Tourist behaviour in a COVID-19 world: a New Zealand perspective

Ian Sea More Yoman (University of Victoria University, New Zealand Wellington) (European Tourism Future Research Institute, Stenden Applied Science, Netherlands, La Walden)

HEIKE A. Schänzel

Elisa Zentbeld (University of Federation Australia, Barralat, Australia)

Paper announcement date: April 22, 2022

Publishing date: August 10, 2022

Download number 5846

Abstract

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic is considered a public health impact of "once every 100 years", and has continued to have a great influence on the world's tourism and New Zealand at the time of the writing. The purpose of this paper is to use the trend analysis framework to evaluate how consumer's actions have changed.

Design/methodology/approach

Predictions by Future Research-Predictions-Predicted Papers, and the authors predicted various sightseeing trends based on many trendy information sources at the start of COVID-19, using a trend analysis approach. Twelve months later, he reported the accuracy of these predictions.

Findings

This matrix has identified 15 trends that fall under any of the dominance, deceleration, forward, or stop, based on consumer changes. This prediction was almost in place and was backed by the data collected 12 months later.

Research limitations/implications

This paper uses many different data sources to look back on the first prediction. This may be a strict problem for some people, but the authors argue that triangular surveys will increase their reliability and validation.

Originality/value

First, the scoring matrix can understand the concept of COVID-19 in the concept of dominant, deceleration, progress, and stop trend. Second, this matrix can evaluate the change and movement of trends. Third, the tendency described in this article can be generalized in various situations related to simple identity. Fourth, this paper verified the prediction ability of the trend in an inexplicable environment in the context of the existing paradigm of predicting and predicting the future state.

Keywords

Citation

Publisher

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022, Ian Seymour Yeoman, Heike A. Schänzel and Elisa Zentveld

License

This article is published under the Creative Commons display license (CC by 4. 0). Anyone can copy, distribute, translate, and create secondary works (regardless of interest or no n-profit) on the condition that they completely display the credits of the original author and author. All conditions for this license can be viewed in http: // creativeCommons. Org/licences/by/4. 0/l shouldalcode.

Introduction

COVID-19 pandemic is considered a "once every 100 years" pandemic. It has a great impact on economic and financial systems around the world, and has adversely affected many people's happiness. No country in the world has escaped the influence and confusion of COVID-19. New Zealand was isolated, so some commentators thought it was relatively lucky than many other countries. With the closed borders, New Zealand's largest export imports were catastrophic. However, the powerful domestic market was maintained.

In this paper, as a result of the Covid-19 in New Zealand, the authors attempt to explain many trends that the authors conducted in May 2020. Second, look back on these predictions in light of what happened a year later. Third, we propose a tendency evaluation process and discovery unique to New Zealand as an understanding of sightseeing behavior in similar countries, based on the concept of simple identity. These findings can be generalized into other advanced economies as a further contribution to knowledge and practice.

COVID-19 and New Zealand

When the first case of COVID-19 was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in a Chinese Wuhan, it was pointed out that this epidemic would almost certainly develop a serious pandemic (Baker et al.) New Zealand. Despite being geographically isolated, the New Zealand Health Agency has arrived in COVID-19 because many foreign tourists arrived from the United States, Europe, and China in the summer of 2020. I noticed. As a result, it was early recognized that the government's response to COVID-19 would be directed to the tourism. < SPAN> This article is published under the Creative Commons License (CC by 4. 0). Anyone can copy, distribute, translate, and create secondary works (regardless of interest or no n-profit) on the condition that they completely display the credits of the original author and author. All conditions for this license can be viewed in http: // creativeCommons. Org/licences/by/4. 0/l shouldalcode.

COVID-19 pandemic is considered a "once every 100 years" pandemic. It has a great impact on economic and financial systems around the world, and has adversely affected many people's happiness. No country in the world has escaped the influence and confusion of COVID-19. New Zealand was isolated, so some commentators thought it was relatively lucky than many other countries. With the closed borders, New Zealand's largest export imports were catastrophic. However, the powerful domestic market was maintained.

In this paper, as a result of the Covid-19 in New Zealand, the authors attempt to explain many trends that the authors conducted in May 2020. Second, look back on these predictions in light of what happened a year later. Third, we propose a tendency evaluation process and discovery unique to New Zealand as an understanding of sightseeing behavior in similar countries, based on the concept of simple identity. These findings can be generalized into other advanced economies as a further contribution to knowledge and practice.

Forecasted economic impact

When the first case of COVID-19 was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in a Chinese Wuhan, it was pointed out that this epidemic would almost certainly develop a serious pandemic (Baker et al.) New Zealand. Despite being geographically isolated, the New Zealand Health Agency has arrived in COVID-19 because many foreign tourists arrived from the United States, Europe, and China in the summer of 2020. I noticed. As a result, it was early recognized that the government's response to COVID-19 would be directed to the tourism. This article is published under the Creative Commons display license (CC by 4. 0). Anyone can copy, distribute, translate, and create secondary works (regardless of interest or no n-profit) on the condition that they completely display the credits of the original author and author. All conditions for this license can be viewed in http: // creativeCommons. Org/licences/by/4. 0/l shouldalcode.

Tourism and potential recession

COVID-19 pandemic is considered a "once every 100 years" pandemic. It has a great impact on economic and financial systems around the world, and has adversely affected many people's happiness. No country in the world has escaped the influence and confusion of COVID-19. New Zealand was isolated, so some commentators thought it was relatively lucky than many other countries. With the closed borders, New Zealand's largest export imports were catastrophic. However, the powerful domestic market was maintained.

In this paper, as a result of the Covid-19 in New Zealand, the authors attempt to explain many trends that the authors conducted in May 2020. Second, look back on these predictions in light of what happened a year later. Third, we propose a tendency evaluation process and discovery unique to New Zealand as an understanding of sightseeing behavior in similar countries, based on the concept of simple identity. These findings can be generalized into other advanced economies as a further contribution to knowledge and practice.

