourism has few options to continue business during the closure period.

Author Contributions

Funding

The role of sightseeing for the EU-27 economy is particularly noteworthy. To better understand the current situation of the EU27, the following table (Table 3) is still implemented in the EU27 countries (May 5, 2021) based on the information provided by the RE-OPEN EU Platform [46]. It focuses on the general measures that have been taken. In addition, it includes the rankings given to the factors that are closely related to the health crisis (further analyzed in this paper) (causing confusion for various citizens and causing anxiety and fear of travel) -indicators Quoted from the "Travel / Tourism Competition Index 2019" created by the Economic Forum [47].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Based on the previous survey projects and as a result, and the proposals, we invented this survey approach to discover the underlying perception of people during the peak of COVID-19 crisis in Romania in March to December 2020. did. The design of this survey and the results are described in the following chapter.

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

This demonstration study was implemented to work on the following three purposes (focusing on the case of T & Amp; T in Romania); from May to December 2020, what is the perception of T & Amp; T? Consider whether it has changed or the next month's outlook. (2) When considering purchasing such services, consumers expect, and understand the relevant criteria for taking action from intention, (3) the respondents T & amp; AMP? This survey result is This is the basis for providing specific guidance on actions that should be considered for the recovery of the industry, while monitoring the sustainability of the business model to the hospitality operators and the determination. It may be proven that such a search for data is essential to understanding the best strategy to recover from T & T's major losses. Understanding the fundamental factors that determine the trust of consumers and the willingness to buy T & T can reveal new measures for consumers. We can clarify a new way to deal with consumer anxiety and lack of confidence. In this article, "T & T products" are called "T & T". "T product" means

Conflicts of Interest

This article introduces information obtained from the Romanian marke t-based survey, which uses two consumer samples at different pandemic progress. The first stage of data collection was performed during the nationwide blockade. Before the beginning of summer (May 2020), it was usually known as a strong season for leisure and travel. The second phase (December 2020) was characterized by strict distances and restrictions, covering the period before the winter vacation, when travel demand for both inbound and outbound travel was recognized. The sample in May was 1015, and the sample in December was 1020. These two samples may or may not include the same respondents. However, it is created with a similar approach to provide consistent and meaningful data comparison. The size of both test samples guarantees 3 % error and 95 % reliability. In this paper, we will introduce information obtained from a survey based on the Romanian market survey, which uses two consumer samples at different pandemic progress. The first stage of data collection was performed during the nationwide blockade. Before the beginning of summer (May 2020), it was usually known as a strong season for leisure and travel. The second phase (December 2020) was characterized by strict distances and restrictions, covering the period before the winter vacation, when travel demand for both inbound and outbound travel was recognized. The sample in May was 1015, and the sample in December was 1020. These two samples may or may not include the same respondents. However, it is created with a similar approach to provide consistent and meaningful data comparison. The size of both test samples guarantees 3 % error and 95 % reliability. This article introduces information obtained from the Romanian marke t-based survey, which uses two consumer samples at different pandemic progress. The first stage of data collection was performed during the nationwide blockade. Before the beginning of summer (May 2020), it was usually known as a strong season for leisure and travel. The second phase (December 2020) was characterized by strict distances and restrictions, covering the period before the winter vacation, when travel demand for both inbound and outbound travel was recognized. The sample in May was 1015, and the sample in December was 1020. These two samples may or may not include the same respondents. However, it is created with a similar approach to provide consistent and meaningful data comparison. The size of both test samples guarantees 3 % error and 95 % reliability.