When the first case of COVID-19 was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in a Chinese Wuhan, it was pointed out that this epidemic would almost certainly develop a serious pandemic (Baker et al.) New Zealand. Despite being geographically isolated, the New Zealand Health Agency has arrived in COVID-19 because many foreign tourists arrived from the United States, Europe, and China in the summer of 2020. I noticed. As a result, it was early recognized that the government's response to COVID-19 would be directed to the tourism.

The first case of COVID-19 in New Zealand was reported on 28 February 2020. That same week, a joint WHO-China mission report highlighted that COVID-19 was more similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) than influenza, suggesting that containment was possible (Gomes, 2020; Ruan, 2020). However, this hope did not last long. By mid-March, it was clear that New Zealand was experiencing outbreaks and did not have sufficient testing or contact tracing capacity to contain the virus. Based on strong scientific support, the country's leaders decisively shifted from a mitigation strategy to an elimination strategy.

On 29 March, New Zealand reported its first coronavirus-related death. In response, the government closed all New Zealand borders and ports on 26 March 2020, banning entry to non-residents. From April 10, 2020, all air travelers were required to undergo 14 days of managed quarantine in a compliant commercial hotel (Jefferies et al.). On March 21, 2020, a four-tiered alert system was introduced to manage the epidemic in New Zealand. Since then, a national lockdown was implemented for two months from March 26 to May 27, 2020, followed by regional alert level changes and two lockdowns in the Auckland region (Dyer, 2021). In August 2021, New Zealand went into a national lockdown due to the emergence of delta-type community transmission cases in Auckland and then community transmission cases in Auckland and Wellington. Auckland remained in lockdown until December 15, 2021, and regional borders were established, preventing Aucklanders from traveling outside the city (Department of Health, 2021). Overall, New Zealand followed an elimination strategy and recorded the lowest death toll among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member states, which was considered the gold standard and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern received much praise (Mazey and Richardson, 2020). . New Zealand reported its first case of COVID-19 on 28 February 2020. That same week, a joint WHO-China mission report highlighted that COVID-19 was more similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) than influenza, suggesting that containment was possible (Gomes, 2020; Ruan, 2020). However, this hope did not last long. By mid-March, it was clear that New Zealand was experiencing outbreaks and did not have sufficient testing or contact tracing capacity to contain the virus. Based on strong scientific support, the country's leaders decisively shifted from a mitigation strategy to an elimination strategy.

On March 29, New Zealand reported its first coronavirus-related death. In response, on March 26, 2020, the government closed all New Zealand borders and ports to non-residents. From April 10, 2020, all air travelers were required to undergo 14 days of managed quarantine in a compliant commercial hotel (Jefferies et al.). On March 21, 2020, a four-tiered alert system was introduced to manage the epidemic in New Zealand. Since then, a national lockdown was implemented for two months from March 26 to May 27, 2020, followed by regional alert level changes and two lockdowns in the Auckland region (Dyer, 2021). In August 2021, New Zealand went into a national lockdown due to the emergence of delta-type community-transmitted cases in Auckland and then community-transmitted cases in Auckland and Wellington. Auckland remained in lockdown until December 15, 2021, and regional borders were set, preventing Aucklanders from traveling outside the city (Department of Health, 2021). Overall, New Zealand followed an elimination strategy and was considered the gold standard for recording the lowest death toll among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member states, earning Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern much praise (Mazey and Richardson, 2020). The first case of COVID-19 was reported in New Zealand on February 28, 2020. That same week, a joint WHO-China mission report highlighted that COVID-19 was more similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) than influenza, suggesting that containment was possible (Gomes, 2020; Ruan, 2020). However, this hope did not last long. By mid-March, it was clear that New Zealand was experiencing outbreaks and did not have sufficient testing or contact tracing capacity to contain the virus. Based on strong scientific support, the country's leaders have decisively shifted from a mitigation strategy to an elimination strategy.

On March 29, New Zealand reported its first coronavirus-related death. In response, the government closed all New Zealand borders and ports on March 26, 2020, and banned non-residents from entering the country. From April 10, 2020, all air travelers were required to undergo 14 days of managed isolation in a compliant commercial hotel (Jefferies et al.). On March 21, 2020, a four-level alert system was introduced to manage the epidemic in New Zealand. Since then, a national lockdown was implemented for two months from March 26 to May 27, 2020, followed by regional alert level changes and two lockdowns in the Auckland region (Dyer, 2021). In August 2021, New Zealand went into a national lockdown due to the emergence of Delta-type community transmission cases in Auckland and then in Auckland and Wellington. Auckland remained in lockdown until December 15, 2021, and regional borders were set, preventing Aucklanders from traveling outside the city (Department of Health, 2021). Overall, New Zealand was considered the gold standard for following an elimination strategy and recording the lowest death toll among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member states, earning Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern much praise (Mazey and Richardson, 2020).

In March 2020, New Zealand, like the rest of the world, entered a period of unprecedented uncertainty. New Zealand had never experienced anything like it before (Carr, 2020; Cox, 2020; Jamieson, 2020). As the potential impacts of Covid-19 began to become clear, a report was released by Te Tai Ohanga: The Treasury on 20 April 2020 (Gardiner, 2020). Titled Treasury Report T2020/973: Economic Scenarios, the report projected five scenarios of how Covid-19 would have a devastating effect on the New Zealand economy over a 12-month period. The scenarios projected a 12-40% decline in economic output, depending on the severity and duration of the disruption, with a worst-case scenario of a recovery to 2020 economic levels occurring in 2025. Whatever the scenario, tourism will be the industry that will suffer the most economic disruption as borders are closed and international entry is prevented. In 2020, Covid-19 had a major impact on New Zealand tourism, with New Zealand's national carrier Air New Zealand canceled flights and international arrivals halted. Queenstown, the epicenter of international tourism in New Zealand, has become a ghost town in contrast to its usual business-like state. In 2019, tourism contributed NZ$41. 9 billion to the economy, NZ$17. 5 billion in international spending, and 20, 1% of New Zealand's goods and services exports, making it the country's largest exporter. As a result of Covid-19, on March 19, 2020, the export tourism industry was halted, borders were closed, and the country was locked down. Thanks to New Zealand’s geographic location, advocacy science, and national leadership focused on elimination strategies, the country has experienced relatively few COVID-19 deaths (Baker et al.

Given the changing situation and level of uncertainty, tourist behavior and spending habits are also changing. Of the dozens of trends shaping New Zealand tourism, the authors in May 2020 identified several trends that they predicted would dominate in the COVID-19 environment. This analysis is based on an understanding of how economic conditions shape tourist behavior and activity.

Methodology

To study the influence of sightseeing and Cavid 19, trust and fear (Hassan and Soliman, 2021), BHATI et al, 2021, geography (sánchez-pérez et al. One of the driving force is finance and wealth (McKercher et al., 2022; Pearce, 2005, 2011; 2000).

If wealth is the main driving force, it can be a remarkable connection to the concept of identity, from fluid identity to simple identity (Adams, 2014; hibbert, 2013; Yeoman, 2010). Fluid identity is based on increased income, consume r-friendly, and accumulation of wealth, which creates new opportunities for connections and links. Wealth can pursue personal identity that focuses on experience and innovation. It is to sample sightseeing beyond new places, experience and common sense. The main beneficiaries would be a tourism industry and the event industry (BOZTUG et al., 2015; Yeoman and McMahon-Beatte, 2019). The opposite of wet identity is a simple identity that appeared after the global financial crisis, after the support of a tourist trend that decelerated, stop, and reverses the global tourism growth, , 2009). Simple identity (YEOMAN, 2010, P. 124) is as follows:

Selection of tourist behaviour trends and trends matrix

While the economy was sluggish, tourists have reduced their travels, stayed near the house (an increase in domestic sightseeing), encountered basic facilities, encounters with locals, and focused on many leisure time and opportunities. There is a tendency to seek the simplicity of a vacation on www. explorworldwide. com. This tendency is accelerating in a decreased income scenario, assuming that simple and functional products are sufficient (p. 124).

The simple identity concept was at the center of consumer psychology in May 2020. For example, during the COVID-19 period, in the heads of New Zealand consumers, wealthy uncertainty was the first place. According to the New Zealand Lifestyle Survey (Watchins et al., 2021, P. 10):

Dominant trends

Connecting with roots: visiting friends and relatives

The economic anxiety brought on by Covid is clear, with 61% of respondents feeling more anxious about the economy than they did a year ago. Only 38% said they felt secure about their personal income, and only 25% said their family was better off financially than a year ago (p. 10).

A survey commissioned by Tourism New Zealand (TNZ) at the start of Covid-19 in 2020 (Kantar, 2020) confirmed that a significant proportion of New Zealanders were concerned about their employment prospects and discretionary income levels, and showed changes in savings, mercari consumption, and behaviors associated with this document (Figure 1).

Simplicity: in search of slow

Recessions are divided into two categories. Many are short and shallow, resulting in short-term changes in international arrivals and a drop in tourist experiences, i. e. jumping and restaurant spending. But deep recessions are different. The Great Depression of the 1920s (Sheel, 2008) and Japan's Lost Decade deflation (Comerio and Pacicco, 2021) changed tourist mindsets and had long-term effects on consumption behavior (Hampson and McGoldrick, 2013; Senbeto and Hon, 2020).

Using the assessment matrix (Figure 2) developed by Flatters and Willmott (2009), the authors defined May 2020 and showed what the trends in consumer behavior were. This matrix allows destination planners and tourism operators to evaluate the trends in order to focus on the Covid-19 scenario. The authors then explained the meaning of these trends from the perspective of New Zealand tourism.

This is believed that the prediction that matches the futures agreement in the existing paradigm using predictions and future predictions (Bergman et al.) The author estimates what the future can be based on experience. It follows the truth path. Predictions basically mean to predict, foresee, and estimate the potential and risk of future satisfaction, which is derived from expertise. In medicine, prognosis is usually related to the possibility and risk of a certain person. Usually, prognostic prediction is a specialist (GP) that is specialized based on the current symptoms (this is what the authors have performed. Twelve months after the industry reports, observations, and conversations with industry, we have gone from forecasts to what happened. Prediction is not based on beliefs, but honesty based on facts (Bergman et al. Inspection is a source of truth based on the following facts.

Fifteen trends for consumer behavior were identified. These trends are classified as dominant, deceleration, forward, and stop, and are summarized in Fig. 2. The dominant trends are as follows. Simple that seeks relaxation. Connection with roots: friends and family. Activism (activity). The delayed trend is materialism. The trend to go is the end of the adventure. stay? Piping consumption-Life without presence, localism, healthy habits. The tendency to be captured is to seek extreme experience. Mobility and appreciation decline. < SPAN> This is an estimated to what the author can be based on experience, based on experiences, which matches the futures agreement in the existing theory paradigm using predictions and future state predictions. It traces a believed truth path. Predictions basically mean to predict, foresee, and estimate the potential and risk of future satisfaction, which is derived from expertise. In medicine, prognosis is usually related to the possibility and risk of a certain person. Usually, prognostic prediction is a specialist (GP) that is specialized based on the current symptoms (this is what the authors have performed. Twelve months after the industry reports, observations, and conversations with industry, we have gone from forecasts to what happened. Prediction is not based on beliefs, but honesty based on facts (Bergman et al. Inspection is a source of truth based on the following facts.