References

The survey method used a structured questionnaire, including questions to capture the respondents' views on future travel and tourism/recreation spending, their expectations to review such purchases, and their level of knowledge and support for government support for the tourism/recreation industry. The survey was divided into three sections: Section 1 aimed to reveal the respondents' perceptions of their current economic situation and outlook for the next three months, using a five-point Likert scale: (1) A little better? (2) The same? (3) A little harder? (4) A little harder? (5) A little better? (6) A little better? (7) Much harder. Respondents were asked to rate the importance based on their own judgment, and were also given the option to answer "don't know." Section 2 assessed the respondents' feelings on future travel and tourism/recreation spending, their expectations to review such purchases, and their level of knowledge and support for government support for tourism/recreation. Section 3 extracted demographic variables to reveal the socio-economic characteristics of the survey participants, such as gender, income, age, education level, and place of residence (rural or urban). Data collection was done through an online survey. The collected data explored how opinions and perceptions vary with different contexts and personal circumstances.
The primary data collected was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 27) for univariate analysis by testing several key points (e. g., intentions regarding T& amp; T, budget forecasts regarding T& amp; T, etc.), and bivariate analysis to evaluate the impact of different items on customer perceptions through Spearman's correlation test (all correlation coefficients reported in the analysis are relative values at the 0. 01 level with two-tailed tests and all were conducted across the entire survey sample including May and December samples).
The survey methodology used a structured questionnaire and included questions to capture respondents' views on future travel and spending on tourism and leisure, their expectations on reviewing such purchases, their level of knowledge and support for government support for the tourism and leisure industry, etc. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: Section 1 aimed to reveal the perception of the respondents' current economic situation and outlook for the next three months, using a five-point Likert scale: (1) A little better? (2) The same? (3) A little harder? (4) A little harder? (5) A little better? (6) Much harder. Respondents were asked to rate the importance based on their own judgment, and were also given the option to say "don't know." Section 2 assessed the respondents' feelings towards future travel and spending on tourism and recreation, their expectations of reviewing such purchases, and their knowledge and support of government assistance for tourism and recreation. Section 3 extracted demographic variables to reveal the socio-economic characteristics of the survey participants, such as gender, income, age, education level, and place of residence (rural or urban). Data collection was done through an online survey. The collected data explored how opinions and perceptions vary across different contexts and personal situations. The primary data collected was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 27) for univariate analysis by testing several key points (e. g., intentions regarding T& amp; T, budget forecasts regarding T& amp; T for the next 6 months, etc.) and bivariate analysis to evaluate the impact of different items on customer perception through Spearman's correlation test (all correlation coefficients reported in the analysis are relative values at 0. 01 level with two-tailed tests and all were conducted across the entire survey sample including May and December samples). The survey methodology used a structured questionnaire and included questions capturing respondents' views on future travel and spending on tourism and leisure, their expectations on reviewing such purchases, their knowledge of and level of support for government support for the tourism and leisure industry, etc. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: Section 1 aimed to reveal the perception of the respondents' current economic situation and outlook for the next three months, using a five-point Likert scale: (1) A little better? (2) The same? (3) A little harder? (4) A little harder? (5) A little better? (6) Much harder. Respondents were asked to rate the importance based on their own judgment, and were also given the option to say "don't know." Section 2 assessed the respondents' feelings towards future travel and spending on tourism and recreation, their expectations of reviewing such purchases, and their knowledge and support of government assistance for tourism and recreation. Section 3 extracted demographic variables to reveal the socio-economic characteristics of the survey participants, such as gender, income, age, education level, and place of residence (rural or urban). Data collection was done through an online survey. The collected data explored how opinions and perceptions vary across different contexts and personal situations. The primary data collected was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 27) for univariate analysis by testing some key points (e. g. intention regarding T& amp; T. T, budget forecast regarding T& amp; T. T, etc. intention regarding T& amp; T, budget forecast regarding T& amp; T for the next 6 months) and bivariate analysis to evaluate the impact of different items on customer perception through Spearman correlation test (all correlation coefficients reported in the analysis are relative values at 0. 01 level with two-tailed tests and all were conducted across the entire survey sample including May and December samples).
In this section, COVID-19 focused on the impact of the Romanian T & T industry and evaluated respondents' perceptions on T & T's purchases from the perspective of consumers; Focusing on the consumer's perspective, the respondents' awareness and intentions regarding the purchase behavior of T & T were evaluated. The intention of purchasing T products and intentions first, the respondents' intentions regarding the purchase budget for T & T products were evaluated. As you can see from Table 4, 11. 5 % of the respondents in December (only 8. 5 % of the respondents in May) answered that they would increase or significantly increase the purchase budget for T & T. In contrast, there was a slightly optimistic trend in December. This result suggests that as people get used to uncertainties (as the awareness of the uncertainty falls), they are more likely to repeat their previous activities, including travel. However, 37, 1 % of the respondents in May and 35, 3 % of the respondents in December cannot be ignored. As of December 2020, the recovery period of T & T has just begun. There is still a long way before the appetite is completely recovered.
When this result was correlated with several respondents (all samples) with some social population statistical variables, it was found that there was a slight indirect correlation with the respondents's monthly income (correlation coefficien t-0, 148). There is a tendency to spend a lot of budgets for purchasing T. The correlation coefficient of 0, 142 also indicated that if people are hired or have their own business, they are more likely to invest a larger budget to buy T & AMP & T. It was shown that there was a tendency to invest more budgets to buy T. These results show an intuitive correlation that can occur not only under crisis situations such as COVID-19 pandemic, but also in normal times. In this section, the COVID-19 focused on the impact of the Romanian T & T industry and evaluated the perceptions of respondents on the purchase behavior of T & T from the perspective of consumers; COVID-19 in the Romanian T & T industry. Focusing on the influence of, he evaluated the respondents' awareness and intentions regarding the purchase behavior of T & T from the consumer's perspective. The intention of purchasing T products and intentions first, the respondents' intentions regarding the purchase budget for T & T products were evaluated. As you can see from Table 4, 11. 5 % of the respondents in December (only 8. 5 % of the respondents in May) answered that they would increase or significantly increase the purchase budget for T & T. In contrast, there was a slightly optimistic trend in December. This result suggests that as people get used to uncertainties (as the awareness of the uncertainty falls), they are more likely to repeat their previous activities, including travel. However, 37, 1 % of the respondents in May and 35, 3 % of the respondents in December cannot be ignored. As of December 2020, the recovery period of T & T has just begun. There is still a long way before the appetite is completely recovered.
When this result was correlated with several respondents (all samples) with some social population statistical variables, it was found that there was a slight indirect correlation with the respondents's monthly income (correlation coefficien t-0, 148). There is a tendency to spend a lot of budgets for purchasing T. The correlation coefficient of 0, 142 also indicated that if people are hired or have their own business, they are more likely to invest a larger budget to buy T & AMP & T. It was shown that there was a tendency to invest more budgets to buy T. These results show an intuitive correlation that can occur not only under crisis situations such as COVID-19 pandemic, but also in normal times. In this section, COVID-19 focused on the impact of the Romanian T & T industry and evaluated respondents' perceptions on T & T's purchases from the perspective of consumers; Focusing on the consumer's perspective, the respondents' awareness and intentions regarding the purchase behavior of T & T were evaluated. The intention of purchasing T products and intentions first, the respondents' intentions regarding the purchase budget for T & T products were evaluated. As you can see from Table 4, 11. 5 % of the respondents in December (only 8. 5 % of the respondents in May) answered that they would increase or significantly increase the purchase budget for T & T. In contrast, there was a slightly optimistic trend in December. This result suggests that as people get used to uncertainties (as the awareness of the uncertainty falls), they are more likely to repeat their previous activities, including travel. However, 37, 1 % of the respondents in May and 35, 3 % of the respondents in December cannot be ignored. As of December 2020, the recovery period of T & T has just begun. There is still a long way before the appetite is completely recovered.
When this result was correlated with several respondents (all samples) with some social population statistical variables, it was found that there was a slight indirect correlation with the respondents's monthly income (correlation coefficien t-0, 148). There is a tendency to spend a lot of budgets for purchasing T. The correlation coefficient of 0, 142 also indicated that if people are hired or have their own business, they are more likely to invest a larger budget to buy T & AMP & T. It was shown that there was a tendency to invest more budgets to buy T. These results show an intuitive correlation that can occur not only under crisis situations such as COVID-19 pandemic, but also in normal times.
Nevertheless, when we report on the respondents' behavior and estimates during the crisis, the correlation coefficient of 0. 211 proves a direct and moderate correlation between the respondents' budget T& T and their assessment of their household financial situation three months ago (the coefficient was calculated on the entire sample of 2035 respondents); this coefficient was calculated on the entire sample of 2035 respondents. In other words, the better the assessment of their financial situation, the more likely they are to allocate more budget to T& T. Furthermore, the more optimistic the respondents are about their household financial situation in the next three months, the more likely they are to allocate more budget to T& T (the correlation coefficient of 0. 235 demonstrates this). Moreover, when respondents estimated that they would rely only on their income and savings to survive the next three months (as opposed to those who estimated that they would need to borrow from friends or banks to manage their expected expenses), they were more likely to estimate that they would allocate more budget to T& T (the correlation coefficient is 0. 235). The correlation coefficient was 0. 251. These results show that economic optimism and optimistic estimates directly affect how people purchase goods.