Focus on the boardroom

Fifteen trends for consumer behavior were identified. These trends are classified as dominant, deceleration, forward, and stop, and are summarized in Fig. 2. The dominant trends are as follows. Simple that seeks relaxation. Connection with roots: friends and family. Activism (activity). The delayed trend is materialism. The trend to go is the end of the adventure. stay? Piping consumption-Life without presence, localism, healthy habits. The tendency to be captured is to seek extreme experience. Mobility and appreciation decline. This is believed that the prediction that matches the futures agreement in the existing paradigm using predictions and future predictions (Bergman et al.) The author estimates what the future can be based on experience. It follows the truth path. Predictions basically mean to predict, foresee, and estimate the potential and risk of future satisfaction, which is derived from expertise. In medicine, prognosis is usually related to the possibility and risk of a certain person. Usually, prognostic prediction is a specialist (GP) that is specialized based on the current symptoms (this is what the authors have performed. Twelve months after the industry reports, observations, and conversations with industry, we have gone from forecasts to what happened. Prediction is not based on beliefs, but honesty based on facts (Bergman et al. Inspection is a source of truth based on the following facts.

Fifteen trends for consumer behavior were identified. These trends are classified as dominant, deceleration, forward, and stop, and are summarized in Fig. 2. The dominant trends are as follows. Simple that seeks relaxation. Connection with roots: friends and family. Activism (activity). The delayed trend is materialism. The trend to go is the end of the adventure. stay? Piping consumption-Life without presence, localism, healthy habits. The tendency to be captured is to seek extreme experience. Mobility and appreciation decline.

Each trend was supported by data collected 12 months later. This evidence came from a variety of sources, and while any one source would give an incomplete picture, by combining them we were able to paint a more complete picture of what was going on. The power of this approach meant that we did not rely on a single data source for each trend identified. The data sources used were a combination of official government statistics, consumer panel surveys, media reports, interviews with experts and academic publications. For example, the simplicity of the trends: the crude search was based on the TNZ Domestic Travel Survey (2021) conducted by Kantar. This was further supported by accommodation data provided by the Department of Conservation (2021) from their Visitor Insights Report. For example, the trend that “it is safe to go out” was based on a series of academic studies of how New Zealand media portrays safety issues (Matiza, 2022; Thirumaran et al., 2021) as well as a survey of New Zealanders’ perceptions of safety (Doogan et al., 2020). Furthermore, the TNZ Domestic Travel Survey (2021) conducted by Kantar lists security as the number one barrier to not taking a holiday. To explore the extreme trends, physical data on the adventure sports market in Queenstown was difficult to obtain due to commercial confidentiality issues, but the topic was well covered in the media (Jamieson, 2021). In addition, we sought the opinions of destination leaders and experts who understand the current situation (Ives, 2021). Taking this triangulation approach increased the reliability and validity of the data related to each trend (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008; Noble and Heale, 2019).

Activism

Family is the most important feature in consumers' lives. Its emotional ties are most heightened in times of personal grief and economic downturn (Schänzel and Yeoman, 2014, 2015; Yeoman, 2008). From primitive societies to the present day, family is what people depend on. As the nuclear family evolves, the network of emotional intimacy is reconstructed. Even in a global society where family and friends are scattered all over the world, family connections through social networks are greater than ever before. Family is who people want to be with in difficult times. Therefore, one of the most important areas would be visiting friends and family.

According to a survey conducted by Kantar for TNZ (2021), it was the second most common reason to spend his vacation in New Zealand in July 2021 (Figure 3). The pressure on isolation facilities necessary for traveling to New Zealand is also considered to be due to a family that has been separated from the border closure, which is mainly desired to reunion with partners, parents, and (old) children. Hunt and o'dwyer, 2021).

Is it safe to come out

During the economic downturn, tourists refrain from traveling, stay near the house, meet basic facilities, encounters with locals, and valuable vacations that focus on opportunities. There is a tendency to seek. Here, sightseeing is the beach and mountain scenery. They have a sparse connection with people, not always out (QUORIN et al., 2020; Wen et al., 2021).

According to a survey conducted by Kantar (2021) for TNZ, the most popular reason for spending vacation in New Zealand in July 2021 was the opportunity to relax and see the magnificent natural landscape (Figure 4). 。

Advancing trends

Staycations

This was backed by statistics provided by the Large Scope Conservation Bureau. Great Walk is a 1 0-day sel f-guide walk over one of the best landscapes in New Zealand, with three to six days for each walk. According to the latest statistics (2021) by the large observation department:

With a strong demand for long walks, about 91. 800 people stayed in large mountain huts and campsites in one year (reservations are from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021). Many New Zealanders have the opportunity to experience long walks. The number of domestic visitors was a record high in this network.

Mercurial consumption

During the recession, excessive corporate rule is highlighted. Unreasonable treatment that the Board of Directors can do if it is a booming economy will be anger of consumers and regulatory authorities. The focus on corporate social responsibilities has never been. This trend is how tourist companies act (QUORIN et al.) < SPAN> Kantar (2021), according to a survey (2021) conducted for TNZ, in July 2021. The second most common reason for spending vacations in New Zealand was to visit friends and families secondly (Figure 3). The pressure on isolation facilities necessary for traveling to New Zealand is also considered to be due to a family that has been separated from the border closure, which is mainly desired to reunion with partners, parents, and (old) children. Hunt and o'dwyer, 2021).

During the economic downturn, tourists refrain from traveling, stay near the house, meet basic facilities, encounters with locals, and valuable vacations that focus on opportunities. There is a tendency to seek. Here, sightseeing is the beach and mountain scenery. They have a sparse connection with people, not always out (QUORIN et al., 2020; Wen et al., 2021).

According to a survey conducted by Kantar (2021) for TNZ, the most popular reason for spending vacation in New Zealand in July 2021 was the opportunity to relax and see the magnificent natural landscape (Figure 4). 。

This was backed by statistics provided by the Large Scope Conservation Bureau. Great Walk is a 1 0-day sel f-guide walk over one of the best landscapes in New Zealand, with three to six days for each walk. According to the latest statistics (2021) by the large observation department:

With a strong demand for long walks, about 91. 800 people stayed in large mountain huts and campsites in one year (reservations are from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021). Many New Zealanders have the opportunity to experience long walks. The number of domestic visitors was a record high in this network.

During the recession, excessive corporate rule is highlighted. Unreasonable treatment that the Board of Directors can do if it is a booming economy will be anger of consumers and regulatory authorities. The focus on corporate social responsibilities has never been. This trend is how tourist companies will act (QUORIN et al.) According to a survey conducted by Cantar for TNZ (2021), vacation in New Zealand in July 2021. The second reasons for spending time were to visit friends and families (Figure 3). The pressure on isolation facilities necessary for traveling to New Zealand is also considered to be due to a family that has been separated from the border closure, which is mainly desired to reunion with partners, parents, and (old) children. Hunt and o'dwyer, 2021).

During the economic downturn, tourists refrain from traveling, stay near the house, meet basic facilities, encounters with locals, and valuable vacations that focus on opportunities. There is a tendency to seek. Here, sightseeing is the beach and mountain scenery. They have a sparse connection with people and are not a lifestyle that always goes out (Quorin et al., 2020; Wen et al., 2021).

According to a survey conducted by Kantar (2021) for TNZ, the most popular reason for spending vacation in New Zealand in July 2021 was the opportunity to relax and see the magnificent natural landscape (Figure 4). 。

End of adventure

This was backed by statistics provided by the Large Scope Conservation Bureau. Great Walk is a 1 0-day sel f-guide walk over one of the best landscapes in New Zealand, with three to six days for each walk. According to the latest statistics (2021) by the large observation department:

With a strong demand for long walks, about 91. 800 people stayed in large mountain huts and campsites in one year (reservations are from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021). Many New Zealanders have the opportunity to experience long walks. The number of domestic visitors was a record high in this network.

During the recession, excessive corporate rule is highlighted. Unreasonable treatment that the Board of Directors can do if it is a booming economy will be anger of consumers and regulatory authorities. The focus on corporate social responsibilities has never been. This trend is how tourist companies act (QUORIN et al.)

Localism

The tourism industry was significantly affected by the COVID-19 lock-in restrictions (Hall et al., 2021b). As a result, the government responded by introducing wage subsidies to avoid a significant increase in unemployment (Ministry of Health, 2021; Pigou, 1933). The initial wage subsidy covered the 12-week period from March 17 to June 9, when level 4 restrictions prevented businesses from operating. The subsidy was available for 12 weeks. To be eligible, individuals had to have experienced a minimum of a 30% decrease in actual or projected earnings compared to the same month last year during the month, and the decrease was related to COVID-19. The subsidy was paid in the amount of NZ$585. 80 (full-time rate) for individuals working 20 hours or more per week, and NZ$350. 00 (part-time rate) for individuals working less than 20 hours per week. According to the NZ Auditor General (2021), the scheme was extended to 2020, and NZ$2. 8 billion was spent from 23 October 2020. 93% of food and accommodation services businesses, the second largest recipients after manufacturing, and 30% of businesses with revenue from tourism received the wage subsidy (Ministry of Social Development, 2020).

The policy is based on a high-trust approach to gain employer support quickly. The high-trust model was not without risks, given the amount of payouts in many large companies, including issues of fraud. As a result, companies that received wage subsidies have begun to publish the total amount they received under the scheme after public backlash calling for accountability (Cox, 2020; Hemmington and Neill, 2021). This includes several media articles about tourism operators such as Air New Zealand and Sky City and the amount of money they received (Marshall, 2021) and other horror stories focusing on payoffs and greed (Foxcroft, 2021). The tourism industry was heavily affected by the COVID-19 lock-in restrictions (Hall et al., 2021b). As a result, governments responded by introducing wage subsidies to avoid a significant increase in unemployment (Ministry of Health, 2021; Pigou, 1933). The initial wage subsidy covered the 12-week period from March 17 to June 9, when level 4 restrictions prevented businesses from operating. Payments were made for a 12-week period. To be eligible, people had to have experienced a minimum of a 30% decrease in actual or projected earnings year-on-year during the month, and the decrease was related to COVID-19. The subsidy was paid at NZ$585. 80 (full-time rate) to individuals working 20 hours or more per week, and NZ$350. 00 (part-time rate) to individuals working less than 20 hours per week. According to the NZ Auditor General (2021), the scheme was extended through 2020, and NZ$2. 8 billion was spent from 23 October 2020. 93% of businesses in the food and accommodation services sector, the second largest sector after manufacturing, and 30% of businesses with revenue from tourism received the wage subsidy (Ministry of Social Development, 2020).

Healthy habits

The policy is based on a high-trust approach to gain employer support quickly. The high-trust model was not without risks, given the amount of payouts in many large companies, including issues of fraud. As a result, businesses that received wage subsidies have faced public backlash demanding accountability, leading them to publicly disclose the total amount they received under the scheme (Cox, 2020; Hemmington and Neill, 2021). This includes several media articles about tourism businesses such as Air New Zealand and Sky City and the amount of money they received (Marshall, 2021) and other horror stories focusing on kickbacks and greed (Foxcroft, 2021). The tourism industry was heavily affected by the COVID-19 lock-in restrictions (Hall et al., 2021b). As a result, governments responded by introducing wage subsidies to avoid a significant increase in unemployment (Ministry of Health, 2021; Pigou, 1933). The initial wage subsidy covered the 12-week period from March 17 to June 9, when businesses were unable to operate due to level 4 restrictions. The payment was for a period of 12 weeks. To be eligible, individuals had to have experienced a minimum 30% decrease in actual or projected earnings compared to the same month last year during the month, and the decrease was related to COVID-19. Subsidies were paid at NZ$585. 80 (full-time rate) for individuals working 20 hours or more per week, and NZ$350. 00 (part-time rate) for individuals working less than 20 hours per week. According to the NZ Auditor General (2021), the scheme was extended through 2020, and NZ$2. 8 billion was spent from 23 October 2020. 93% of food and accommodation services businesses, the second largest group after manufacturing, received the wage subsidy, and 30% of businesses with revenue from tourism (Ministry of Social Development, 2020).