The extent to which respondents do not consider Tamp & amp; T a priority for government support is evidence that they do not consider tourism essential to their well-being; the response that T should not be considered a priority for government support to ensure recovery is evidence that respondents do not consider tourism essential to their well-being. Overall, 66, 2% of respondents in May thought that the hotel and restaurant industry should not be included in the list of priority industries that should receive government support to get through the current crisis, and 56, 1% of respondents in December thought the same. Seeing that agriculture and healthcare were the top two industries that respondents felt most needed government support to recover, it is easy to see that respondents are more interested in basic survival needs than other leisure-related needs.
Nevertheless, consumers' motivation to travel is still high (although the percentage of adult population is decreasing). Table 5 shows the respondents's travel intention to travel after the regulation is canceled. First, as shown in the December sample (although the size of the two samples was almost the same), about 200 respondents who made more aggressive choices were added, (regardless of the choice of the destination. ) It turned out that he was traveling.
Second, a clear taste for traveling at the national level has been seen, indicating how the COVID-19 crisis leads to the national choices when traveling. This strategy may have a positive effect of multiplier, in terms of reducing international transportation pressure and increasing the connection with national heritage, which increases the awareness of culture and the nation. Third, he discovered new confidence and openness in the options reported by the respondents in December. When choosing an international trip, there were changes between the desired transportation. You may find that aviation travel is gradually being in the recovery stage (it may take some time to fully recover, but the situation seems to be a new type of normal). Furthermore, this trend is more prominent for respondents with a particularly high income. The correlation coefficient of 0, 140 indicates that the higher the income, the higher the tendency to indicate international travel using tickets.
In addition to evaluating the respondents' travel intentions, it is necessary to find out what elements will affect their choices when purchasing T & T; in this sense, Table 6 is Travel and Tamp? Despite T. , consumers' travel will still be high (although the percentage of adult population as a whole is declining). Table 5 shows the respondents's travel intention to travel after the regulation is canceled. First, as shown in the December sample (although the size of the two samples was almost the same), about 200 respondents who made more aggressive choices were added, (regardless of the choice of the destination. ) It turned out that he was traveling.
Second, a clear taste for traveling at the national level has been seen, indicating how the COVID-19 crisis leads to the national choices when traveling. This strategy may have a positive effect of multiplier, in terms of reducing international transportation pressure and increasing the connection with national heritage, which increases the awareness of culture and the nation. Third, he discovered new confidence and openness in the options reported by the respondents in December. When choosing an international trip, there were changes between the desired transportation. You may find that aviation travel is gradually being in the recovery stage (it may take some time to fully recover, but the situation seems to be a new type of normal). Furthermore, this trend is more prominent for respondents with a particularly high income. The correlation coefficient of 0, 140 indicates that the higher the income, the higher the tendency to indicate international travel using tickets.
In addition to evaluating the respondents' travel intentions, it is necessary to find out what elements will affect their choices when purchasing T & T; in this sense, Table 6 is Travel and Tamp? Despite T., consumers' willingness to travel is still high (although the percentage of the entire adult population has declined). Table 5 shows the respondents's travel intention to travel after the regulation is canceled. First, as shown in the December sample (although the size of the two samples was almost the same), about 200 respondents who made more aggressive choices were added, (regardless of the choice of the destination. ) It turned out that he was traveling.
Second, a clear taste for traveling at the national level has been seen, indicating how the COVID-19 crisis leads to the national choices when traveling. This strategy may have a positive effect of multiplier, in terms of reducing international transportation pressure and increasing the connection with national heritage, which increases the awareness of culture and the nation. Third, he discovered new confidence and openness in the options reported by the respondents in December. When choosing an international trip, there were changes between the desired transportation. You may find that aviation travel is gradually being in the recovery stage (it may take some time to fully recover, but the situation seems to be a new type of normal). Furthermore, this trend is more prominent for respondents with a particularly high income. The correlation coefficient of 0, 140 indicates that the higher the income, the higher the tendency to indicate international travel using tickets.
In addition to evaluating the respondents' travel intentions, it is necessary to find out what elements will affect their choices when purchasing T & T; in this sense, Table 6 is Travel and Tamp? T.
The results of this table show that people may be more relaxed and optimistic about traveling in December 2020 compared to May 2020, but concerns about safety are still important. As a result, the most important criteria for both samples to choose a travel destination are "not crowded" (this variable is measured on a normal scale, so the mode is most relevant. It was "safety of travel destinations" from the viewpoint of hygiene policy. Furthermore, to make general purchase decisions more carefully, in the criteria for choosing a travel destination, it was associated with ranking "travel destinations" higher (correlation coefficient 0. 147). Prove this). On the other hand, making general purchase decisions more carefully associated with reducing the "travel destination attractiveness" among the criteria for choosing a travel destination (correlation coefficien t-0. 136). Therefore, for more careful travelers, when faced with the safety provided by the destination, the shape and appearance of the destination will fade.
Respondent concerns about safety also appeared when evaluating the intention of using the restaurant service. As shown in Fig. 2, 30, 6 % of the respondents in May and 24, 4 % of the respondents in December have a restaurant service if there is safety measures at restaurants and securing physical distance. They answered that they would decrease considerably.
Furthermore, 14 % of the respondents in May and 12, 1 % of the respondents in December did not show their intention to use the restaurant service immediately. From this result, we can see less interest in using unnecessary services to live. Restaurant services are sometimes used when traveling or seeking social situations, but when deciding whether to travel or not, concerns about safety when using such services. It may affect it. Therefore, when formulating a tourist reconstruction plan, it is essential to presenting travelers and concerns about travelers and their travels.
The research results collected and presented in the previous section match the past research projects on similar themes. These confirmation or partial confirmation are introduced in the following subscription. As a result of this table, people may be more relaxed and optimistic for travel in December 2020 compared to May 2020, but concerns about safety are still important. I understand. As a result, the most important criteria for both samples to choose a travel destination are "not crowded" (this variable is measured on a normal scale, so the mode is most relevant. It was "safety of travel destinations" from the viewpoint of hygiene policy. Furthermore, to make general purchase decisions more carefully, in the criteria for choosing a travel destination, it was associated with ranking "travel destinations" higher (correlation coefficient 0. 147). Prove this). On the other hand, making general purchase decisions more carefully associated with reducing the "travel destination attractiveness" among the criteria for choosing a travel destination (correlation coefficien t-0. 136). Therefore, for more careful travelers, when faced with the safety provided by the destination, the shape and appearance of the destination will fade.
Respondent concerns about safety also appeared when evaluating the intention of using the restaurant service. As shown in Fig. 2, 30, 6 % of the respondents in May and 24, 4 % of the respondents in December have a restaurant service if there is safety measures at restaurants and securing physical distance. They answered that they would decrease considerably.
Furthermore, 14 % of the respondents in May and 12, 1 % of the respondents in December did not show their intention to use the restaurant service immediately. From this result, we can see less interest in using unnecessary services to live. Restaurant services are sometimes used when traveling or seeking social situations, but when deciding whether to travel or not, concerns about safety when using such services. It may affect it. Therefore, when formulating a tourist reconstruction plan, it is essential to presenting travelers and concerns about travelers and their travels.
The research results collected and presented in the previous section match the past research projects on similar themes. These confirmation or partial confirmation are introduced in the following subscription. The results of this table show that people may be more relaxed and optimistic about traveling in December 2020 compared to May 2020, but concerns about safety are still important. As a result, the most important criteria for both samples to choose a travel destination are "not crowded" (this variable is measured on a normal scale, so the mode is most relevant. It was "safety of travel destinations" from the viewpoint of hygiene policy. Furthermore, to make general purchase decisions more carefully, in the criteria for choosing a travel destination, it was associated with ranking "travel destinations" higher (correlation coefficient 0. 147). Prove this). On the other hand, making general purchase decisions more carefully associated with reducing the "travel destination attractiveness" among the criteria for choosing a travel destination (correlation coefficien t-0. 136). Therefore, for more careful travelers, when faced with the safety provided by the destination, the shape and appearance of the destination will fade.
Respondent concerns about safety also appeared when evaluating the intention of using the restaurant service. As shown in Fig. 2, 30, 6 % of the respondents in May and 24, 4 % of the respondents in December have a restaurant service if there is safety measures at restaurants and securing physical distance. They answered that they would decrease considerably.
Furthermore, 14 % of the respondents in May and 12, 1 % of the respondents in December did not show their intention to use the restaurant service immediately. From this result, we can see less interest in using unnecessary services to live. Restaurant services are sometimes used when traveling or seeking social situations, but when deciding whether to travel or not, concerns about safety when using such services. It may affect it. Therefore, when formulating a tourist reconstruction plan, it is essential to presenting travelers and concerns about travelers and their travels.