The policy is based on a high-confidence approach to quickly gain employer support. The high-trust model was not without risks, given the amount of payouts made by many large companies, including issues of fraud. As a result, companies that received the wage subsidy have faced a public backlash calling for accountability and have begun to publish the total amount they received under the scheme (Cox, 2020; Hemmington and Neill, 2021). This includes several media stories about tourism operators such as Air New Zealand and Sky City and the amounts they received (Marshall, 2021), as well as other scare stories focusing on kickbacks and greed (Foxcroft, 2021).

Whether it be the MeTOO movement (Ram, 2021) or climate change protests (Guia, 2021), there has been a major shift in tourism where communities are working for a better world through intense campaigns to achieve political and social change, which has been accelerated by COVID-19 (Quorin et al.). Consumers are connecting with their peers almost all over the world as communities come together to share, advise, and campaign. Community pages and forums have quickly emerged on platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, and Nextdoor, connecting individuals with local volunteers and mutual aid groups (Quorin et al.). In tourism, the focus has been on community, regenerative tourism (Cave and Dredge, 2020), and the vision for better tourism. COVID-19 and other pandemics have led many people to think about what tourism will look like in a post-recovery world. This is natural, as utopias emerge from dystopias and utopias emerge from crises, and people seek hope (Dator, 2019; Hedrén and Linnér, 2009). In New Zealand, this utopia has manifested itself in activism in many communities and local destinations: the need for a living wage in the hospitality sector (Williamson and Harris, 2021), community activism and festivals (Papoutsaki and Stanfield, 2020), tourism as a social force (Higgins-Desbiolles et al., 2021), opportunities to rethink tourism (Khalil, 2021), climate change and sustainable tourism (Upton, 2021), and the neologism of 2021, “regenerative tourism” (Becken and Kaur, 2022). This hope and desire to start afresh led the New Zealand government to create the “Tourism Future Taskforce” [1] to rethink tourism. Sustainability and regeneration have become norms for local destination planning [2].

In the COVID-19 scenario (Singh, 2021), safety has become paramount for tourists due to unprecedented levels of public fear, which Zheng et al. (2021) call “travel scare”. Fear is a primitive emotional response to threats, which, for example, in COVID-19, is unpredictable. As some tourists refrain from going out due to the spread of the virus in their communities, tourism operators have had to focus on health and hygiene procedures to reassure tourists.

Presence-free living

Considering the pollution rate of COVID-19, tourists had to follow various alerts related to COVID-19. This includes social distance, hygiene, site capacity, foam, and QR tracker scanning. The media coverage on COVID-19 pollution rate and safety was a central feature of 2020 daily life (Matiza, 2022; Thirumaran et al.) It was growing. During the COVID-19 period, the recognition of consumers around the world was investigated that New Zealanders were most paying attention to safety indicators, and the Americans were most noted (Doogan et al.) According to a survey commissioned by TNZ (Kantar, 2021), safety was the first in New Zealand's recognition on vacations in New Zealand.

As expected, in the recession, tourists are more focused on domestic travels than overseas travel (Hall et al.) Such holidays are sometimes called "stay" (CVELBAR AND OGOREVC, 2020). In addition, staying in the local area and vacation in your area are sometimes called "stay". During the COVID-19 period, traveling around the world could not go on a trip for travel restrictions, so the word "stay" was used in advertising (Keter and Avraham, 2021). At the time of this writing, the domestic market [4] was a short-term leave, families, travelers visiting friends and relatives, or full-fledged leisure users (fishing as a recreation, photography, photography, It is formed by bullying, etc.).

New Zealand domestic tourism expenditures [5] account for electronic sightseeing card trading. In 2019, this amount was 9. 5 billion NZ dollars, but in September 2021 (yea r-o n-year), New Zealanders began to spend their holidays in Japan, increasing to 10. 9 billion NZ. According to a Cantar (Kantar) surveyed by TNZ (2021), 62 % of the New Zealanders have shown their intention to spend money saved on overseas vacation on COVID-19 on domestic vacation. TNZ was a marketing institution in charge of international tourism marketing and sales, but has effectively become a surplus personnel due to the closure of border. The government was in charge of New Zealand Marketing for New Zealanders (Ketter and Avraham, 2021), and campaigns such as Do Something New, New Zealanders, etc. [6] The government also allowed a domestic sightseeing campaign for regional destinations from Danden to Northland, and invested a large amount of local sightseeing.

Slowed trend

Materialism

In a recession, impulse purchases are greatly reduced and tourists are bargain hunting; that is, planned purchases come to the fore. People in charge of household finances want more detailed information. They want to know everything: activities, experiences, reviews, prices (Foresight Factory, 2018; McBain et al.). From the perspective of destinations and tourism businesses, the emphasis is on pre-planning rather than impulse purchases (Lücka and Seeler, 2021; Sánchez-Pérez et al.). During COVID-19, an advertising campaign in the Faroe Islands [7] offered tourists a virtual vacation (thus offering people an immersive experience in the virtual presence before purchasing). Mercury consumption also includes special offers, offer searches on https://new. grabone. co. nz/ and price comparisons on https://www. trivago. co. nz/. Consumer confidence fell significantly in 2020 as COVID-19 arrived in New Zealand and restrictions were put in place on major household purchases, particularly including holidays (Figure 5). With consumer confidence dropping substantially, purchasing decisions changed as consumers began to save, become frugal, seek out bargains, budget, and shop more planned (Mehta et al., 2020; Yeoman, 2013).