The research results collected and presented in the previous section match the past research projects on similar themes. These confirmation or partial confirmation are introduced in the following subscription.
In our survey, in our survey, in December 2020, in December 2020, our survey showed a slightly more optimistic perspective than May 2020. Regarding the intention of purchasing T, our survey showed a slightly optimistic view in December 2020, in contrast to May 2020. These results are the same as global trends at the same time. According to a STR survey conducted in March 2020 for a total of 917 respondents from more than 60 countries, 33 % of respondents could reduce the cost of travel and leisure over the next 12 months. I answered that it was expensive. [50], about 20 % of consumers planning more travel in the next year.
In addition, our results suggest that economic optimism and positive views have a direct impact on how to buy products related to leisure activities of people. Since people invest in TAMP? T, they are more important than investments that are considered more important for consumers, so it is possible for people to create a sense of security about the economic future. , It is essential to promote the recovery of T & T. A similar conclusion has also been obtained in Roy Morgan's Holiday Travel Repairs, which was announced in April 2020, saying, "The next 12 months of traveling will travel to the whole economy. I am strongly linked to the confidence I feel. " Surprisingly, traveling is declining due to pandemic, accompanying recession, and daily tasks that people are aware of in the present and future economic conditions. The result is the report of EUROMONITOR that the hotel and catering expenditures are not the period from 2015 to 2019, but that it is presumed to fall rapidly from 2019 to 2023 [52. ]. Furthermore, such changes in the decision decision are not limited to the T & Amp; amp; industry, and applies to a wide range of industries. T: 50%to 60%of the manufacturing industry is influenced by a wide range of industries, including T and T & Amp; T. If we mention people's willingness to travel and the intention to spend a large budget by purchasing T & amplifiers T, our survey made a slightly more optimistic view in December 2020 than in May 2020. In terms of the intention to buy T, our survey showed a slightly optimistic view in December 2020, in contrast to May 2020. These results are the same as global trends at the same time. According to a STR survey conducted in March 2020 for a total of 917 respondents from more than 60 countries, 33 % of respondents could reduce the cost of travel and leisure over the next 12 months. I answered that it was expensive. [50], about 20 % of consumers planning more travel in the next year.
In addition, our results suggest that economic optimism and positive views have a direct impact on how to buy products related to leisure activities of people. Since people invest in TAMP? T, they are more important than investments that are considered more important for consumers, so it is possible for people to create a sense of security about the economic future. , It is essential to promote the recovery of T & T. A similar conclusion has also been obtained in Roy Morgan's Holiday Travel Repairs, which was announced in April 2020, saying, "The next 12 months of traveling will travel to the whole economy. I am strongly linked to the confidence I feel. " Surprisingly, traveling is declining due to pandemic, accompanying recession, and daily tasks that people are aware of in the present and future economic conditions. The result is the report of EUROMONITOR that the hotel and catering expenditures are not the period from 2015 to 2019, but that it is presumed to fall rapidly from 2019 to 2023 [52. ]. Furthermore, such changes in the decision decision are not limited to the T & Amp; amp; industry, and applies to a wide range of industries. T: 50%to 60%of the manufacturing industry is influenced by a wide range of industries, including T and T & Amp; T. In our survey, in our survey, in December 2020, in December 2020, our survey showed a slightly more optimistic perspective than May 2020. Regarding the intention of purchasing T, our survey showed a slightly optimistic view in December 2020, in contrast to May 2020. These results are the same as global trends at the same time. According to a STR survey conducted in March 2020 for a total of 917 respondents from more than 60 countries, 33 % of respondents could reduce the cost of travel and leisure over the next 12 months. I answered that it was expensive. [50], about 20 % of consumers planning more travel in the next year.
In addition, our results suggest that economic optimism and positive views have a direct impact on how to buy products related to leisure activities of people. Since people invest in TAMP? T, they are more important than investments that are considered more important for consumers, so it is possible for people to create a sense of security about the economic future. , It is essential to promote the recovery of T & T. A similar conclusion has also been obtained in Roy Morgan's Holiday Travel Repairs, which was announced in April 2020, saying, "The next 12 months of traveling will travel to the whole economy. I am strongly linked to the confidence I feel. " Not surprisingly, traveling is declining due to pandemic, accompanying recession, and daily tasks that people are aware of in the present and future economic conditions. The result is the report of EUROMONITOR that the hotel and catering expenditures are not the period from 2015 to 2019, but that it is presumed to fall rapidly from 2019 to 2023 [52. ]. Furthermore, such changes in the decision decision are not limited to the T & Amp; amp; industry, and applies to a wide range of industries. T: 50%to 60%of the manufacturing industry is influenced by a wide range of industries, including T and T & Amp; T.
According to the current survey data, the preferences for domestic travel are clear (84. 3 % in May, 74. 7 % in December), and the strategies are focused on touching domestic options when traveling. I support you. Considering the impact of pandemic on purchasing power, tourists turn to more economical destinations and cheaper transportation expenses (in IATA predictions, the price of air tickets can rise by 43 to 54%). You may want to reduce travel spending by doing so. This strategy is a great opportunity to revitalize domestic sightseeing, focus on nearby sightseeing, reduce the pressure of international transport, and enhance the connection with the national heritage, and has multiple positive effects from the perspective of sustainability. That may be proven. People who look at domestic sightseeing (defined as domestic travel services purchased for relaxation), along with the psychological effects of trying to survive in an uncertain era, the government and tourist destinations are "individual and nationalism". It leads to "acting on the target".
According to WTTC's trade recovery barometer (2021), in 2020, domestic sightseeing in G20, excluding Turkey, accounted for more than 60%of T & AMP; M services. It is over 90 % in Japan, Brazil, the United States, Argentina and Australia. Furthermore, in all G20 countries, inbound sightseeing was significantly reduced in demand compared to outbound sightseeing (-71, 6%t o-82, 9%) (-63, 2%t o-30%). ]. McKinsey is also about one to two years earlier than outbound trips due to some factors, such as alleviating regulations on domestic travel, increasing options for aviation trips, and increasing demand from business trips. He concludes that it will reach the level [56]. According to the current survey data, the preferences for domestic travel are clear (84. 3 % in May, 74. 7 % in December), focusing on the national options when traveling. It supports the strategy to put. Considering the impact of pandemic on purchasing power, tourists turn to more economical destinations and cheaper transportation expenses (in IATA predictions, the price of air tickets can rise by 43 to 54%). You may want to reduce travel spending by doing so. This strategy is a great opportunity to revitalize domestic sightseeing, focus on nearby sightseeing, reduce the pressure of international transport, and enhance the connection with the national heritage, and has multiple positive effects from the perspective of sustainability. That may be proven. People who look at domestic sightseeing (defined as domestic travel services purchased for relaxation), along with the psychological effects of trying to survive in an uncertain era, the government and tourist destinations are "individual and nationalism". It leads to "acting on the target".
According to WTTC's trade recovery barometer (2021), in 2020, domestic sightseeing in G20, excluding Turkey, accounted for more than 60%of T & AMP; M services. It is over 90 % in Japan, Brazil, the United States, Argentina and Australia. Furthermore, in all G20 countries, inbound sightseeing was significantly reduced in demand compared to outbound sightseeing (-71, 6%t o-82, 9%) (-63, 2%t o-30%). ]. McKinsey is also about one to two years earlier than outbound trips due to some factors, such as alleviating regulations on domestic travel, increasing options for aviation trips, and increasing demand from business trips. He concludes that it will reach the level [56]. According to the current survey data, the preferences for domestic travel are clear (84. 3 % in May, 74. 7 % in December), and the strategies are focused on touching domestic options when traveling. I support you. Considering the impact of pandemic on purchasing power, tourists turn to more economical destinations and cheaper transportation expenses (in IATA predictions, the price of air tickets can rise by 43 to 54%). You may want to reduce travel spending by doing so. This strategy is a great opportunity to revitalize domestic sightseeing, focus on nearby sightseeing, reduce the pressure of international transport, and enhance the connection with the national heritage, and has multiple positive effects from the perspective of sustainability. That may be proven. People who look at domestic sightseeing (defined as domestic travel services purchased for relaxation), along with the psychological effects of trying to survive in an uncertain era, the government and tourist destinations are "individual and nationalism". It leads to "acting on the target".
According to WTTC's trade recovery barometer (2021), in 2020, domestic sightseeing in G20, excluding Turkey, accounted for more than 60%of T & AMP; M services. It is over 90 % in Japan, Brazil, the United States, Argentina and Australia. Furthermore, in all G20 countries, inbound sightseeing was significantly reduced in demand compared to outbound sightseeing (-71, 6%t o-82, 9%) (-63, 2%t o-30%). ]. McKinsey is also about one to two years earlier than outbound trips due to some factors, such as alleviating regulations on domestic travel, increasing options for aviation trips, and increasing demand from business trips. He concludes that it will reach the level [56].
At the EU Level, many initiatives have already been planned and implemented for incentives to revitalize domestic sightseeing, and special offers of hotel discounts for residents, affordable accommodations for sightseeing accommodation and accommodation expenses 25. % Of % (Cyprus), accommodation, culture, and sports reduction tax (from 15 % to 10 %) (Czech Republic), Internet campaign (eg,#Ceté JevisiteLafrance. EdécouvrelAFRANCE ( France),#Descubreloincreible (Spain), Latvia and Lithuania, also conducted in Latvia and business, vacation vouchers for companies and businesses, lo w-income earners (individual annual income of 16, 000 euros, family income of 28, 000 euros) ・ Subsidy for citizens by "Four All" (Greece). Széchenyi Tourist Car d-Lone that can be used with interes t-free (100 billion HUF (278 million euros) is available in Hungary), Lithuania is a vacation voucher system (200 euros), Poland for families with children There are Tourist Pass Holiday Initiatives in Romania (111 euros), and in Romania [57].
Other research on the Romanian market [58, 59] also shifts to more secure or familiar dental tastes due to pandemic, probably in domestic destinations, individual sightseeing, ecotourism, green. / Suggest that sustainable tourism increases. At the EU level, many initiatives have already been planned and implemented for the purpose of incentives to revitalize domestic tourism, and special offers for hotel discounts for residents, affordable rates and accommodations for sightseeing accommodations. 費の 25％の補助（キプロス）、宿泊施設、文化、スポーツに対する付加価値税の軽減（15％から 10％へ）（チェコ共和国）、インターネットキャンペーン（例：#CetÉJeVisiteLaFrance. 例えば、#CetÉtéJeVisiteLaFrance；例： #JeredécouvrelAfrance,#Descubreloincreible, Latvia and Lithuania), Lo w-income porsements (individual annual income 16, 000 euros, family income 28, 000 euros). Social tourism A subsidy for citizens by the program "Tourism for All" (Greece). Széchenyi Tourist Car d-Lone that can be used with interes t-free (100 billion HUF (278 million euros) is available in Hungary), Lithuania is a vacation voucher system (200 euros), Poland for families with children There are Tourist Pass Holiday Initiatives in Romania (111 euros), and in Romania [57].
Other research on the Romanian market [58, 59] also shifts to more secure, more familiar destinations of tourists due to pandemic, probably dustinations in Japan, individual sightseeing, ecotourism, green. / Suggest that sustainable tourism increases. At the EU Level, many initiatives have already been planned and implemented for incentives to revitalize domestic sightseeing, and special offers of hotel discounts for residents, affordable accommodations for sightseeing accommodation and accommodation expenses 25. % Of % (Cyprus), accommodation, culture, and sports reduction tax (from 15 % to 10 %) (Czech Republic), Internet campaign (eg,#Ceté JevisiteLafrance. EdécouvrelAFRANCE ( France),#Descubreloincreible (Spain), Latvia and Lithuania, also carried out in Latvia and Lithuania), vacation vouchers for companies and businesses, lo w-income groups (personal income of 16, 000 euros, family income of 28, 000 euros) ・ Subsidy for citizens by "Four All" (Greece). Széchenyi Tourist Car d-Lone that can be used with interes t-free (100 billion HUF (278 million euros) is available in Hungary), Lithuania is a vacation voucher system (200 euros), Poland for families with children There are Tourist Pass Holiday Initiatives in Romania (111 euros), and in Romania [57].
Other research on the Romanian market [58, 59] also shifts to more secure or familiar dental tastes due to pandemic, probably in domestic destinations, individual sightseeing, ecotourism, green. / Suggest that sustainable tourism increases.
Not only simply evaluating respondents' travel intentions, T & Amp; Tamp? T and their standards are considered very important. As a result, in contrast to May 2020, traveling in December 2020 may be more relaxed and optimistic, but concerns about safety are still important. People focus on not crowded descriptions and resorts, as well as the safety of the destination, and are not paying attention to the appeal of the destination. Based on a survey in the Romanian market, Volkmann et al. Also concluded that the main standards for choosing a vacation include hygiene, congestion space, quality, and ecotourism. This conclusion is the fact that McKinsey is likely to affect the recovery identified, that is, the attraction of domestic destinations, the indiscraft of air transportation, health and hygiene factors, business trips, and sustainability [56] 。 Similarly, Sigala [19], unlike the Covid-19-earlier era, needs to be "redesigned service landscape by eliminating the following".
The fact that the epidemic of COVID-19 emphasizes the hygiene and quality of public health is reflected in respondents' concerns about the safety of respondents, even when evaluating the intentions of using restaurant services in the future. You can see it. Almost on e-third of both samples have decreased the use of restaurant services significantly, claiming that they only use them if there is a physical distance to additional security measures and restaurants, and more than one in 10 people is a restaurant service. He said that the use of it has decreased significantly, and it will only be used if there is an additional security countermeasure and a physical distance to the restaurant. In advance research, similar results regarding the perceived risk and restaurant service have been pointed out [60, 61]. Not only simply evaluates the responder's travel intention, but T & Amp; Tamp? T and its standards are considered very important. As a result, in contrast to May 2020, traveling in December 2020 may be more relaxed and optimistic, but concerns about safety are still important. People focus on not crowded descriptions and resorts, as well as the safety of the destination, and are not paying attention to the appeal of the destination. Based on a survey in the Romanian market, Volkmann et al. Also concluded that the main standards for choosing a vacation include hygiene, congestion space, quality, and ecotourism. This conclusion is the fact that McKinsey is likely to affect the recovery identified, that is, the attraction of domestic destinations, the indiscraft of air transportation, health and hygiene factors, business trips, and sustainability [56] 。 Similarly, Sigala [19], unlike the Covid-19-earlier era, needs to be "redesigned service landscape by eliminating the following".
The fact that the epidemic of COVID-19 emphasizes the hygiene and quality of public health is reflected in respondents' concerns about the safety of respondents, even when evaluating the intentions of using restaurant services in the future. You can see it. Almost on e-third of both samples have decreased the use of restaurant services significantly, claiming that they only use them if there is a physical distance to additional security measures and restaurants, and more than one in 10 people is a restaurant service. He said that the use of it has decreased significantly, and it will only be used if there is an additional security countermeasure and a physical distance to the restaurant. In advance research, similar results regarding the perceived risk and restaurant service have been pointed out [60, 61]. Not only simply evaluating respondents' travel intentions, T & Amp; Tamp? T and their standards are considered very important. As a result, in contrast to May 2020, traveling in December 2020 may be more relaxed and optimistic, but concerns about safety are still important. People focus on not crowded descriptions and resorts, as well as the safety of the destination, and are not paying attention to the appeal of the destination. Based on a survey in the Romanian market, Volkmann et al. Also concluded that the main standards for choosing a vacation include hygiene, congestion space, quality, and ecotourism. This conclusion is the fact that McKinsey is likely to affect the recovery identified, that is, the attraction of domestic destinations, the indiscraft of air transportation, health and hygiene factors, business trips, and sustainability [56] 。 Similarly, Sigala [19], unlike the Covid-19-earlier era, needs to be "redesigned service landscape by eliminating the following".
The fact that the epidemic of COVID-19 emphasizes the hygiene and quality of public health is reflected in respondents' concerns about the safety of respondents, even when evaluating the intentions of using restaurant services in the future. You can see it. Almost on e-third of both samples have decreased the use of restaurant services significantly, claiming that they only use them if there is a physical distance to additional security measures and restaurants, and more than one in 10 people is a restaurant service. He said that the use of it has decreased significantly, and it will only be used if there is an additional security countermeasure and a physical distance to the restaurant. In advance research, similar results regarding the perceived risk and restaurant service have been pointed out [60, 61].
According to the survey results, one of the main consequences of this health crisis is care and health consciousness. This means that when planning their next vacation, travelers prioritize the cleanliness of airports, public spaces, hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions and everyday necessities, the accessibility offered by the destination and the level of grooming. The quality required in the destination and the success of the health system are therefore taken into account in the travel decision.
Governments have already taken the COVID-19 opportunity to develop measures to strengthen their tourism economy through strategies aimed at supporting a sustainable tourism recovery, promoting the transition to a digital transformation and green tourism framework and redesigning tourism for the future. An analysis of the recovery measures adopted by European governments shows that the authorities are relatively aware of the urgent need to make tourists feel safe, respond to their growing information needs and increase their trust. Adopted solutions include new concepts of services and information (Austria), guidelines for accommodation (Belgium, Poland) and a four-tier system (green, orange, red, grey) defining different risks and entry requirements (Cyprus). Digital coronavirus passports (Denmark), national digital and social media campaigns (France, Ireland, Spain), interactive maps to identify all tour operators open and committed to health protocols (France), apps for smart devices supporting the digital transition and offering personalized information and innovative services (Greece); a COVID-19 helpline dedicated to tourists (Malta); a Clean/Green and Safe seal for tourism activities that meet hygiene and cleanliness requirements
According to the data collected in this survey, more than half of the respondents in both samples believe that the T & Amp; C industry is not a good place. The T division believes that government support should be given priority, and that agriculture and health care, which are the other two departments, need support. For example, in Australia, the main subject of reconstruction measures is the improvement of broadband and medical care in rural areas, primary manufacturing, and agriculture.
In order to contribute to overpayment collection in the post-COVID-19 era, some proposals can be made in both the industry and the government representative. Before we enter these proposals, we can achieve T & Amp; Amp? T recover more easily and quickly by cooperating with different types of power (company, government representatives, and stakeholders). can. Therefore, these proposals are for the ultimate purpose of supporting this industry so that we can enjoy lon g-term benefits to happiness, human growth, cultural awareness, and connections. It is based on the cooperation of multiple actors.
T & amp; T companies play the most important role in enabling recovery; T-companies play the most important role in enabling recovery, the first they should take. The steps are to try to understand T & Amp; Amp? T customers and their concerns, and to be aware of the serious mission of performing sel f-reform in the crisis. Next, T & Amp; AMP? T companies must create new and improved products that respond to current customers' concerns so that customers can move from fear to relax. This is achieved by creativity, innovation, and strong sympathy for what customers are worried about. Regarding tactical measures, pay special attention to resorts, accommodation, and airport security, use the interests of local and national tourism, and have cheaper products for lo w-income and middl e-income people. Making is an example of a path to recovery. Finally, T & Amp; AMP? T companies need to reform the communication system to be a source of peace of mind and comfort for interested customers. It can be achieved by providing unique value proposals for T & Amp; Amp? T and the frequent information to Royalty members. It is more important to communicate with customers and potential customers and build a lon g-term relationship.