New Zealand Consumer Lifestyle (Watkins et al:)

As in 2015, many consumers believe they pay too much for goods (43%) and are not satisfied with the prices they pay for goods and services (43%). 80% of people still say price is a key factor in their consumption decisions, with 45% saying the cheapest product is usually their first choice. There has also been an increase in the movement towards a more frugal lifestyle, and efforts to reduce personal credit card debt, with a significant increase in consumers agreeing that living within their means is important (72%) (p. 11).

According to a TellMe Lifestyle survey (Colmar Brunton, 2021, p. 12), 34% of New Zealanders are saving more money than before:

Arrested trends

Decline of deference

Compared to a year ago, there is a movement to prepare more money for emergencies, especially among younger age groups. COVID-19 made many people afraid (or able) to save emergency funds. When making big purchases, people take more time to think about whether they need it (p. 12).

The Regional Tourism Bureau from Colomandel [8] to Danden [9] emphasizes discounts and benefits for New Zealanders to visit the area. Tourism businesses have begun to create packages for domestic markets to stimulate demand. Want to spend a week at a rental motor home of hundreds of dollars instead of thousands of dollars? Or do you stay overnight at a 80 % off flash hotel? "(Cropp, 2020, P. 1), such as" (Cropp, 2020, P. 1)). (Cropp, 2020, p. 1).

Coronovirus may have suppressed travel, but it faced a much smaller market than a 100 % pure local market with a higher consciousness of budgets, which created a very attractive transaction. The business, which used to be a free consumer traveler from overseas, had to reconsider what to provide and how much it could be claimed.

During the economic retreat, it is clear that the holiday market is based on the plan, rather than impulsive. This is particularly noticeable among the people who manage households (Bronner and de Hoog, 2014; Pappas, 2021; Yeoman, 2013), they are looking for bargains and special offers. With the advancement of technology, in the big data and predictive analysis society, the offer is personalized. Therefore, the word "end of adventure" was selected. This word is a coined word of Four Site Factory (2015), which means that both big data and ubiquitous computing trends collect information on your actions and motives. Therefore, companies can adjust the proposals for holidays specialized for shoppers (Li et al.).

Extreme experience seeking

In response to the closure of COVID-19 and New Zealand borders, the government invested a lot in various tourist campaigns. Funds have been provided to the Regional Tourism Bureau nationwide to develop new products and experiences for the domestic market. Website content, which introduces attractions, famous places, and highlights in each New Zealand area, also focused on the content of websites. As part of the $ 400 million tourist reconstruction package, 10 million New Zealand dollar supports the content of the digital website, 15 million New Zealand dollars, and 20 million New Zealand dollars will support the regional market campaign. Used (Department of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2020). In addition, TNZ and regional tourist organizations focus on the target market and have funded (https: //www. Dgit. Nz/) for the creation of a new digital prediction analysis tool (https: //www. Nz/). Tang, 2021).

During the COVID-19 period, the tourist business was retargeting, that is, the marketing method that specially targeted to a site that was browsed but not purchased (Kangas et al.) In New Zealand, small and mediu m-sized enterprises have become familiar with the website visitors redirect (SocialMedia, 2022).

By the world, tourists (TOWNER AND LEMARIE, 2020) and consumers buy local products, choose companies that are active with local communities, participate in volunteer projects, and their own country. Localism is increasing, as it is required to provide support for everything in the local area, to improve the neighborhood, cities, and regions by spending vacations. Politically emphasized localism brings utopia value such as quality improvement, freshness guarantee, ecological and friendly footprint (FORESIGHT FACTORY, 2019).

Campaigns like SUPPORT LOCAL, SHOP LOCAL [10] have been developed to bring good citizens' phenomena into business (Wen et al.) In New Zealand, localism is a new political buzzword of tourism. It is (Oliver, 2019). Localism is the feeling that society is declining, and urbanization and globalization have a harmful effect on the community. For example, in Wellington, the Economic Development Agency has launched a campaign called "Love Local" (Perks, 2020), asks Wellington citizens to explore the local area, and the Visa Wellington's One Dish Local Food & Drink Festival ( We focused on Meikle, 2021).

The concept of health has evolved from nutrition and exercise to comprehensive. Mental health and welbying are attracting much attention, such as government reports, media articles, improving awareness and meditation resources (QUORIN et al.)

During the COVID-19, social confusion and lockout have caused cycling and bicycle market lenaissance, with 21 % of New Zealand consumers at least once a week from 22 % in 2019 to 2020. Is cycling for exercise (Euromonitor, 2020). This rising trend has been backed by the Waka Kotahi Nz Transport Agency survey (2018). In 2008, this was tripled in 10 years in 2008.

According to the TellMe lifestyle survey for New Zealanders during the COVID-19 period (Colmar Brunton, 2021, P. 19):

Mobility

During the pandemic, I became newly like exercise. There were reports that bicycle purchases were increasing rapidly and waiting for 12 months. In a home with dogs, I started walking many times a day. Compared to a year ago, more than on e-third more than on e-third exercise outdoors are increasing. Many hig h-income households run, cycling, and swim in their leisure (P19).