The results of this survey show that customer emotions are more important in T & Amp. T; regardless of external results, customer perceptions are the most important predictions of their intentions, decisions, and actions. It has been proven that it is a factor. For example, the lower the level of the perceived risk, the more optimistic approaches for customers' future trave l-related decisions and intentions. Based on the obtained insights, travel destinations (cities, resorts, accommodation facilities, etc.) are (1) the crowd evacuation strategy, (2) a highly possible health strategy that gives travelers a certain sense of security, (3) consumption. We should formulate a communication strategy to educate people or potential consumers on the two strategies and the effectiveness of dealing with the safety of travelers. In addition, it can be said that travelers can use the restaurant services with confidence to present concerns about travelers and their travels. Furthermore, given that the trust of brand health and safety policies is important in the future, retreating to health and hygiene will not be an option for T & T. Rather, this survey shows that customer emotions are more important than ever in T & Amp. T to restore travelers' trust and stimulate travelers. Nevertheless, it has been proven that customer perception is the most important prediction factor of its intentions, decisions, and actions. For example, the lower the level of the perceived risk, the more optimistic approaches for customers' future trave l-related decisions and intentions. Based on the obtained insights, travel destinations (cities, resorts, accommodation facilities, etc.) are (1) the crowd evacuation strategy, (2) a highly possible health strategy that gives travelers a certain sense of security, (3) consumption. We should formulate a communication strategy to educate people or potential consumers on the two strategies and the effectiveness of dealing with the safety of travelers. In addition, it can be said that travelers can use the restaurant services with confidence to present concerns about travelers and their travels. Furthermore, given that the trust of brand health and safety policies is important in the future, retreating to health and hygiene will not be an option for T & T. Rather, the results of this survey show that customer emotions are more important in T & Amp. T to restore travelers' trust and stimulate travelers; regardless of external results. It has been proven that customer perception is the most important prediction factor of its intentions, decisions, and actions. For example, the lower the level of the perceived risk, the more optimistic approaches for customers' future trave l-related decisions and intentions. Based on the obtained insights, travel destinations (cities, resorts, accommodation facilities, etc.) are (1) the crowd evacuation strategy, (2) a highly possible health strategy that gives travelers a certain sense of security, (3) consumption. We should formulate a communication strategy to educate people or potential consumers on the two strategies and the effectiveness of dealing with the safety of travelers. In addition, it can be said that travelers can use their restaurant services with confidence to present concerns about travelers and their travels. Furthermore, given that the trust of brand health and safety policies is important in the future, retreating to health and hygiene will not be an option for T & T. Rather, to restore the trust of travelers and stimulate travelers
Considering that it is very important to redefine domestic recreation as a highest priority, understand the importance of tourism, and accept the cooperation of tourism sector revitalization. T & T requires the support of government, local governments, or global regulatory authorities to activate tourist sector; T companies as regional or global regulatory authorities, government and local governments. It requires support from. In that sense, relieving people's health and anxiety about safety is the first mission of policy proppons. Such a policy proprietor plays an important role in regulating TAMP & amp; t. It plays an important role in regulating the safety and hygiene rules that T and them must comply. When it comes to financial support for the T & AMP & T industry, the amount is large. There are at least two forms for fiscal support for the T & Amp; Amp? T industry. To direct fiscal support to and as a basis that travelers are interested in traveling (or have) to travelers to make their economic situation (present and future and future) more positive. It is an indirect financial support through the support of. In this regard, regional or global cooperation seems to have better results for everyone in the long run (as a focus on system theory). It is even more important, given what the future era, when restrictive measures will be eased, will be more relaxed.
All of these proposals are listed in Fig. 3, along with the highlights of the current research. The next section describes the final views, conclusions, and the direction of future research. We believe that it is very important to redefine domestic recreation as a top priority, understand the importance of tourism, and accept the cooperation of tourism sector revitalization. T & T needs the support of the government, local governments, or global regulatory authorities in order to activate tourist sector; T companies as regional or global regulatory authorities. And need support from local governments. In that sense, relieving people's health and anxiety about safety is the first mission of policy proppons. Such a policy proprietor plays an important role in regulating TAMP & amp; t. It plays an important role in regulating the safety and hygiene rules that T and them must comply. When it comes to financial support for the T & AMP & T industry, the amount is large. There are at least two forms for fiscal support for the T & Amp; Amp? T industry. To direct fiscal support to and as a basis that travelers are interested in traveling (or have) to travelers to make their economic situation (present and future and future) more positive. It is an indirect financial support through the support of. In this regard, regional or global cooperation seems to have better results for everyone in the long run (as a focus on system theory). It is even more important, given what the future era, when restrictive measures will be eased, will be more relaxed.
All of these proposals are listed in Fig. 3, along with the highlights of the current research. The next section describes the final views, conclusions, and the direction of future research. Considering that it is very important to redefine domestic recreation as a highest priority, understand the importance of tourism, and accept the cooperation of tourism sector revitalization. T & T requires the support of government, local governments, or global regulatory authorities to activate tourist sector; T companies as regional or global regulatory authorities, government and local governments. It requires support from. In that sense, relieving people's health and anxiety about safety is the first mission of policy proppons. Such a policy proprietor plays an important role in regulating TAMP & amp; t. It plays an important role in regulating the safety and hygiene rules that T and them must comply. When it comes to financial support for the T & AMP & T industry, the amount is large. There are at least two forms for fiscal support for the T & Amp; Amp? T industry. To direct fiscal support to and as a basis that travelers are interested in traveling (or have) to travelers to make their economic situation (present and future and future) more positive. It is an indirect financial support through the support of. In this regard, regional or global cooperation seems to have better results for everyone in the long run (paying attention to the system theory). It is even more important, given what the future era, when restrictive measures will be eased, will be more relaxed.
All of these proposals are listed in Fig. 3, along with the highlights of the current research. The next section describes the final views, conclusions, and the direction of future research.
Due to the need to overcome the lock-in period and keep the industry afloat, government (special redundancy schemes, availability of specific bank loans and grants, liquidity support) and business measures adopted focused mainly on supply-side policies. As we approach the economic recovery period, it will be essential to adequately address the demand-side aspects that are likely to be influenced by psychological and economic factors. Psychological factors include, among others, fear of contamination, traveler willingness to travel and holiday destination preferences. It can be concluded that Covid-19 will affect travel patterns and habits, leading people to avoid large group travel and crowded places, at least in the medium term. Hygiene and health conditions at travel destinations may become an important factor in travel decisions. Facing an attentive customer base, T& T argues that "travelers need to be attentive to hygiene and health conditions at their travel destinations"; T (transport, accommodation, catering, etc.) should further improve hygiene conditions to restore confidence. Economic factors are linked to lower household incomes, increased savings propensity or uncertain economic outlook. The main objective of this study is to investigate the fluctuations in tourist perceptions of T& T, to understand consumer expectations and market review criteria for T& T; and to provide a clear context for appropriate strategies and responses for recovery. The findings of this study can therefore serve as a reflection for destination marketers and crisis managers who are trying to recover from this crisis. This paper attempts to provide concrete guidance for hospitality operators and decision makers, and can serve as a reflection for destination marketers and crisis managers to think about for the industrial recovery, whether they are from Romania or other countries facing a similar situation. More specifically, the survey conducted in this paper on Romania and its results can be used as a reference for other market surveys and other countries.
This study shows a specific snapshot in the development of pandemic in Romania. Since the process is very dynamic, it is necessary to take into account the future research on the long-term impact of pandemic on travel behavior after COVID-19. Furthermore, this knowledge suggests that the role of consumer preferences and behavioral science is increasing in sustainable tourism studies.
Conceptualization, a. O., m.-F., a., ș.-c., m. S. S. F. F. F. AND A.-O. O.; Curation Data, A.-O. O. O. Financial management, SHș.-C. C. and M. S. F; methodology, a. O., m.-F. M. F. P., A. R. A. Writing-A, O, M, F, P, A, P, A. All authors read and agree with the posted manuscript.
This paper is the CNFIS-FDI-2019-0210 project "Improvement of organizational abilities to support ESA research by establishing advanced research pole linked to the direction of priority research in the European Union (EU)". It was subsidized.
different.
different.
The data announced in this study is available if there is a request from the corresponding author. Data is not generally disclosed due to privacy issues.
The author has declared that there is no conflict of interest.
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UK	Figure 1. Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on top trust indicators in Romania from March 2020 to March 2021.	Figure 1. Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on top trust indicators in Romania from March 2020 to March 2021.	Figure 2. Respondents' assessment of short-term restaurant patronage intentions. (b) December sample.	Figure 2. Estimating restaurant visit intentions in the near future: (a) May sample. (Figure 3.	Figure 3. Highlights of this paper	Figure 3. Highlights	Table 1. G20 countries T.
Table 1. G20 countries: selected indicators for T& amp; Tamp; T.	T as a percentage of GDP	15	T	85	15	% of total expenditure T& amp; Tamp; T 2020	Change in expenditure T 2020 (%)
Household	6↓	International	Domestic	91	9	International	United States
5.	Rastegar, R.;. C ovid-19 and an equity framework to guide tourism recovery. Anna. Tour. Res. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef].	7.7	93. 9	-37. 1	5.6	-76. 7	China
4. 5	11. 6	-59. 9%	-60. 8	-66. 3	Japan	4.	-37%
94. 6	-30. 3	6.4	-82. 9	Germany	5.	-46. 9%	88. 4
11. 6	-47. 3	9.8	-57. 9	Italy	13. 1	-51%	80. 6
19. 4	-49. 6	4.9	-62	France	4.	-48, 8%	67. 1
32. 9	-49. 8	4.4	-52, 9	India	4.	-36, 3%	-30, 7
-61	5↓	11	4. 2 id	10. 1	-62, 3%	85. 4	14. 6
-63. 2	-30. 3	5.9	Mexico	8.	-48, 1%	-48	-49. 3
Australia	10. 7	9.4	-45, 4%	-41	8.3	-77. 2	Brazil
5.	-32, 6%	6.9	94. 4	-35. 6	-39. 1	Spain	5. 9

14. 1 14. 1

63. 2	36. 8	-50. 7
-78. 2	Canada	3.
-53%	Canada	18. 8
-51	-71. 1	Saudi Arabia
7.	Canada	66. 2
33. 8	Canada	-80. 4
Russia	Canada	-47%
82. 5	Canada	-43. 9
-69. 6	Canada	2.
-45. 5%	Canada	32. 1

-34

Turkey	-54. 2%	47. 2	52. 8	-41. 8
-65. 2	Indonesia	3.	-46. 6%	78. 4
21. 6	-35. 2	-78. 4	Argentina	6.
-37. 5%	91, 7	-35. 1	-66, 7	South Africa
3.	-49, 8%	66. 7	33. 3	-42. 8
-66	Table 2. Past research projects and proposed improvements.	Table 2. Past research projects and proposed improvements	Author and year of publication	Research field
Main findings and improvements (if any)	Abbas et al., 2021[39].	Global	The tourism industry should consider starting to upgrade hotels, improving the quality of the workforce, streamlining sales and customer registration for tour groups, and transitioning to modern technologies. Particular attention should be paid to family entertainment, such as special services for children and adolescents, appropriate menus, and entertainment systems. Given that future pandemics are unlikely to be completely eliminated, the tourism industry must first invest in quality hygiene measures.	Assaf and Scuderi, 2020 [1]
Global	Consumption habits will drive the recovery of the domestic post-COVID-19 travel industry. In this context, policymakers will have to adapt to the new situation. There will be a need to shift from subsidy-based recovery approaches to creativity and sustainability.	McCartney, 2020 [40]	Macau	Public-private partnerships should be used to diversify the tourism industry, rather than a top-down model.
Rasteger et al., 2021 [41]	Global	Rather, it ends the chain of social, financial, and environmental exploitation and oppression, not. The approach of the "fair scheme" for sightseeing requires the interaction of science and practice in which the concept of justice is firmly embedded.	Sharma and others, 2021 [42].	global
The role of a local community is essential for this trip because international travel prohibition measures may be longer than expected. Such innovation will provide options for expanding the outline of the tourism industry and expanding not many established sightseeing spots. In order to succeed in the pos t-pandemic era, large tourist operators need to have a Renaissance.	Shigara, 2020 [19]	global	Motivate researchers to take advantage of the COVID-19 as a fundamental experience in the formulation and implementation of sightseeing innovation.	Schkare and others, 2021 [43]
International Air Transport Association-Iata. Face cover and crew mask. Available Online: https: // www. Iata. Iata. Org/JA/PRESSROOM/PR/2020-05-05-01/(Accessed May 14, 2021).	In the long term, policies to maintain lon g-term growth should give priority to corporate sector. In order to maintain and grow the travel industry, the private sector and public sector need to cooperate. In the event of a plague, the manager must strictly analyze the impact on the industrial industry and design a new strategy to control the risk.	Villacé-Molinero and others, 2021 [44].	global	Travel habits are expected to change, and travel destinations and travel agencies have to make innovative attempts. In such a new situation, a new perception of risk is required. Many factors can have a major impact on travel. Among them, vaccines can make differences in people's perspectives. It will be based on its effectiveness and the fairness of distribution. People's trust in government leaders and their abilities are also important in making travel strategies. The public and private sectors must be disclosed in the public and private sectors about the facts related to pandemic (global trends) and how to suppress the spread of illness. In order for a tourist industry to survive, it is necessary to reorganize and supplement with tax reduction measures. Employment flexibility is essential for the industry, and workers are becoming more popular at home, but financial support to prepare staff is a welcome alternative.
Impact of the coronavirus pandemic in Macau. From tourist lock-in to tourism recovery. Curr. Browse Topics. 2020, 1-10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef].	Rather than global < Span> Return to the current situation, it ends the chain of social, financial, and environmental exploitation and oppression. The approach of the "fair scheme" for sightseeing requires the interaction of science and practice in which the concept of justice is firmly embedded.	Sharma and others, 2021 [42].	global	The role of a local community is essential for this trip because international travel prohibition measures may be longer than expected. Such innovation will provide options for expanding the outline of the tourism industry and expanding not many established sightseeing spots. In order to succeed in the pos t-pandemic era, large tourist operators need to have a Renaissance.
Shigara, 2020 [19]	global	Motivate researchers to take advantage of the COVID-19 as a fundamental experience in the formulation and implementation of sightseeing innovation.	Schkare and others, 2021 [43]	global
In the long term, policies to maintain lon g-term growth should give priority to corporate sector. In order to maintain and grow the travel industry, the private sector and public sector need to cooperate. In the event of a plague, the manager must strictly analyze the impact on the industries as a result and design a new strategy to control the risk.	Villacé-Molinero and others, 2021 [44].	global	Travel habits are expected to change, and travel destinations and travel agencies have to make innovative attempts. In such a new situation, a new perception of risk is required. Many factors can have a major impact on travel. Among them, vaccines can make differences in people's perspectives. It will be based on its effectiveness and the fairness of distribution. People's trust in government leaders and their abilities are also important in making travel strategies. The public and private sectors must be disclosed in the public and private sectors about the facts related to pandemic (global trends) and how to suppress the spread of illness. In order for a tourist industry to survive, it is necessary to reorganize and supplement with tax reduction measures. Employment flexibility is essential for the industry, and workers are gaining in popularity, but financial support to prepare staff is a welcome alternative.	Yang and others, 2020 [45]
Rather, it ends the chain of social, financial, environmental exploitation and repression, rather than returning to the global status. The approach of the "fair scheme" for sightseeing requires the interaction of science and practice in which the concept of justice is firmly embedded.	Sharma and others, 2021 [42].	global	The role of a local community is essential for this trip because international travel prohibition measures may be longer than expected. Such innovation will provide options for expanding the outline of the tourism industry and expanding not many established sightseeing spots. In order to succeed in the pos t-pandemic era, large tourist operators need to have a Renaissance.	Shigara, 2020 [19]
Calderwood, L. U.; Soshkin, M. The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 ;. World Economic Forum: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. [Google Scholar].	Motivate researchers to take advantage of the COVID-19 as a fundamental experience in the formulation and implementation of sightseeing innovation.	Schkare and others, 2021 [43]	global	In the long term, policies to maintain lon g-term growth should give priority to corporate sector. In order to maintain and grow the travel industry, the private sector and public sector need to cooperate. In the event of a plague, the manager must strictly analyze the impact on the industrial industry and design a new strategy to control the risk.
Villacé-Molinero and others, 2021 [44].	global	Travel habits are expected to change, and travel destinations and travel agencies have to make innovative attempts. In such a new situation, a new perception of risk is required. Many factors can have a major impact on travel. Among them, vaccines can make differences in people's perspectives. It will be based on its effectiveness and the fairness of distribution. People's trust in government leaders and their abilities are also important in making travel strategies. The public and private sectors must be disclosed in the public and private sectors about the facts related to pandemic (global trends) and how to suppress the spread of illness. In order for a tourist industry to survive, it is necessary to reorganize and supplement with tax reduction measures. Employment flexibility is essential for the industry, and workers are gaining in popularity, but financial support to prepare staff is a welcome alternative.	Yang and others, 2020 [45]	global
COVID-19 tourism indicators are related to travel / tourism industries, researchers, and government officials. The simplest knowledge of travel and sightseeing is suitable for those who are not bound by the frame that uses them. The government-level COVID-19 index can reflect travel and tourism policies.	Table 3. From the perspective of competitiveness, safety, security, health and hygiene, European measures and national rankings that are currently being implemented T & amp; Tamp? T.	Table 3. From the perspective of T & T's competitiveness, safety, security, health and hygiene, the current measures in Europe and the ranking of each country; T.	EU member country	General measures implemented in the country
Travel / Sightseeing Competition Inde x-Rank (Number) * Safety / Securit y-Rank (Figure	Safety / securit y-rank (value)	Health and hygien e-rank (value)	Austria	There is a ban on going out at night from 8:00 pm to 6 am.
11 (5. 0)	14 (6. 2)	1 (7. 0)	Belgium	If possible, work from home is required. The ban on going out at night applies from 12:00 am to 5:00 am.
24 (4. 5)	52 (5. 7)	10 (6. 5)	Bulgaria	Hygiene and social requirements and recommendations are being eliminated. All closed public places are required to use face masks and have a 1. 5m safety distance.
45 (4. 2)	93 (5. 2)	5 (6. 7)	Croatia	Croatia all indoors have a face mask. Outdoors, if it is impossible to keep a socially safe distance, a face mask is often required.
27 (4. 5)	35 (5. 9)	22 (6. 3)	Cyprus	As of March 16, a ban on going out at night has been issued, and citizens are prohibited from walking from 11:00 pm to 5:00 am (with some exceptions).
44 (4. 2)	33 (5. 9)	54 (5. 7)	Czech Republic	Foreign people are prohibited (with some exceptions).
38 (4. 3)	18 (6. 1)	4 (6. 9)	Denmark	Denmark has a high infection rate, so lockdown is being implemented nationwide.
21 (4. 6)	43 (5. 8)	33 (6. 2)	Estonia	After May 3, some stores and general education schools will open. Outside the porch of the catering facility, you can eat in accordance with the restrictions on business hours, traveling and taking out. If the epidemiological situation is allowed, the limit level can be further reduced.
4. 5	12 (6. 2)	21 (6. 3)	Finland	Travelers arriving in Finland explain the rules of Finnish hygiene and safe distance, and are guided through the installation of the smartphone app used for this purpose.
28 (4. 5)	1 (6. 7)	19 (6. 4)	France	There is a ban on going out at night in the French metropolitan area. You can go out only for emergency between 7 pm and 6 am. After May 3, a daytime travel certificate will not be required, and it will be possible to move between regions again.