The COVID-19 means that New Zealand people could not go to work or attended the meeting directly. Several large events held around the world, such as Olympics, rugby games, festivals, etc., have been canceled or postponed (Forrest et al.) As a result, digital options for physical presence have appeared. Many people have been studying social gathering by zooming in live events and social gatherings (McKenny et al.) Online conferences, which were once in a niche market, for example, small science education. Then it became a matter of course. Participants in the conference no longer need to deal with climate change or jet lag, but instead turn on the computer to show a virtual presence (Forrest et al.).

In New Zealand, the tourism industry was influenced by the COVID-19, and the number of participants in the event and the restrictions on social distance were more affected by the event and conference fields. At the same time, the word "zoom" became everyday language (Becken et al. 2021). Becken and Hughey (2022, pp. 118-119) emphasizes how COVID-19 has caused the participation in New Zealand's business trip, especially online conferences and conferences. The following quotes indicate the change: < SPAN> COLMAR Brunton, 2021, P. 19): According to the TellMe Lifestone Survey on New Zealanders during the 19th period.

The missed trend

During the pandemic, I became newly like exercise. There were reports that bicycle purchases were increasing rapidly and waiting for 12 months. In a home with dogs, I started walking many times a day. Compared to a year ago, more than on e-third more than on e-third exercise outdoors are increasing. Many hig h-income households run, cycling, and swim in their leisure (P19).

The COVID-19 means that New Zealand people could not go to work or attended the meeting directly. Several large events held around the world, such as Olympics, rugby games, festivals, etc., have been canceled or postponed (Forrest et al.) As a result, digital options for physical presence have appeared. Many people have been studying social gathering by zooming in live events and social gatherings (McKenny et al.) Online conferences, which were once in a niche market, for example, small science education. Then it became a matter of course. Participants in the conference no longer need to deal with climate change or jet lag, but instead turn on the computer to show a virtual presence (Forrest et al.).

In New Zealand, the tourism industry was influenced by the COVID-19, and the number of participants in the event and the restrictions on social distance were more affected by the event and conference fields. At the same time, the word "zoom" became everyday language (Becken et al. 2021). Becken and Hughey (2022, pp. 118-119) emphasizes how COVID-19 has caused the participation in New Zealand's business trip, especially online conferences and conferences. The following quotes indicate the change: according to the TellMe lifestyle survey for New Zealanders during the COVID-19 period (Colmar Brunton, 2021, P. 19):

During the pandemic, I became newly like exercise. There were reports that bicycle purchases were increasing rapidly and waiting for 12 months. In a home with dogs, I started walking many times a day. Compared to a year ago, more than on e-third more than on e-third exercise outdoors are increasing. Many hig h-income households run, cycling, and swim in their leisure (P19).

Conclusions

The COVID-19 means that New Zealand people could not go to work or attended the meeting directly. Several large events held around the world, such as Olympics, rugby games, festivals, etc., have been canceled or postponed (Forrest et al.) As a result, digital options for physical presence have appeared. Many people have been studying social gathering by zooming in live events and social gatherings (McKenny et al.) Online conferences, which were once in a niche market, for example, small science education. Then it became a matter of course. Participants in the conference no longer need to deal with climate change or jet lag, but instead turn on the computer to show a virtual presence (Forrest et al.).

In New Zealand, the tourism industry was influenced by the COVID-19, and the number of participants in the event and the restrictions on social distance were more affected by the event and conference fields. At the same time, the word "zoom" became everyday language (Becken et al. 2021). Becken and Hughey (2022, pp. 118-119) emphasizes how COVID-19 has caused the participation in New Zealand's business trip, especially online conferences and conferences. The following quote indicates the change:

For example, flexibility, efficiency, fairness, improvement of participation, etc. One senior leader looks back on the online ZOOM meeting held on behalf of the International National Park Conference as follows: One senior leader states on the online zoom conference introduced on behalf of the International National Park. In that sense, communication has become more effective. " Many respondents find that online conferences are effective for information exchange. It is also a democratic platform, including those who are introverted and do not speak anywhere else. The chat function is considered to be a tool that enhances commonality. In particular, for participants who frequently traveled in the pandemic and felt that business trips were hitting private life, the market share of online conferences seemed to be attractive.

Based on social change and human development theory (gilovich et al., 2015; kumar and gilovich, 2015; Sirgy, 1998), values ​​and attitudes change during a recession (Ku et al.) People and collectiveism Strengthen interest in and move away from individualism. One of the remarkable trends is concerns about consumption and waste. Consumption and consumption of piping and personal assets are not much emphasized. < SPAN> For example, flexibility, efficiency, fairness, improvement of participation, etc. One senior leader looks back on the online ZOOM meeting held on behalf of the International National Park Conference as follows: One senior leader states on the online zoom conference introduced on behalf of the International National Park. In that sense, communication has become more effective. " Many respondents find that online conferences are effective for information exchange. It is also a democratic platform, including those who are introverted and do not speak anywhere else. The chat function is considered to be a tool that enhances commonality. In particular, for participants who frequently traveled in the pandemic and felt that business trips were hitting private life, the market share of online conferences seemed to be attractive.

Figures

Figure 1

Based on social change and human development theory (gilovich et al., 2015; kumar and gilovich, 2015; Sirgy, 1998), values ​​and attitudes change during a recession (Ku et al.) People and collectiveism Strengthen interest in and move away from individualism. One of the remarkable trends is concerns about consumption and waste. Consumption and consumption of piping and personal assets are not much emphasized. For example, flexibility, efficiency, fairness, improvement of participation, etc. One senior leader looks back on the online ZOOM meeting held on behalf of the International National Park Conference as follows: One senior leader states on the online zoom conference introduced on behalf of the International National Park. In that sense, communication has become more effective. " Many respondents find that online conferences are effective for information exchange. It is also a democratic platform, including those who are introverted and do not speak anywhere else. The chat function is considered to be a tool that enhances commonality. In particular, for participants who frequently traveled in the pandemic and felt that business trips were hitting private life, the market share of online conferences seemed to be attractive.