2 (5. 4)

51 (5. 7)

Germany	The new infection management method will be enforced on April 24. If the new infection rate in the region and the city reaches 100 per 100, 000 population for three consecutive days, the "emergency brake" will be automatically operated.	3 (5. 4)	41 (5. 8)
2 (7. 0)	Greece	A nationwide rock down is being implemented. Citizens who need to move for essential purposes shall contact the authorities and submit detailed documents according to the reason for the movement. Going out other than the essential purpose is prohibited. From 11 pm to 5 am, there is a ban on going out. Based on epidemiological evidence, additional restrictions may be provided in specific areas.	Greece
61 (5. 6)	13 (6. 5)	Hungary	From 10:00 pm to 5:00 am, the ban on going out is applied, and only the necessary movements (work, health, and less than 500 meters from residence) are allowed. In many cases, a special certificate is required to go out.
48 (4. 2)	39 (5. 8)	7 (6. 6)	Ireland
Ireland's travel restrictions are still valid. Travelers from some countries are required to be quarantine at the hotel. You can get a resumption schedule. This schedule may be changed with the progress of epidemiological situation.	26 (4. 5)	27 (6. 0)	49 (5. 8)
Italy	Between 10 pm and 5 am, a nationwide ban is issued. The regional restricted policy is implemented according to the local epidemiological situation. The country's danger classification system is divided into four categories: "white", "yellow", "black", and "red".	8 (5. 1)	69 (5. 5)
25 (6. 3)	Latvia	If there are multiple people in the room, it is required to wear face masks outside the house. Public transportation and educational institutions are required to wear face masks.	53 (4. 0)
42 (5. 8)	20 (6. 4)	Lithuania	20 (6. 4)

59 (4. 0)

3 (6. 9)	Luxembourg	The European Union (EU) and the Sengen Agreement members, San Marino, Andra, Monaco, Vatican / Holy Seeers can freely enter the territory of the Luxembourg, not only for returning to Japan. Masu. Except for some exceptions, people in the third country cannot enter the Grand Public territory until June 30, 2021 (including the same day).	23 (4. 6)	8 (6. 3)
31 (6. 2)	856	Malta	762	The number of people permitted to meet in public was limited to two, except for family members. If you violate this provision, you will be fined by 300 euros.
35 (4. 4)	192	22 (6. 0)	272	15 (6. 5)
Netherlands	163	69 (5. 5)	333	15 (4. 8)
24 (6. 0)	13	23 (6. 3)	45	Poland

There is an accessible review schedule. This schedule is changed according to changes in epidemiological situations.

56 (5. 6)	24 (6. 3)	Portugal	The government has declared an emergency throughout the region. It also shows a strategy for decapping over time. After April 19, measures in the mainland of Portugal will be taken based on the rate of the prefecture.	12 (4. 9)	9 (6. 3)	40 (6. 0)	Romania	From 8:00 pm or 10:00 to 5:00 am, a ban on going out at night is issued (according to the regional infection rate).
56 (4. 0)	5	4	29 (6. 0)	36 (6. 1)	5	5	Slovakia	There is a ban on going out at night from 9:00 pm to 1:00 pm. COVID AUTOMAT "COVID AUTOMAT" may differ in regional measures and prohibited items in the region, depending on the local epidemiological situation.
60 (4. 0)	4	4	57 (5. 6)	29 (6. 2)	4	3	Slovenia	All traffic is prohibited throughout the Slovenian Republic between 10 pm and 5 am. There is an exception.
36 (4. 3)	1	2	15 (6. 1)	35 (6. 2)	Spain	2	From 11:00 pm to 6:00 am, a ban on going out at night will be issued nationwide except for the Canary Islands. Autonomy has the authority to slow or slower the start time of the ban on going out at night than in other areas.	1 (5. 4)
16 (6. 1)	3	3	32 (6. 2)	Sweden	3	3	According to the Swedish Public Health Agency, regional guidance will be abolished on 14 December 2020 in favour of stricter national rules and general advice. From 19 December 2020, all federal, regional and local non-core public services will be closed (including swimming pools, sports centres and museums). Schools with 16 or more students will continue online teaching until 24 January 2021. Employers are encouraged to allow non-core workers to work from home until 24 January 2021.	22 (4. 6)
36 (5. 9)	2	2	30 (6. 2)	* A set of factors and policies that enable the sustainable development of the T& amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; T industry; A set of factors and policies that enable the T& amp; ... Tourists are more likely to avoid travelling to dangerous countries and regions, making it undesirable for the T& T industry to develop in such places. This indicator looks at the cost of relying on the police force for defense against ordinary crimes, abuse, terrorism and crime. *** In addition, health and sanitation are very important to tamper productivity. Access to improved drinking water and sanitation is crucial to the convenience and well-being of tourists. If tourists fall ill, the country's health care system must provide adequate treatment, as measured by the availability of doctors and hospital beds. In addition, high prevalence of HIV and malaria may affect Tamp & amp; T's competitiveness. It will affect T's competitiveness and contribute to the country's decline.	2	3	Table 4. Respondents' T& amp; T purchase budget estimates; Budget allocated to T& amp; T purchases in the next 6 months compared to the past 6 months (comparison of May and December samples).	Table 4. Respondents' estimates of budget for T& amp; T purchases Respondents' estimates of budget for T& amp; T purchases over the next 6 months compared to the previous 6 months (May vs. December samples).

Respondents' estimates of budget for T& T purchases in the next 6 months; Respondents' estimates of budget for T& T purchases in the next 6 months (compared to 6 months ago)

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Table 5. Travel intention (comparison of May sample and December sample) after the restriction is canceled.

If you are willing to travel after the restriction is canceled, which one you would like (multiple answers possible):

Show (number of respondents)

Number of respondents (%) Total number of respondents (%)

December sample (number of respondents)

Travel all over the country ((%)

Elim Poon - Journalist, Creative Writer

Last modified: 27.08.2024

This departmental paper analyzes the impact of the COVID pandemic on tourism in the Asia Pacific region, Latin America, and Caribbean countries. This article examines the perspectives of tourism labors in Nha Trang, Vietnam on the dual impacts of tourism and the COVID pandemic on their lives and the. Is it possible for the tourism industry to thrive in the post COVID times?Although the current situation seems almost desperate in many destinations, the.

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